Article(id=1236321544784367691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691626019, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691626019, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691626019, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691626019, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321546436923493, articleId=1236321544784367691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimization configuration of circulating water flow in indirect air cooling system under the influence of complex ambient meteorological conditions, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The complex and variable meteorological conditions have a significant impact on operational characteristics of indirect air cooling systems. To enhance the cooling performance of indirect air cooling systems, an optimized regulation strategy for circulating water in indirect air cooling systems is proposed. By taking the indirect air cooling unit in a power plant as an object and considering the influence of surrounding buildings, the optimization distribution of circulating water flow in each sector of the air cooling heat exchanger is numerically studied. Firstly, a one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the indirect air cooling unit and a three-dimensional numerical model of the indirect air cooling tower are established and coupled for numerical calculation. Secondly, the influence of different meteorological conditions on the operating back pressure of the unit and the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the cooling tower is analyzed. As a result, the economic back pressure variation law of the unit under specific environmental meteorological conditions is obtained. Finally, constrained by the economic back pressure of the unit, the circulating water flow rate of each sector of the indirect air cooling heat exchanger is optimized according to the so-called heat load matching principle, which enhances the flow and heat transfer performance of the indirect air cooling system. The research results indicate that as the ambient temperature increases, the economic back pressure will also increase accordingly. When the ambient wind speed increases, the economic back pressure of the unit also increases. By optimizing the distribution of circulating water flow in each sector of the indirect air cooling heat exchanger, the uniformity of the outlet water temperature in each sector can be improved, the average outlet water temperature of the intercooled tower can be reduced, the total circulating water flow can be decreased, and the operating economy of the unit can be improved. This study can provide theoretical basis and reference for optimizing the operation of indirect air cooling units.

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复杂多变的环境气象条件对间接空冷系统的运行特性具有显著影响,为了强化间接空冷系统的冷却性能,提出间冷系统循环水优化调节策略。以某电厂间接空冷机组为对象,考虑周围厂房及建筑物的影响,进行空冷散热器各扇区循环水流量优化分配的数值研究。首先,建立了间冷机组一维热力学模型和间冷塔三维数值模型,并进行耦合计算;其次,研究并分析了不同环境气象条件对机组运行背压及间冷塔流动传热特性的影响,获得了特定环境气象条件下机组的经济背压变化规律;最后,以机组经济背压为约束,根据热负荷匹配原则对间冷散热器各扇区循环水流量进行了优化分配,强化了间冷系统流动换热性能。研究结果表明:当环境温度升高时,经济背压也会随之升高;当环境风速增加,机组的经济背压也随之提高;通过间冷散热器各扇区循环水流量的优化分配,可提高各扇区出口水温的均匀性,降低间冷塔平均出口水温,减小循环水总流量,提升机组运行经济性。本研究可为间接空冷机组优化运行提供理论依据与参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈磊(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
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周维博(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为热力发电智慧冷端、多能互补,

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周维博(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为热力发电智慧冷端、多能互补,

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周维博(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为热力发电智慧冷端、多能互补,

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Verification analysis results of heat consumption rate for different working conditions of the unit

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工况设计热耗/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
TMCR8 036.88 060.60.30
100%THA8 039.18 064.40.31
75%THA8 140.58 173.30.40
50%THA8 435.78 459.20.27
30%THA9 051.69 074.10.25
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机组不同工况热耗率验证分析结果

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工况设计热耗/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)计算热耗/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)误差/%
TMCR8 036.88 060.60.30
100%THA8 039.18 064.40.31
75%THA8 140.58 173.30.40
50%THA8 435.78 459.20.27
30%THA9 051.69 074.10.25
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Main structures and parameters of the indirect air cooling system

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项目数值
空冷塔高度/m170.0
空冷塔入口高度/直径/m27.8/120.2
空冷塔喉部高度/直径/m133.0/81.0
空冷塔出口高度/直径/m170.0/85.0
空冷塔内缘直径/m136.5
冷却三角个数170
扇区数量12
冷却三角夹角/(°)46
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间接空冷系统主要结构及参数

