Article(id=1236321546772467823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691626494, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691626494, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691626494, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691626494, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321547170926721, articleId=1236321546772467823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermal behavior evolution of single tank molten salt energy storage system and the temperature regression prediction, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Molten salt energy storage technology is widely used in solar thermal power generation due to its high thermal capacity and good thermal stability. To optimize the influence of key operating parameters on energy storage efficiency, numerical simulation methods are used to analyze the mechanism of input velocity, initial temperature, temperature difference and other parameters on the formation of thermocline and heat storage efficiency at different horizontal positions. The results show that, increasing the temperature difference and the input speed can significantly promote the development of the thermocline, and increase the heat storage efficiency by more than 10%. The parameter optimization algorithm based on response surface methodology identifies an optimized parameter combination, which improves the heat storage efficiency by a maximum of 16.3 percentage points compared to the previous simulations. At the same time, to quickly and accurately predict the operating temperature of the system, three machine learning models are compared, and it finds out that the random forest model has the best prediction with an accuracy rate of 98.78%. The research results provide theoretical basis and application reference for the optimization design of molten salt energy storage systems.

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熔盐储能技术凭借其高热容量和良好的热稳定性广泛应用于太阳能热发电。为优化关键运行参数对储热效率的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析了不同水平位置下输入速度、初始温度、温差等参数对斜温层形成及储热效率的作用机理。结果表明,增大温差和提升输入速度可显著促进斜温层发展,使储热效率提升10%以上,基于响应面优化算法所获得优化参数组合的储热效率最大提升了16.3百分点。同时,为快速准确预测系统运行温度,通过对比3种机器学习模型发现随机森林模型预测效果最优,准确率达98.78%。研究结果为熔盐储能系统的优化设计提供了理论依据和应用参考。

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胡红云(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为熔盐储能,
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孙勇(1980),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网发展规划、电力调度控制等,

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孙勇(1980),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网发展规划、电力调度控制等,

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孙勇(1980),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网发展规划、电力调度控制等,

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figureFileSmall=ihq3Aes9IyFVivKAg7IIeQ==, figureFileBig=yj28kCdHN5nOlsXXoBOy+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321562144592625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321546772467823, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical parameters of the molten salt

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物理特性表达式
密度/(kg·m–3)ρ=2 0900.636×T
比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1)cp=1 4430.172×T
热导率/(W·(m·K)–1)K=0.443+1.9×104×T
黏性/(Pa·s)μ=22.714×1030.12×103×T+      2.281×107×T21.474×1010×T3
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熔盐物性参数

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物理特性表达式
密度/(kg·m–3)ρ=2 0900.636×T
比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1)cp=1 4430.172×T
热导率/(W·(m·K)–1)K=0.443+1.9×104×T
黏性/(Pa·s)μ=22.714×1030.12×103×T+      2.281×107×T21.474×1010×T3
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Simulation conditions design

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工况热熔盐温度Th/℃冷熔盐温度Tc/℃输入速度Vin/(m·s–1)温差DT/℃
工况15402000.03340
工况25402000.05340
工况35401600.03380
工况45002000.03300
工况55403400.03200
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仿真工况设计

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工况热熔盐温度Th/℃冷熔盐温度Tc/℃输入速度Vin/(m·s–1)温差DT/℃
工况15402000.03340
工况25402000.05340
工况35401600.03380
工况45002000.03300
工况55403400.03200
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Operating parameters under condition with the optimal energy storage efficiency

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项目Th/℃Tc/℃Vin/(m·s–1)DT/℃
数值5401600.05380
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最佳储热效率下的运行参数

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项目Th/℃Tc/℃Vin/(m·s–1)DT/℃
数值5401600.05380
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The prediction results of multiple models

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模型测试集验证集训练时间/s单样本预测时间/s
δRMSEδMAER2δRMSEδMAER2
RFR1.932 31.013 40.987 82.249 71.264 20.987 1193.902.1×10–5
GBR9.039 55.999 20.972 19.400 66.155 60.971 7555.401.1×10–5
XGBoost8.385 95.592 10.972 78.997 85.851 90.972 1166.491.0×10–6
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多模型预测结果对比

