Article(id=1236323797675069537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692163150, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692163150, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692163150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692163150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323797926727780, articleId=1236323797675069537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=A review on the safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of energy storage industry and the continuous increase in the installed capacity of energy storage power stations, safety accidents in electrochemical energy-storage power stations have become increasingly frequent, and safety issues have gradually become a key factor restricting the large-scale development of the industry. Therefore, the current policies and standards related to safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations at home and abroad are systematically reviewed at first. Then, by analyzing typical safety incidents of electrochemical energy storage power stations, the safety risk points of such power stations are summarized. Based on this, the research progress of the theory and evaluation methods of safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations is summarized, from the aspects of battery body, power station working environment, external stimulation and human factors. Finally, the safety development of energy storage power stations in the future is discussed from improving the safety evaluation policies and standards of energy storage power stations, enhancing the construction of the safety assessment system for energy storage power stations, improving the safety and operation management system of energy storage power stations, and strengthening the cultivation of professionals in the energy storage field. It is hoped that this will provide some references for subsequent related researches.

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随着储能产业快速发展和储能电站装机容量的持续增长,电化学储能电站安全事故频发,其安全问题已逐渐成为制约行业大规模发展的关键因素。首先,系统梳理了国内外电化学储能电站安全风险评估的相关政策和标准现状;其次,基于对典型安全事故的分析,归纳出电化学储能电站的安全风险点,研究从电池本体、电站工作环境、外部刺激及人为因素等方面总结了电化学储能电站安全风险评价相关理论与评估方法的研究进展;最后,针对行业未来发展,提出了健全储能电站安全评估政策与标准、强化储能电站安全评估体系建设、完善储能电站安全与运行管理系统及加强储能领域专业人才培养等建议,旨在为电化学储能电站的安全可持续发展提供理论参考和实践指导。

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刘冉(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力调度自动化技术,
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沈进冉(1989),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术,

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Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(4): 36-45., articleTitle=Security risk assessment of reconfigurable secondary battery energy storage system based on precursor information, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236323807150002662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, awardId=B442DG240002, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd.(B442DG240002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236323807233888750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, awardId=B442DG240002, language=CN, fundingSource=国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(B442DG240002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236323799939993747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236323799956770967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, companyId=1236323799939993747, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236323799973548181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, companyId=1236323799939993747, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236323800053239960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236323800061628569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, companyId=1236323800053239960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830063, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236323800078405787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, companyId=1236323800053239960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236323804583088506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The