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模型测试集验证集训练时间/s单样本预测时间/s
δRMSEδMAER2δRMSEδMAER2
RFR1.932 31.013 40.987 82.249 71.264 20.987 1193.902.1×10–5
GBR9.039 55.999 20.972 19.400 66.155 60.971 7555.401.1×10–5
XGBoost8.385 95.592 10.972 78.997 85.851 90.972 1166.491.0×10–6
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单罐熔盐储能系统热行为演化及温度回归预测研究
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孙勇 1 , 付小标 1 , 李宝聚 1 , 胡红云 2 , 刘雨豪 2 , 戴其祺 2 , 方家琨 3
热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025,54(10): 21-30
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热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025, 54(10): 21-30
单罐熔盐储能系统热行为演化及温度回归预测研究
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孙勇1 , 付小标1, 李宝聚1, 胡红云2 , 刘雨豪2, 戴其祺2, 方家琨3
作者信息
  • 1.国网吉林省电力有限公司,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 3.华中科技大学华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 孙勇(1980),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网发展规划、电力调度控制等,

通讯作者:

胡红云(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为熔盐储能,
Thermal behavior evolution of single tank molten salt energy storage system and the temperature regression prediction
Yong SUN1 , Xiaobiao FU1, Baoju LI1, Hongyun HU2 , Yuhao LIU2, Qiqi DAI2, Jiakun FANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Jilin Electric Power Co., Ltd., Changchun 130021, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412267
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熔盐储能技术凭借其高热容量和良好的热稳定性广泛应用于太阳能热发电。为优化关键运行参数对储热效率的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析了不同水平位置下输入速度、初始温度、温差等参数对斜温层形成及储热效率的作用机理。结果表明,增大温差和提升输入速度可显著促进斜温层发展,使储热效率提升10%以上,基于响应面优化算法所获得优化参数组合的储热效率最大提升了16.3百分点。同时,为快速准确预测系统运行温度,通过对比3种机器学习模型发现随机森林模型预测效果最优,准确率达98.78%。研究结果为熔盐储能系统的优化设计提供了理论依据和应用参考。

熔盐储能  /  储热效率  /  参数优化  /  温度预测

Molten salt energy storage technology is widely used in solar thermal power generation due to its high thermal capacity and good thermal stability. To optimize the influence of key operating parameters on energy storage efficiency, numerical simulation methods are used to analyze the mechanism of input velocity, initial temperature, temperature difference and other parameters on the formation of thermocline and heat storage efficiency at different horizontal positions. The results show that, increasing the temperature difference and the input speed can significantly promote the development of the thermocline, and increase the heat storage efficiency by more than 10%. The parameter optimization algorithm based on response surface methodology identifies an optimized parameter combination, which improves the heat storage efficiency by a maximum of 16.3 percentage points compared to the previous simulations. At the same time, to quickly and accurately predict the operating temperature of the system, three machine learning models are compared, and it finds out that the random forest model has the best prediction with an accuracy rate of 98.78%. The research results provide theoretical basis and application reference for the optimization design of molten salt energy storage systems.