safety risk assessment system of energy storage power station, figureFileSmall=ZctEbJNuoc5l/jW+qgrqdQ==, figureFileBig=UFE0up2Xu1yIG/hI5YjdkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806017540487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=CN, label=图1, caption=储能电站安全风险评估体系, figureFileSmall=ZctEbJNuoc5l/jW+qgrqdQ==, figureFileBig=UFE0up2Xu1yIG/hI5YjdkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806260810142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Summary of safety risk assessment methods for energy storage power stations, figureFileSmall=C0GX3tb+LWAM0Z1nHfR17Q==, figureFileBig=Wxm9OqMmzmAF2hof1b63cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806369862056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=储能电站安全风险评估方法汇总, figureFileSmall=C0GX3tb+LWAM0Z1nHfR17Q==, figureFileBig=Wxm9OqMmzmAF2hof1b63cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806495691187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flow chart of safety risk assessment of energy storage power stations, figureFileSmall=wltwS1gCUcF7TtbF9xahCw==, figureFileBig=xa89OoMyAbdJODzds5SHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806587965880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=CN, label=图3, caption=储能电站安全风险评估流程, figureFileSmall=wltwS1gCUcF7TtbF9xahCw==, figureFileBig=xa89OoMyAbdJODzds5SHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806688629185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Typical safety accidents in energy storage power stations and the cause analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家储能类型形式/用途日期事故原因原因描述
中国三元锂集装箱式/调频机组2017年5月①③电池柜内部线路对电池管理系统持续放电产生高温引起火灾
磷酸铁锂混凝土式/光储一体化2021年4月②④事故发生前多次发生漏夜等问题,忽视风险继续运行;安全评估与监管工作不到位
集装箱式/用户侧供给2023年9月③④电池长期应用达到承受极限引发热失控;运维人员缺乏定期安全评估与隐患排查
集装箱式/光储一体化2024年5月电池簇底部配电箱因外部高压冲击短路起火
韩国三元锂站房式/光储一体化2022年12月①③④电池本体质量缺陷,长期工作导致电池老化使以及缺乏电池风险监管与评估;外在因素易导致电流冲击与外部短路,缺乏安全隐患排查,安全评价中外在因素考虑不全面;运行方面缺乏有效的监管和安全评价指标;安全规章管理制度与运维人员培训不够完善
电池生产制造商品2024年6月
站房式/风储一体化2024年7月①③④
美国三元锂集装箱式/需求管理2019年4月电池热失控蔓延;缺乏完善的储能安全评估、预警以及防护系统;储能电站的安全设计、线缆布放等存在缺陷
站房式/光储一体化2024年5月③④
集装箱式/电网调度2024年9月②④
德国磷酸铁锂集装箱式/光储一体化2024年8月储能运行系统安全风险控制方面存在严重问题;操作人员未规范操作
澳大利亚磷酸铁锂集装箱式/需求管理2021年7月②④集装形式储能系统冷却液内泄导致倒履,安全隐患排查不及时
), ArticleFig(id=1236323806806069707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储能电站典型安全事故及其原因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家储能类型形式/用途日期事故原因原因描述
中国三元锂集装箱式/调频机组2017年5月①③电池柜内部线路对电池管理系统持续放电产生高温引起火灾
磷酸铁锂混凝土式/光储一体化2021年4月②④事故发生前多次发生漏夜等问题,忽视风险继续运行;安全评估与监管工作不到位
集装箱式/用户侧供给2023年9月③④电池长期应用达到承受极限引发热失控;运维人员缺乏定期安全评估与隐患排查
集装箱式/光储一体化2024年5月电池簇底部配电箱因外部高压冲击短路起火
韩国三元锂站房式/光储一体化2022年12月①③④电池本体质量缺陷,长期工作导致电池老化使以及缺乏电池风险监管与评估;外在因素易导致电流冲击与外部短路,缺乏安全隐患排查,安全评价中外在因素考虑不全面;运行方面缺乏有效的监管和安全评价指标;安全规章管理制度与运维人员培训不够完善
电池生产制造商品2024年6月
站房式/风储一体化2024年7月①③④
美国三元锂集装箱式/需求管理2019年4月电池热失控蔓延;缺乏完善的储能安全评估、预警以及防护系统;储能电站的安全设计、线缆布放等存在缺陷
站房式/光储一体化2024年5月③④
集装箱式/电网调度2024年9月②④
德国磷酸铁锂集装箱式/光储一体化2024年8月储能运行系统安全风险控制方面存在严重问题;操作人员未规范操作
澳大利亚磷酸铁锂集装箱式/需求管理2021年7月②④集装形式储能系统冷却液内泄导致倒履,安全隐患排查不及时
), ArticleFig(id=1236323806910927313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

List of safety risks of energy storage power stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安全准则安全风险指标安全状态描述风险后果
电池基本情况壳体破损、变形、漏夜、散发异味电池模组外观完好、无膨胀、破损、变形以及漏夜现象;无异味散发设备损害老化、绝缘失效
红光发热、表面清洁度不够、有其他遗留物不存在锈蚀、污迹、发热且各类安全标识清晰;无电源线和设备接线外露及其他杂物散热不均、引发热冲击
异常振动和噪声无异常振动和声响设备损坏
电池运行工况电池电压极差反应电池单元电压差以及电池衰退情况电池老化、过度充放电造成短路或热冲击,引发火灾、爆炸
电池电压标准差系数反应电池模组的一致性,评估整体性能
电池温度极差反应电池单元温度差以及电池衰退情况
电池荷电状态实时反应电池的充放电状态、避免过充过放
电池健康状态反应电池的老化程度
电站使用情况电站系统容量容量配置情况需根据实际需求进行优化
电站使用年限常规电站使用寿命在10年左右,循环次数可达5 000次,且容量保有率不低于80%。定期对储能电站进行可靠性排除,防止电池非正常运行,导致电池单体老化。
电站可用容量与循环次数
电站可靠性指标电站计划停运系数
电站非计划停运系数
电池单元失效(可用)系数
电池堆相对故障系数
外部刺激外部短路外部接线和设备无短路迹象,有迅速切断电流的保护措施合理阻燃措施;各连通区域两端分隔、封堵着火、爆炸
外界火源
电池支架不平稳、元器接线不可靠电池架为架式结构,高度统一,走线规范整齐、牢固可靠、符合绝缘标准
工作环境潮湿无潮湿造成的的绝缘部件损坏
粉尘防止粉尘进入电池包和壳体致使散热不佳
温度调节要根据室内外温度对电池温度进行体调节
通风情况防止易燃易爆气体聚集的通风口布置合理;管道无堵塞现象;排气扇灵活转动
安全管理系统电池管理系统测量值正常显示、无警报、各通讯设备正常
安全联动系统开关、断路器接触可靠;保护设施正常运行
消防安全系统火灾报警系统、灭火系统、供水设施、消防检验符合规定
气体监测系统内部短路释放大量爆炸性气体超过阈值能正确响应
人为因素人员安全意识人员安全意识较强,具备应急处理能力;定期进行人员培训,定期健康检查;有责任心,无消极怠工设备损坏、人身伤害、火灾
操作规范度与技术水平
), ArticleFig(id=1236323807015784923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797675069537, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

储能电站安全风险清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
安全准则安全风险指标安全状态描述风险后果
电池基本情况壳体破损、变形、漏夜、散发异味电池模组外观完好、无膨胀、破损、变形以及漏夜现象;无异味散发设备损害老化、绝缘失效
红光发热、表面清洁度不够、有其他遗留物不存在锈蚀、污迹、发热且各类安全标识清晰;无电源线和设备接线外露及其他杂物散热不均、引发热冲击
异常振动和噪声无异常振动和声响设备损坏
电池运行工况电池电压极差反应电池单元电压差以及电池衰退情况电池老化、过度充放电造成短路或热冲击,引发火灾、爆炸
电池电压标准差系数反应电池模组的一致性,评估整体性能
电池温度极差反应电池单元温度差以及电池衰退情况
电池荷电状态实时反应电池的充放电状态、避免过充过放
电池健康状态反应电池的老化程度
电站使用情况电站系统容量容量配置情况需根据实际需求进行优化
电站使用年限常规电站使用寿命在10年左右,循环次数可达5 000次,且容量保有率不低于80%。定期对储能电站进行可靠性排除,防止电池非正常运行,导致电池单体老化。
电站可用容量与循环次数
电站可靠性指标电站计划停运系数
电站非计划停运系数
电池单元失效(可用)系数
电池堆相对故障系数
外部刺激外部短路外部接线和设备无短路迹象,有迅速切断电流的保护措施合理阻燃措施;各连通区域两端分隔、封堵着火、爆炸
外界火源
电池支架不平稳、元器接线不可靠电池架为架式结构,高度统一,走线规范整齐、牢固可靠、符合绝缘标准
工作环境潮湿无潮湿造成的的绝缘部件损坏
粉尘防止粉尘进入电池包和壳体致使散热不佳
温度调节要根据室内外温度对电池温度进行体调节
通风情况防止易燃易爆气体聚集的通风口布置合理;管道无堵塞现象;排气扇灵活转动
安全管理系统电池管理系统测量值正常显示、无警报、各通讯设备正常
安全联动系统开关、断路器接触可靠;保护设施正常运行
消防安全系统火灾报警系统、灭火系统、供水设施、消防检验符合规定
气体监测系统内部短路释放大量爆炸性气体超过阈值能正确响应
人为因素人员安全意识人员安全意识较强,具备应急处理能力;定期进行人员培训,定期健康检查;有责任心,无消极怠工设备损坏、人身伤害、火灾
操作规范度与技术水平
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沈进冉 1 , 官亦标 1 , 张彦军 2 , 杨天 1 , 刘冉 2 , 段鹏飞 2
热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025,54(9): 1-13
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热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025, 54(9): 1-13
电化学储能电站安全风险评估综述
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沈进冉1 , 官亦标1, 张彦军2, 杨天1, 刘冉2 , 段鹏飞2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
  • 2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063
  • 沈进冉(1989),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术,

通讯作者:

刘冉(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力调度自动化技术,
A review on the safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations
Jinran SHEN1 , Yibiao GUAN1, Yanjun ZHANG2, Tian YANG1, Ran LIU2 , Pengfei DUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2.State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830063, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412255
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随着储能产业快速发展和储能电站装机容量的持续增长,电化学储能电站安全事故频发,其安全问题已逐渐成为制约行业大规模发展的关键因素。首先,系统梳理了国内外电化学储能电站安全风险评估的相关政策和标准现状;其次,基于对典型安全事故的分析,归纳出电化学储能电站的安全风险点,研究从电池本体、电站工作环境、外部刺激及人为因素等方面总结了电化学储能电站安全风险评价相关理论与评估方法的研究进展;最后,针对行业未来发展,提出了健全储能电站安全评估政策与标准、强化储能电站安全评估体系建设、完善储能电站安全与运行管理系统及加强储能领域专业人才培养等建议,旨在为电化学储能电站的安全可持续发展提供理论参考和实践指导。

储能电站  /  安全风险评估政策  /  安全风险评估标准  /  风险点  /  安全风险评估体系与方法

With the rapid development of energy storage industry and the continuous increase in the installed capacity of energy storage power stations, safety accidents in electrochemical energy-storage power stations have become increasingly frequent, and safety issues have gradually become a key factor restricting the large-scale development of the industry. Therefore, the current policies and standards related to safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations at home and abroad are systematically reviewed at first. Then, by analyzing typical safety incidents of electrochemical energy storage power stations, the safety risk points of such power stations are summarized. Based on this, the research progress of the theory and evaluation methods of safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations is summarized, from the aspects of battery body, power station working environment, external stimulation and human factors. Finally, the safety development of energy storage power stations in the future is discussed from improving the safety evaluation policies and standards of energy storage power stations, enhancing the construction of the safety assessment system for energy storage power stations, improving the safety and operation management system of energy storage power stations, and strengthening the cultivation of professionals in the energy storage field. It is hoped that this will provide some references for subsequent related researches.