molten salt energy storage  /  heat storage efficiency  /  parameter optimization  /  temperature prediction
孙勇, 付小标, 李宝聚, 胡红云, 刘雨豪, 戴其祺, 方家琨. 单罐熔盐储能系统热行为演化及温度回归预测研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412267
Yong SUN, Xiaobiao FU, Baoju LI, Hongyun HU, Yuhao LIU, Qiqi DAI, Jiakun FANG. Thermal behavior evolution of single tank molten salt energy storage system and the temperature regression prediction[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412267
可再生能源在优化能源结构、减少化石燃料使用方面具有重要作用,但其波动性和间歇性对供需平衡带来了挑战。而储能系统通过在低需求时存储多余能量、高需求时释放能量,有效提升了可再生能源的利用效率和电网稳定性[1]。其中,熔盐储能系统因其高储热容量和优异的高温稳定性,被广泛应用于太阳能热发电等领域,尤其是结构简单、成本低廉的单罐熔盐储能系统,已成为重要的储能方式[2]。然而,熔盐储能过程中热行为复杂,稳定性和储热效率受到多种因素的影响,明确这些参数对储能过程的作用机制,并提出有效的优化策略,是亟待解决的问题。
在现有研究中,学者们围绕熔盐储能系统的热行为和储能效率展开了广泛研究,主要涉及储罐结构设计、熔盐物性参数及运行参数等多个方面。在储罐及内部填充介质结构的研究中,Roos等人[3]研究了多罐储能系统的配置方式,结果表明合理的储罐设计能够有效抑制斜温层的形成并减少热量损失,从而提升储能效率。Filali等人[4]通过无量纲模型分析了储罐几何参数(如高度与直径比、导流板布置)对斜温层厚度的作用,并提出了优化设计方案。Yin等人[5]研究了填充床结构对斜温层的抑制作用,揭示了其在改善热传递特性和提升储能效率方面的潜力。在熔盐物性参数方面,Yang等人[6]研究了熔盐密度、比热容和导热系数对斜温层形成及热量传递效率的影响,揭示了熔盐物性对储能性能的重要作用。He等人[7]进一步研究了熔盐物性参数随温度动态变化的特性,探讨了不同熔盐介质在储热过程中的热力学行为差异。在运行参数方面,张怡等[8]通过仿真方法分析了输入速度对纵向温度分布的影响,但并未对横向温度分布的情况进行深入研究。Xu等人[9]通过数值模拟研究了输入速度、输入温度和初始温度对斜温层演化的影响,并提出了分阶段的演化策略,但并没有进一步对于储热效率的影响情况进行研究探讨。
综上,关于熔盐储能系统的研究,一方面主要集中于整体性能的优化,如通过设计储罐几何参数和填充介质提升储能效率,或分析熔盐物性参数对热传递性能的影响,这些研究为储能系统的结构设计和材料选择提供了重要支持;另一方面,则是运行参数熔盐储能系统内部热行为的动态演化,如输入速度、温差等对斜温层形成及变化的影响,但已有研究仍缺乏对热行为动态演化规律与储热效率优化之间联系的深入探讨。此外,运行参数变化对罐体储热过程影响的预测研究仍不足。
基于上述问题,本文针对熔盐储能系统内部热场分布及动态演化规律不易掌握的问题,通过设计数值仿真实验,深入探讨了不同运行参数对温度分布、斜温层厚度及储热效率的综合影响。在此基础上,基于响应面优化算法提出了优化输入参数的策略,最大化储能系统的效率。同时,结合多种机器学习模型,对储能系统内部不同位置的温度变化进行预测。通过数值模拟与机器学习结合的方法,为熔盐储能系统的优化设计和运行管理提供了理论支持与数据支撑。
在数值模型的构建中,本文为了充分体现各参数对熔盐储能过程中罐内的影响情况,对仿真模型的熔盐和罐体的参数进行以下设置。在该实验中,储罐高度为800 mm,直径为200 mm,罐体采用316L钢材,罐体尺寸如图1所示。图中Th为热熔盐温度,Tc为冷熔盐温度,Vin为入口速度。由于正常罐体内部进出口均设有导流板,为保证流体分布的均匀性,将上、下边界作为进出口。分别沿距离罐体边界1、50、100 mm的纵轴(这3条纵轴后文称为边界线、1/4线、中轴线)上,每隔20 mm设置一个监测点(均在同一平面上),罐体内部的监测点为图1中红色点。