energy storage power station  /  safety risk evaluation policy  /  safety risk evaluation standard  /  risk points  /  safety risk evaluation system and method
沈进冉, 官亦标, 张彦军, 杨天, 刘冉, 段鹏飞. 电化学储能电站安全风险评估综述. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412255
Jinran SHEN, Yibiao GUAN, Yanjun ZHANG, Tian YANG, Ran LIU, Pengfei DUAN. A review on the safety risk assessment of electrochemical energy storage power stations[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412255
为落实“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略目标,推动中国能源转型发展,新型电力系统建设对储能的需求日益增加,电化学储能技术呈现出快速发展的趋势[1-3]。为此,中国电化学储能电站的投运数量持续增长,截至到2024年10月,全国新增电站236座,累计投运电站1 194座,总装机容量达42.18 GW/90.55 GW·h,其中锂离子电站占比97%,处于主导地位[4-5],因此,本文以电化学储能电站中常见的锂离子储能电站(储能电站)为研究,其他种类电站风险事件可互为参考。随着相关技术的高速发展与应用规模的不断增大[6-8],储能电站的安全运行压力和安全隐患明显增多,安全问题已成为制约行业良好发展的主要瓶颈[9-10]。因此,对于归纳储能电站的安全风险原因以及构建电化学储能电站安全可持续发展的风险评体系的需求极为迫切。做好相关事故归纳与风险管理研究对于强化风险源头防范、保障储能电站安全发展具有重要意义[11]
目前,对于电化学储能电站安全的研究主要集中在消防灭火系统方面。徐艺博等[12]分析了锂离子储能电池热失控的诱因与热失控导致的可燃气体爆炸过程;李斌等[13]重点总结了当前主要的储能电站消防灭火技术;张威东[14]介绍了储能电站的热管理技术和消防技术的发展现状与研究热点;吴静云等[15-16]对储能电站的火灾特点及灭火救援策略进行了分析,为实践救援与本专业相关发展提供了一定的指导与参考;刘昱君等[17]以磷酸铁锂电池早期热失控及热扩散的特征气体参数为探测对象,对电池的热失控状态进行检测并基于电池管理系统,提出多层次火灾报警控制策略,进而保障储能电站安全;李建林等[18-19]归纳了储能政策与标准中针对消防安全问题给出的解决办法,为储能消防安全管理与策略制定提供了有力参考。
上述研究成果对于提升储能电站的安全性起到了一定作用,但消防灭火系统只能在电站发生故障并引发安全事故后对其进行抑制,并不能有效排除其潜在的安全风险。为此,储能电站安全运行风险评价逐渐成为储能行业的焦点。
针对上述问题,首先,对近年来有关储能电站安全管理与风险评估的政策与标准进行了梳理;其次,以国内外储能电站安全事故为背景深入分析了储能电站的安全风险,剖析了产生安全风险的原因;然后,通过系统梳理国内外相关文献、政策法规与行业标准,结合典型事故案例的调查报告分析以及访谈储能电站一线工作人员,对储能电站的安全风险评价指标进行了归纳总结,进而对现行储能电站的安全风险评价模型与评估方案进行了分析;最后,本文针对未来储能电站安全风险评估体系,提出了相应的措施和建议,旨在提升储能电站的安全可靠性,并为完善储能电站安全管理体系提供理论依据和实践指导。
随着储能电站装机容量与投运规模的持续扩大,储能安全风险管控方面,政策层面的顶层设计具有关键性指导意义。近年来,国家和地方政府相继制定并实施了一系列储能安全相关的政策法规。2022年4月国家能源局发布的《关于加强电化学储能电站安全管理的通知》,明确要求在储能电站运行管理过程中,要坚持底线思维,加强储能电站的安全评估与论证[20];2022年《“十四五”国家安全生产规划》《全国电力安全生产大检查工作方案》等文件中明确了要加强储能电站的安全风险管控,并指出将电站运行纳入安全生产工作体系,增强储能电站应急与消防处置能力[21-22];2023年第一季度《发电机组进入及退出商业运营办法》《防止电力生产事故的二十五项重点要求(2023年版)》等文件中强化了储能电站安全运行要求[23-24];2023年11月国家能源局综合司发布的《关于加强发电侧电网侧电化学储能电站安全运行风险监测的通知》明确要求加强电化学储能电站的安全运行风险检测,包括系统台账管理、风险管控以及锂离子电池的安全预警等方面的相应措施[25];2024年7月国家相继出台了《关于加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型的意见》与《加快构建新型电力系统行动方案(2024—2027年)》,方案中强调未来需进一步建立健全储能电站安全管理体系,完善储能行业安全标准[26-27];2024年8月国家发展改革委牵头制定了《能源重点领域大规模设备更新实施方案》,方案中规定需加强能源行业供给和升级,提升储能设备的安全性和可靠性[28];2024年11月工信部发布了《新型储能制造业高质量发展行动方案(征求意见稿)》,意见中对储能电站安全评估技术也提出了相应发展目标[29]。各省份政策中,2024年1月北京城市管理委员会发布了《北京市新型储能电站运行管理办法》进一步规范了当地储能电站的安全管理与风险防范[30];近两年,广东接连发布了《广东省新能储能电站建设运行管理办法(征求意见稿)》《珠海市能源六大领域常见风险点及具体防范措施》等文件,归纳了对近年来电化学储能电站领域常见风险点及防范措施[31];2024年11月,江苏镇江改革委员会发布《关于加强电化学储能电站安全生产管理工作的实施意见(征求意见稿)》旨在提升储能电站安全运行、风险管控以及消防安全水平[32]
上述政策对储能电站安全风险评估与管控工作提供了一定指导的作用,但在政策实施过程中,通过系统梳理近年来的文献资料及事故调查报告发现,其实际执行效果与政策预期目标之间仍存在显著差距,暴露出若干亟待解决的关键问题。主要包括:部分运营厂商在电站前期规划或运行阶段未能严格执行安全评估要求;部分安全监管部门与运维人员未按相关政策与章程执行工作的情况;在现行政策实施前投运的储能电站普遍存在安全风险评估体系不完善、技术改造难度较大等问题。针对上述问题,建议后续政策不仅要综合电站的全过程业务内容对相关政策进行完善,还应针对不同等级与投运年限对电站安全评价体系进行调整。需要指出的是,当前地方政策主要集中在广东、江苏等省份,其他地区应结合本地储能电站的发展现状,制定具有区域特色的安全管理政策。
在相关政策的有力推动及储能电站安全风险评估的迫切需求背景下,近年来,国家、各省级行政单位及联合团体等对相关内容的标准进行了规范,其中部分标准已在行业内开始实施。国家标准GB/T 42288—2022《电化学储能电站安全规程》规定了储能电站在设备本体、运行维护,工作环境、应急管理等关键方面的安全要求,明确了储能电站运行过程来自不同层级的安全风险[33]。国家标准GB/T 42314—2023《电化学储能电站危险源辨识技术导则》明确划分了电化学储能电站的危险等级,并针对电站潜在风险点指导员工日常重点工作以及时发现安全隐患[34],然而,随着储能电站安全评估方法的多样化,方法的准确性对于储能电站的风险遏制至关重要。2024年10月1日实施的国家标准GB/T 43686—2024《电化学储能电站后评价导则》规定了安全评价、环境评价以及技术评价等要求[35]。2024年11月1日实施的国家标准GB/T 43868—2024《电化学储能电站启动验收规程》规范了电站的前期规划与启动验收工作,为电站安全、可靠运行提供保障[36]。基于国家政策与标准的实施,各地方政府与联合团体结合当地实际情况对储能电站安全风险评价相关的标准进行了起草与意见征求。2023年2月实施了中国电力企业联合会发布的T/CEC 675—2022《电化学储能电站安全规程》规定了电化学储能电站安全评价的总体要求,以及安全规章制度、设备设施、电站运行维护、检修的安全性评价[37]。陕西省地方标准DB61/T 1757—2023《电化学储能电站安全风险评估防范》已正式实施,规定了电化学储能电站安全评估组织、程序、评估内容、风险评估方法和隐患整改的要求[38]。2024年6月28日中国安全生产协会对《电化学储能电站运行过程安全可靠性测试与评价规程》公开征集参编单位,旨在进一步规范储能电站安全评价体系。2024年10月,广东省应急管理厅就《电化学储能电站安全管控技术规范(征求意见稿)》征求意见,标准中提出了电化学储能电站安全管控的总体要求、安全监测、安全管理和应急管理等规定。2025年1月1日,深圳市地方标准DB4403/T 539—2024《锂离子电池储能系统安全评估规范》正式实施,标准中规定了锂离子电站安全风险评估的一般要求、评价内容和评价报告。主要涉及电气安全、设备设施风险、系统风险以及人为因素等风险识别,旨在降低储能电站在工作中的风险,推动储能产业健康有序发展[39]
现行标准已对储能电站的安全要求、评价指标及评价过程进行了系统性规范,但针对不同等级电站的安全指标与评价方法选取、运维人员标准化操作规程、储能电站安全检测系统的运行规定以及工作环境与外部因素安全评估等相关标准仍需进一步完善。随着相关政策的不断更新与储能电站实际运行情况的变化,后续储能电站安全评估体系需依据实际情况进行调整与规范。以国家标准和政策为基础,各地方省份与联和团体需结合当地储能电站的实际工作环境、运维人员整体工作素质以及政策执行情况等多方因素对储能电站的安全风险评估技术进行规范。除此之外,各地企业与制造商应从电站不同维度,包括生产、系统维护、技术开发等角度辨识储能电站的运行风险,并通过制定相关企业标准或团体标准进一步规范储能电站的安全风险评估体系。
上述情况表明,当前储能安全风险评估体系仍需要进一步完善。基于此,本文以国内外储能电站安全事故为背景深入分析了储能电站的安全风险,剖析了产生安全风险的原因,并对储能电站安全风险评估指标与方法进行了归纳总结,旨在为后续相关领域研究提供理论参考与方法借鉴。