本研究采用以太阳盐(60%NaNO3和40%KNO3)为基础的优化熔盐作为储热介质(表1)。通过添加改性物质,优化后的熔盐工作温度范围扩展至140~639 ℃,且其密度、比热容、导热率等物性参数上与太阳盐接近(变化幅度小于5%)[10-11],因此本文采用太阳盐的物性参数作为参考。
在本研究中,采用ANSYS Fluent软件对熔盐储能系统进行了数值模拟。利用Navier-Stokes方程描述实际流体的流动,选择层流模型以适应模拟条件的需求。压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,确保了流动场解的稳定性和准确性。空间离散化均使用second order upwind scheme,以提高模拟结果的精度,而瞬态离散方案则采用一阶隐式方法。为了保证收敛性及温度场模拟的精确度,残差监控项中将连续性方程和动量方程的收敛标准设定为10–5,能量方程的收敛标准则设定为10–6。为提升计算的收敛性和稳定,压力、密度、动量和体积力亚松驰因子保持默认值,能量的亚松驰因子为0.8。通过这些设置,确保了熔盐储能系统在复杂流动和传热条件下的精确数值模拟。对于储罐壁面采用无滑移、绝热的方式进行仿真。
为简化模型,本文引入无量纲时间τ和无量纲高度ξ。其中,无量纲时间为储能过程中的当前时间与总储热时间的比值(0≤τ≤1),无量纲高度为某位置的实际高度与储罐总高度的比值(0≤ξ≤1)。
根据文献[5]的实验数据,本文通过数值模拟重现了其储能过程,并将仿真结果与实验数据进行对比(图2)。结果表明数值模型能够适用于描述熔盐储能过程中的流体流动和传热现象。仿真结果的温度差异主要来源于入口效应和某些参数的简化处理,但这些差异在合理的误差范围内,小于2%。误差D计算公式如式(1)所示。
D=i=1NTA,iTB,iTA,i×100%
式中:TA,iTB,i分别为仿真A和仿真B在第i个时间点的温度值;N为时间点的总数。
对于数值模型的网格划分,分别设置了M1、M2、M3 3种不同数量网格,取罐体中间点温度进行对比,结果如图3所示。从图3a)可以看出,不同节点数量的网格其仿真温度相近,由式(1)可以得出M2、M3网格数量下温度相对误差小于2%,在节约计算资源的情况下,因此采用节点数量206 279作为后续实验模型的网格大小。
不同时间步长(S1—S5)所测得罐体中心点温度变化如图3b)所示。所选时间步长在满足Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)条件(式(2))下进行设置,不同步长模型再根据式(1)逐个比较。发现所有模型温度变化相近,其相对误差均小于2%,时间步长S4和S5的相对误差小于0.5%,因此在考虑计算资源和数据准确情况下,采用S4作为数值模型的时间步长。
VinΔtΔx1
式中:Vin为流体的速度,m/s;Δt为时间步长,s;Δx为网格大小,mm。
通过选取冷、热熔盐温度、输入速度和温差作为仿真变量,系统分析了这些关键参数对斜温层厚度和储热效率的影响机理[12-13]。仿真实验设计见表2,其中仿真工况1作为标准组。各工况参数值依据实际应用或已有实验中的参数设定[14],并通过适当扩展参数范围,全面探讨各参数对系统性能的影响。
斜温层是储罐内温度梯度形成的区域,对热量传递速率和热储存过程有显著影响[15]。储能过程中斜温层厚度θthickness计算如式(3)所示。斜温层界定系数0.85和0.15为经验值,涵盖了温度梯度变化的主要有效区域。
{Tup=(ThTc)×0.85+TcTdown=(ThTc)×0.15+Tcθthickness=θTupθTdown
式中:Th为热熔盐温度;Tc为冷熔盐温度;Tup为斜温层上边界温度值;Tdown为斜温层下边界温度值;θTup为上边界温度所处高度;θTdown为下边界温度所处高度。
储热效率计算如式(4)所示,该式用于评估储罐在某一时刻的储热效率。分子表示储罐内熔盐实际储存的热量,其基于熔盐平均温度与冷熔盐基准温度的差值计算;分母则表示从初始时刻到当前时刻的外部输入热量,采用积分形式计算输入熔盐的累积热量。通过计算储热效率,可以定量评估储罐热量利用情况,为分析储能系统性能提供数据支撑。