据不完全统计,2017年至今全球范围内已发生电化学储能电站重大安全事故100余起。由于部分安全事故未公开披露,本文根据行业公开信息,对部分典型安全事故案例及其原因进行了系统梳理,具体分析结果见表1
通过对储能电站典型安全事故的分析,本文将储能电站的安全风险点概括为以下4个方面,并进一步归纳了主要风险点与事故原因间的交互关系。
1)储能电池自身因素 电池自身因素是引起安全事故内外诱因的主要源头。其内部关键因素包括电池本体生产质量与电池寿命老化问题,以及是否通过严格的安全标准认证,是否对储能电池有定期的安全评估、隐患排查及状态监测等管理措施。
在电池生产过程中,存在涂布过程引入金属污染颗粒的混入、正负极流体边缘产生毛刺等潜在污染风险;此外,在电池安全标准验证过程中,由于检测循环次数和工况条件的限制,易导致电池在形态演化过程中缺乏毛刺、金属颗粒等污染因素的考虑。因此,上述因素均易导致混入的金属污染物随着电池老化而逐渐分解并沉积在负极,形成内短路[40]。电池寿命老化对储能电池的性能和安全性具有显著影响,随着老化程度的加深易造成电池膨胀、电解液泄漏等问题,这些变化会导致电池内部接触电阻过大、绝缘性能降低,最终造成电池容量衰减,进而导致电池在工作过程中易出现过充过放现象,从而触发内部短路。若储能电池缺乏安全评估与状态监测检测,极易导致内短路故障无法及时阻断,进而引发热失控[41]。从电池类型出发并结合典型事故案例可知,三元锂电池储能电站安全事故发生率显著偏高,因此在后续的储能安全风险评估中,需加强对于电池类型的考虑。
2)外部刺激因素 外部刺激因素不仅包括绝缘失效造成的电流冲击及外部短路问题,还包括电池热失控造成的热蔓延过程。一般而言,恶劣的工作环境,包括昼夜温差大、雷击等自然灾害、潮湿环境以及粉尘吸附等,易造成电站内部电池和模块间的接地部分绝缘损害或导致储能电池壳体破损、变形及电解液泄漏等安全问题,从而引发短路电流冲击风险。在短路电流的冲击作用下,储能系统的主被动过流保护装置易发生损坏甚至爆炸,进而引发二次短路故障,这种故障会以热冲击的形式作用于储能电池系统,最终可能导致大规模的火灾事故[40,42]。此次,热冲击极易造成电池系统或单体过热现象,继而引发热失控连锁反应。该现象主要由电站储能元件老化、工作环境温度过高、粉尘覆盖散热不均以及其他热失控单体瞬时释放大量热能等原因引起。
3)安全与运行管理系统欠佳 运行管理系统的不完善会影响电池及系统的安全可靠性。其主要问题有:首先,系统内部各单元间的信息共享机制不完备,安全评价指标体系未能及时更新,且缺乏先进的电池状态实时监测与智能预警技术;其次,管理系统存在较大的监测精度偏差及系统管控滞后甚至功能失效,易引发电池异常老化及滥用风险。另一方面,随着电池工作时自身性能的不断演化,导致不同阶段储能电池各评价指标的参数阈值都会发生变化,为确保安全评价体系的准确性和可靠性,需要定期对评价指标体系及安全管理系统进行维护,从而实现各参考指标的更新与校准[43]
4)运维检修人员的因素  表1中储能电站典型安全事故的事故原因中充分表明,在储能电站的安装、检测及评估过程中,若工作人员操作不规范或出现失误,极易引发安全事故,因此,亟需对相关从业人员定期开展安全规范作业培训,以全面提升其安全意识和操作技能。
基于储能电站风险评估相关政策与标准现状分析,结合典型安全事故案例的事故原因溯源、安全风险点识别及运行数据统计研究[44-45],可得出电池自身因素与储能电站工作环境因素属于长期演化因素;而外部刺激所引起的短路电流冲击、热冲击最终会作用于电池自身或其保护装置,造成电池内部短路、寿命老化,进而触发热失控。研究表明,电池本体是触发电站安全事故内外诱因的首要因素。电池作为储能电站的核心部件,其运行状态以及管理和维护水平,均对电池自身的形态变化有着显著的影响,同时,电池的性能参数也决定了电站的运行能力与可靠性。因此,在考虑电池自身因素的基础上,需综合考量电站的工作情况和运行指标,有助于完善电站安全评价体系。安全与运行管理系统及人为因素在电站实时状态监测与管理中发挥着关键作用。该系统运行的准确性与操作流程的规范程度,可直接影响电站对外部刺激的预防与反馈情况,进而对电池自身的运行情况产生影响。为进一步规范电站安全评价体系,本文对近年来国内外关于储能电站安全风险评估体系的指标进行了归纳。赵北涛等[46]根据电池的荷电状态、电池的健康状态、电池温度等电池本体参数建立了储能电站评估体系;陈豪等[47]基于电池的运行情况,包括电池电压极差、运行充放电的效率、电池电压标准差等指标建立了电站风险评估体系;黄沛丰等[48]以火三角模型为基础,通过对15类火灾基本事件进行分析,证实了电池本体故障是触发安全事故的重要因素。