η(t)=Mtank×c×[Tmean(t)Tc]0twin×c×[ThTout(t)]dt
式中:Mtank为熔盐罐内熔盐质量;c为熔盐比热容;t为储能时间;Tmean(t)为t时刻罐内平均温度;win为质量流率;Tout(t)为t时刻输出熔盐温度。
在熔盐储能系统的标准组仿真中,详细探究了储罐内部温度分布和流体流动特性的演变过程,罐内的温度分布如图4a)图5所示。初期,热熔盐从顶部注入,冷熔盐密度较大,限制了热熔盐迅速向下扩散,此时热量通过热传导的形式从热熔盐区域向冷熔盐区域进行传递,从而在罐内迅速形成明显的温度梯度。从图5可以看出,初期温度分布曲线陡峭,斜温层位置清晰且厚度较薄。随着时间推移,温度曲线略显平缓,即内部温度梯度逐渐减缓,斜温层厚度持续增加。
储热过程中罐内速度变化如图4b)所示。罐内整体速度分布较为均匀,但在斜温层区域,流速明显降低,尤其在罐壁附近的边界层,由于边界效应和无滑移条件的作用,流体甚至几乎处于静止状态,形成显著的边界层区域。相比之下,中轴线位置流速略高。这种不均匀的速度场可能导致温度和斜温层在同一高度不同水平位置存在差异。随着储热过程的进行,斜温层厚度逐渐增大。
同一高度下,不同水平位置(即距罐体圆心不同距离处)的温度变化和斜温层厚度可能呈现出不同结果。为此,对罐体内部不同水平位置(边界线、1/4线、中轴线)的温度和斜温层厚度变化进行了研究(图6)。图6b)为无量纲时间τ为0.10、0.25、0.50、0.75、0.90时刻的斜温层厚度,这些时间点覆盖了斜温层从初期形成到后期稳定但尚未开始消失的全过程。
图6a)中可以观察到,中轴线位置的温度下降位置与1/4线和边界线相差较小,但最低温的竖直位置更低,且随着时间推移竖直位置差距逐渐扩大。这表明中轴线处斜温层位置相对更低,1/4线次之,边界线处斜温层位置最高。这种差异可能是由于边界线位置受到边界效应(即边界无滑移)的影响,导致越靠近边界流速越低,热量传递速度更慢[16]
图6b)中可以看到,斜温层厚度在中轴线位置始终最大,且增长速度在τ=0.50达到最高,比τ=0.25时刻提升3.2%。这可能是因为中轴线处对流作用更强,热量能够迅速沿中轴线向下传递,从而使中轴线处斜温层厚度增长更快[17]。相比之下,边界线位置可能由于边界层对热量传递有抑制作用,斜温层厚度增长相对缓慢。1/4线位置的热量传递效率介于中轴线和边界线之间,其斜温层厚度变化趋势与边界线线更为接近。在τ=0.50时刻之后,各位置的热量分布趋于均匀,斜温层厚度差逐渐减小。为避免不同水平位置差异影响,后文温度分布均选取中轴线位置。
为探究冷热熔盐温度及温差对储能过程的影响,首先对比分析了不同ThTc条件下沿罐体高度方向的中轴线温度分布,分别如图7a)、图7b)所示。图7a)中当Th为540 ℃时,温度开始下降的起始位置更高,即热量传递速度更快,斜温层更厚。这可能是由于较大的温差带来了更显著的温度梯度,从而提高了冷、热熔盐之间的热交换效率。图7b)展示了不同Tc下的温度变化。可以看出,当Tc为160 ℃时,温度分布曲线更平缓,即更高位置温度下降,更低位置温度达到冷熔盐初始温度,这与Th对温度分布的影响相似,即温差更大,热量传递速度更快,从而提高了热量传递效率并加速了斜温层的增厚。
通过改变ThTc发现,其对储能过程的影响可能主要来自于温差,因此针对不同温差对斜温层厚度随时间变化情况进行了探究(图8)。可以看到,较低温差条件下,斜温层厚度的增长速度明显减缓,当温差ΔT=380 ℃时,斜温层厚度增长最快,且在τ=0.5时斜温层厚度达到41.9 mm,明显高于其他3组,厚度增速比ΔT=200 ℃下提高了8.1%。τ在0.75~0.90时,ΔT为300、200 ℃的斜温层厚度快速上升。这可能是由于斜温层靠近罐体出口,其空间受制,此时热量逐渐从热熔盐传递到冷熔盐,温差缩小,从而导致此现象的产生。结果表明在材料及实验要求的可接受范围内,较大温差可以提升冷热熔盐直接传热效率,同时斜温层增厚速率可能也越高。
不同输入速度下熔盐储罐内温度分布和斜温层厚度的变化如图9所示。图9a)中,输入速度为0.05 m/s时,温度下降趋势相较于速度0.03 m/s更加平缓,表明热量在罐体内部传递得更快,斜温层形成更快且更厚。图9b)进一步展示了不同输入速度下斜温层厚度的变化趋势。在τ=0.25、速度0.05 m/s条件下的斜温层厚度约为40.5 mm,比速度0.03 m/s条件下高出19.2%。随着时间推移,这一差异不断扩大,在τ=0.50时,厚度相差18.61 mm,而在τ=0.75前,速度0.05 m/s下的斜温层已有部分排出罐体。