随着储能电站的应用规模不断扩大,其所处工作环境、外部刺激源以及电站管理系统运行等因素,均会对储能电站的风险评估产生影响,因此,仅从电池本体角度出发对电站进行安全风险评估说服力不强。汝会通等[49]为储能电站早期安全风险评价奠定了基础,提出了应从电池本体、工作环境、系统管理等多方面剖析储能电站的潜在安全风险;康荣学等[50]在除了电池本体外,针对电池外部刺激源、人员安全技术培训以及完善相应标准体系等方面提供了一定的建议;Davion[51]分析了储能电站的安全风险因素,明确指出在进行安全风险评价时需综合考虑电池本身、管理系统故障、安全监管失效、外部刺激等对电站的影响,并明确提出了相应的应对措施。上述研究为储能电站风险因素的全面辨识、评估指标选取以及评估指标体系的构建提供了重要参考,推动了储能电站的安全风险评价体系的完善与成熟。朱董军[52]以电站安全风险评估为顶层目标,选取了电池组实时状态、保护系统、工作环境、人员配置及安全管理5个一级指标,且下设22个二级目标,对电站安全进行综合性评估;宁雪峰等[53]从电池运行情况、工作可靠性指标、运行环境以安全监管4个方面,选取了20个评估指标,建立了一套客观的评估体系,尽管上述体系已较为成熟,但其中缺乏外部刺激对电站的影响;肖勇等[54]从电池基本情况、电池使用情况、外部刺激、运行环境、安全监管系统及人为因素6个方面建立了电站安全风险评估体系;葛会方等[55]以该评估体系为基础建立了矿用式储能电站安全运行评价模型。但体系中有关电池的具体运行情况以及储能电站的可靠性指标选取仍不够完善。
综上,结合当前较为成熟的安全风险评估体系以及各体系中存在的问题,本文对现有储能电站安全风险评估指标进行了总结,未来可从电池基本情况、电池使用情况、电池运行情况、储能电站可靠性、外部刺激、运行环境、安全监保系统及人为因素8个方面对电站进行安全风险评估,旨在建立全面的储能电站安全风险评估体系提供一定理论支撑。以储能电站安全运行风险评价为顶层目标,将上述8个方面,细分为32个二级指标,构建了一套系统化的安全评价体系,具体图1所示。
同时,通过咨询同类储能电站运维管理经验的专业人员以及查阅文献、事故案例分析等方式,系统梳理了风险事故发生的内在逻辑关系。基于此,针对上述8个方面的二级指标所涉及到的风险因素,进行了安全状态评估,并建立了安全风险清单,具体见表2
通过对储能电站安全风险评估指标的系统梳理可以发现,储能电站安全风险评估是一个庞大的体系。因此,科学合理的安全评价方法对于风险评判的准确性显得尤为重要。
本文在上述评价指标体系的基础上,系统梳理了储能电站安全评估的流程与方法。Rosewater等人[56-57]采用系统理论过程分析方法对储能电站进行了风险评估;Conzen等人[58]通过蝴蝶结分析法对储能电站的火灾和爆炸风险进行了评估;黄辉等[59]采用作业条件危险性分析法来评估储能电站的风险等级的大小。上述方法虽具有较好的动态性能,但其计算复杂,分析过程繁琐,且在某些应用场景下难以界定约束边界;此外,考虑到储能电站在运行过程中风险来源较多、部分评价指标不易量化需要主观判断等因素。因此,多准则决策为主的层次分析法、熵权法以及模糊评价等方法,目前在储能电站安全风险评价的仍占据主导地位。具体步骤为:1)以各级评估指标为基础,确定各安全风险评估指标的权重,主要方法包括熵权法、层次分析法、改进层次分析法以及组合赋权等方法;2)结合各指标权重,确立指标标准层并建立电站安全风险评价模型,主要采用理想逼近排序法和模糊综合评价等方法;3)确定安全等级并分析主要来源,该层级方法较为固定,其中可量化的指标采用德尔菲法进行处理,不可量化的指标通常采用专家评分进行评估,随后参照电站安全风险等级标准,运用障碍度模型法确定电站主要风险来源。基于此,本文对当前评价步骤中常见的方法进行了系统梳理,具体如图2所示,并综述了各方法的应用情况。
葛会方等[55]采用熵权法与逼近理想排序法相结合的方法,并结合障碍度模型,对5个煤矿应急电源系统的安全性能进行安全评估。结果表明,人为因素、外部环境刺激以及工作环境为安全运行的主要障碍因素,然而,该方法未能充分考虑各指标间的相关性,且由于熵权法过度依赖客观数据,导致缺乏专家经验的主观判断;付志扬等[60]将层次分析法应用到火电厂、高压变电站等电力场站的安全评估与选型决策中,为其应用到储能电站安全风险评估奠定了一定基础;王兴春等[61]在层次分析法的基础上,建立了储能电站综合评价模型,并通过模糊综合评价方法对储能电站安全情况进行综合评估;王立茹等[62]通过层次分析法,对43个充电站进行了综合评价,有效保障了充电安全;朱董军[52]基于22个安全风险指标,建立了储能电站安全风险评价模型,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重,并通过基于层次分析法的模糊综合评价方法对所选取的储能电站进行专家评分。上述研究中,层次分析法与模糊评价法在应用时计算量均较大且权重分配时主观判断占比较大。
从现有研究中可以看出,常规的熵权法客观性过强且无法考虑相关性,导致电站评估体系中部分难以量化的评估指标缺乏合理的评估依据;传统的层次分析法采用1~9的标准量化评估矩阵,虽提升了系统的灵活性和主观判断性,但评估结果的准确性、合理性及客观性仍有待提升。传统的理想逼近排序法与模糊综合评价法存在明显的局限性,主要体现在对主观因素的依赖性较强,且仅能给出各方案的相对优劣性。针对上述问题,邱伟强等[63]基于模糊层次分析法对指标赋权,采用改进逼近理想排序法对系统进行综合评价;侯健敏等[64]基于前景理论分析和灰色关联分析法对逼近理想排序法进行改进。基于此,相关学者对储能电站的安全风险评估方法进行了完善;宁雪峰等[53]采用基于指数标度的层次分析法,显著提升了权重系数的可靠性并优化了一致性指标,通过改进逼近理想排序法,实现了储能方案间的横向对比以及参考方案的纵向对比,最终确定了储能电站安全等级;肖勇等[54]为克服单一方法造成的不足,运用层次分析法和熵权法综合主客观权重,采用理想逼近排序法求得各评估指标与理想值的相对情况,并与基于德尔菲法和专家评分后量化后的风险等级进行比较,得出最终评价结果。研究结果表明,体系中的主客观判断机制更为合理,且权重分配具有更高的合理性;吴岩等[65]基于改进的云模型-组合赋权-逼近理想排序算法对电池储能系统的前兆信息进行排序,克服了熵权法与传统逼近理想排序算法的不足。