结果表明,较高的输入速度可以显著提高热量的垂直传递效率。但需注意在系统稳定运行条件下,应确保输入速度的优化不会对储能系统性能产生负面影响。
通过对不同仿真工况下储热效率的对比分析,结合响应面优化算法,得出最优的运行参数组合,这些参数能够最大化储热效率,并为系统设计提供理论支持。根据式(4)计算表2中的4个仿真工况的储热效率,图10展示了4个仿真工况下的储热效率随时间的变化趋势。
整体来看,不同仿真工况下的储热效率表现出明显的差异,主要受到温差和输入速度的耦合作用影响。工况3由于温差大提供了更高的热量传递效率,在所有工况中表现最佳,在τ=0.1时储热效率就达到了91.5%,比工况2高出了4百分点,比工况4高出13.8百分点。而较高输入速度的工况2在初期储热效率快速增长,但后期受限于较低的温差,储热效率无法达到更高,最终稳定在98.2%。相较之下,温差和输入速度较低的工况1和工况4整体储热效率偏低,最终分别稳定在92.3%和87.3%。产生这种差异的根本原因在于温差是热传递效率的主要驱动因素,而输入速度直接影响了流体的热对流强度。较大的温差加速了热熔盐和冷熔盐之间的传热,增强了斜温层的形成和发展;高输入速度则进一步提升了对流换热效率,储热效率在初期显著提高。然而,输入速度过高可能导致后期热量分布不均,效率增速减缓。需要指出的是,图10中的波动可能由流速不稳定引起,导致斜温层厚度变化,进而影响储热效率。
为了验证上述分析并寻找最佳储热效率下的运行参数,补充了25组仿真结果,并采用基于响应面法的参数优化算法进行分析,最终获得响应面结果如图11所示,最优参数为表3
最优运行参数的优化仿真储热效率与上述仿真中储热效率最佳的工况3的对比如图12所示。优化仿真采用更高的输入速度(0.05 m/s)和更大温差(380 ℃),使得初期阶段的热量传递速度更快,储热效率迅速提升,明显高于工况3。随着时间的推移,两者的效率差逐渐缩小,优化仿真在后期依然保持小幅度的效率优势,这主要归因于更高温差下的强对流作用所带来的持续热传递效果。整体而言,优化组的储热效率比最优的工况3高出2.5百分点,比最差的工况4高16.3百分点,表明优化后的运行参数在提升储热效率方面的有效性。
为准确预测熔盐储热系统的温度变化,本文采用多种机器学习模型进行分析。由于熔盐储热系统的温度分布受多种复杂因素的影响,传统基于线性假设的回归模型(如支持向量回归)在处理多变量交互作用时表现不佳,难以有效捕捉系统的非线性变化特征,尤其在温度变化剧烈或输入参数波动较大时,预测误差显著增大[18]。因此,本文采用随机森林(RFR)、梯度提升回归(GBR)和XGBoost 3种非线性模型,这些模型能够捕捉到储能系统中输入参数与温度分布之间复杂的非线性关系,更好地拟合系统复杂的动态行为。
在实验数据方面,除表2中4组仿真数据外,还加入了其他15组实验数据作为机器学习的数据集,整体按照6:2:2的比例分别用于训练集、测试集、验证集。为全面评估不同模型的预测性能,本文使用了均方根误差(δRMSE)、平均绝对误差(δMAE)和绝对系数(R2)作为评估指标,其中δRMSE可反映预测中极端误差的影响,δMAE可反映模型的整体表现且不易受异常值干扰,R2用于衡量模型对数据整体趋势的拟合效果。此外,为评估模型的计算效率,还引入了计算时间作为补充指标。通过这些指标能全面分析模型在误差控制、拟合准确性和计算效率的表现。3个主要评价指标的计算公式如式(5)—式(7)所示。
δRMSE=1ni=1n(yiy^i)2
δMAE=1ni=1n|yiy^i|
R2=1i=1n(yiy^i)2i=1n(yiy¯)2
式中:yi为第i个样本的真实值(真实的熔盐温度);y^i为第i个样本的预测值(模型预测的熔盐温度);y¯为所有真实值的平均值;n为总样本数。
在预测过程中采用网格搜索和K折交叉验证相结合的方式寻找模型的最优超参数组,提高模型在不同数据集上的预测精度和泛化能力。其中,网格搜索通过搜索不同的超参数组合得到最优参数组,交叉验证则将数据集分为多组,取所有组的平均表现作为模型的最终性能评价指标。为进一步提高模型的泛化能力,特别是在应对高维数据和复杂参数时,引入了正则化机制,利用L1和L2正则化相结合的方式,通过在损失函数中增加惩罚项防止模型过度拟合训练数据,从而提高其在未知数据上的表现[19,20]