同时,随着评价体系的逐步完善,本文系统梳理了当前研究中常用的评估体系流程[52-55],如图3所示。为提升安全风险评估方法的精确性,后续研究不仅要细化评估指标和分级标准,还需进一步完善安全评价方法,加强评估指标量化的研究,依据实际情况实时更新评估模型,且综合考虑各方面意见来确定指标权重。
本文系统梳理了国内外储能电站安全风险评估领域的政策法规及行业标准现状,通过分析全球内储能电站典型安全事故案例,系统性归纳了储能电站的安全风险主要来源于以下4个维度:电池自身因素、外部刺激、安全与运行管理系统以及人为因素。基于此,本文对储能电站安全风险评估体系中的各级评估指标和方法进行了整理。总体来说,当前建立的储能电站安全风险评估体系符合电池安全运行的客观规律,但若要进一步提升评估结果的准确性,则需结合电站安全风险点对储能电站的政策与标准及评估体系进行进一步完善。针对现阶段存在的局限性,提出以下改进建议与研究展望,旨在为后续相关研究提供参考依据。
1)健全储能电站安全风险评估政策与标准。首先,应考虑到储能电站运行寿命,建立完善的退役电池回收处置规范,避免因不当处置引发的环境污染和安全隐患。建议针对储能电池退役回收的全过程业务内容对有关政策与标准进行完善;其次,储能电站是复杂的集成系统,除了电池本征安全规范,还须从电气绝缘故障、运行监测系统、应急措施等不同层面规范有关政策与标准;然后,亟需制定针对不同规模等级与应用特征电站的安全风险指标与评估方法选取、一线运维人员的安全操作章程、储能电站安全检测系统运行规定等标准;最后,各地应结合国家政策导向和区域发展特点,制定符合当地实际的地方性技术标准和管理规范,形成多层次的标准体系。
2)强化储能电站安全风险评估体系建设。首先,针对储能电站系统集成性较强、运行工况复杂、环境影响因素多等特点,传统评估指标更新机制存在滞后性,未来可引入人工智能技术、云计算平台和大数据分析等数字化手段,通过对储能电站事故调查报告、安全工作记录等方面进行分析,及时更新评估指标;其次,为提高评估结果的准确性,需加强评估指标定量化研究,建立科学的量化标准;最后,通过上述技术升级和方法优化,可开展多维度评估标准体系研究,探索多种评估方法的融合应用,使系统的主客观判断更加合理,以此来建立更加完善的评估体系。
3)完善储能安全与运行管理系统并加强专业人才培养。根据全球典型安全事故原因分析表明,管理机制缺陷及人为因素是触发安全事故的关键诱因,同时行业已认识到运行阶段安全监测的重要性。为此,不同规模电站及老旧电站实施分级管理,需从电池故障监测、状态预警、热预警等多层级识别风险来源,做出风险判断,并最终形成全生命周期智能化的“预警-溯源-判断”管理系统。此外,需要提升一线工作人员专业素质,要求运维人员有足够的理论知识和实操技能,能够在日常检修运维中准确识别安全隐患,并在突发情况时能采取有效的应急措施;相关监管部门应定期对工作人员展开安全培训与考核,提高安全工作意识。
  • 国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(B442DG240002)
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2025年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412255
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd.(B442DG240002)
国网新疆电力有限公司科技项目(B442DG240002)
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    1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
    2.国网新疆电力有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830063

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刘冉(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力调度自动化技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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