随机森林(RFR)、梯度提升回归(GBR)、和XGBoost 3种模型的温度预测残差分布如图13所示。RFR模型在温度预测中,大部分残差集中在–50~50 ℃,且残差分布较为均匀,这意味着该模型在大多数温度区间内的预测误差较小,表现出良好的预测稳定性。相比之下,XGBoost模型虽然也能保持较小的残差,但在高温段上有较多的偏差点,表现出一定的不稳定性。GBR模型的残差分布最为分散,特别是在高温区域,其预测误差显著增大,显示出对复杂输入条件的适应性不足。
3种模型的具体评价指标见表4。RFR模型在测试集和验证集上的δRMSEδMAE均最低,其中测试集上的δRMSE为1.93,δMAE为1.01,这表明其对温度变化的捕捉能力强且精度高。此外,RFR的训练时间为193.90 s,单个样本的预测时间较低,兼具高精度和计算效率。相比之下,XGBoost模型虽然在δRMSEδMAE上弱于RFR,但其训练时间仅166.49 s,计算效率最高。GBR模型的δRMSEδMAE最大,预测效果最差,同时其计算效率也最低,这可能是复杂输入条件下模型表现受限的原因。这些结果与图13的预测结果一致。
总体而言,RFR模型在预测熔盐储能系统温度时表现最佳,凭借其更低的误差和一致的预测表现,说明该模型在处理熔盐储能系统的非线性和复杂性时具有较好的鲁棒性和精度,为熔盐储能系统温度变化的精准预测提供了可靠支持,这有助于未来更有效地优化系统和调整运行参数。
本文通过对关键运行参数(如输入速度、温度等)对熔盐储罐内热行为的影响进行了深入的模拟分析,揭示了斜温层的形成、演化规律及其对储热效率的作用机制。此外,利用随机森林等机器学习模型实现了对熔盐温度变化的精确预测,主要结论如下。
1)储罐内的斜温层动态演化过程表现出明显的空间差异性,中轴线处热量传递最快,边界层因热阻最大传递最慢。在实际应用中,需重点关注不同位置的传热特性以优化系统设计。
2)熔盐储能系统的热行为受多参数耦合影响,其中温差和输入速度是关键因素。增大热熔盐与冷熔盐的温差并适当提升输入速度,能够显著促进斜温层发展并增大其厚度,同时提高系统储热性能,优化参数组合下储热系统效率提升了16.3百分点。
3)基于机器学习的温度预测结果表明,RFR模型具有最佳的预测性能,其δRMSE为1.932 3,δMAE为1.013 4,R2达到0.987 8,优于GBR模型和XGBoost模型。该模型能够准确捕捉熔盐储能系统的非线性热行为特征,为系统温度控制和运行优化提供了可靠的理论支持。
研究结论为熔盐储热系统的设计与优化提供了重要的理论依据,尤其在理解斜温层动态行为及其对系统性能的影响方面具有显著参考价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2404001)
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2025年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412267
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB2404001)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2404001)
作者信息
    1.国网吉林省电力有限公司,吉林 长春 130021
    2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    3.华中科技大学华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

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胡红云(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为熔盐储能,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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