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项目数值
空冷塔高度/m170.0
空冷塔入口高度/直径/m27.8/120.2
空冷塔喉部高度/直径/m133.0/81.0
空冷塔出口高度/直径/m170.0/85.0
空冷塔内缘直径/m136.5
冷却三角个数170
扇区数量12
冷却三角夹角/(°)46
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复杂环境气象条件影响下间接空冷系统循环水流量优化配置研究
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周维博 1, 2 , 李展洋 1, 2 , 汪丽娜 1, 2 , 陈磊 1, 2 , 王伟佳 1, 2 , 杨立军 1, 2 , 杜小泽 1, 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(10): 115-125
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(10): 115-125
复杂环境气象条件影响下间接空冷系统循环水流量优化配置研究
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周维博1, 2 , 李展洋1, 2, 汪丽娜1, 2, 陈磊1, 2 , 王伟佳1, 2, 杨立军1, 2, 杜小泽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学电站能量传递转化与系统教育部重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 周维博(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为热力发电智慧冷端、多能互补,

通讯作者:

陈磊(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
Optimization configuration of circulating water flow in indirect air cooling system under the influence of complex ambient meteorological conditions
Weibo ZHOU1, 2 , Zhanyang LI1, 2, Lina WANG1, 2, Lei CHEN1, 2 , Weijia WANG1, 2, Lijun YANG1, 2, Xiaoze DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501004
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复杂多变的环境气象条件对间接空冷系统的运行特性具有显著影响,为了强化间接空冷系统的冷却性能,提出间冷系统循环水优化调节策略。以某电厂间接空冷机组为对象,考虑周围厂房及建筑物的影响,进行空冷散热器各扇区循环水流量优化分配的数值研究。首先,建立了间冷机组一维热力学模型和间冷塔三维数值模型,并进行耦合计算;其次,研究并分析了不同环境气象条件对机组运行背压及间冷塔流动传热特性的影响,获得了特定环境气象条件下机组的经济背压变化规律;最后,以机组经济背压为约束,根据热负荷匹配原则对间冷散热器各扇区循环水流量进行了优化分配,强化了间冷系统流动换热性能。研究结果表明:当环境温度升高时,经济背压也会随之升高;当环境风速增加,机组的经济背压也随之提高;通过间冷散热器各扇区循环水流量的优化分配,可提高各扇区出口水温的均匀性,降低间冷塔平均出口水温,减小循环水总流量,提升机组运行经济性。本研究可为间接空冷机组优化运行提供理论依据与参考。

间接空冷系统  /  经济背压  /  流动换热性能  /  循环水优化调节  /  数值模拟

The complex and variable meteorological conditions have a significant impact on operational characteristics of indirect air cooling systems. To enhance the cooling performance of indirect air cooling systems, an optimized regulation strategy for circulating water in indirect air cooling systems is proposed. By taking the indirect air cooling unit in a power plant as an object and considering the influence of surrounding buildings, the optimization distribution of circulating water flow in each sector of the air cooling heat exchanger is numerically studied. Firstly, a one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the indirect air cooling unit and a three-dimensional numerical model of the indirect air cooling tower are established and coupled for numerical calculation. Secondly, the influence of different meteorological conditions on the operating back pressure of the unit and the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the cooling tower is analyzed. As a result, the economic back pressure variation law of the unit under specific environmental meteorological conditions is obtained. Finally, constrained by the economic back pressure of the unit, the circulating water flow rate of each sector of the indirect air cooling heat exchanger is optimized according to the so-called heat load matching principle, which enhances the flow and heat transfer performance of the indirect air cooling system. The research results indicate that as the ambient temperature increases, the economic back pressure will also increase accordingly. When the ambient wind speed increases, the economic back pressure of the unit also increases. By optimizing the distribution of circulating water flow in each sector of the indirect air cooling heat exchanger, the uniformity of the outlet water temperature in each sector can be improved, the average outlet water temperature of the intercooled tower can be reduced, the total circulating water flow can be decreased, and the operating economy of the unit can be improved. This study can provide theoretical basis and reference for optimizing the operation of indirect air cooling units.

indirect air cooling system  /  economic back pressure  /  flow and heat transfer performance  /  optimized distribution of circulating water  /  numerical simulation
周维博, 李展洋, 汪丽娜, 陈磊, 王伟佳, 杨立军, 杜小泽. 复杂环境气象条件影响下间接空冷系统循环水流量优化配置研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 115 -125 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501004
Weibo ZHOU, Zhanyang LI, Lina WANG, Lei CHEN, Weijia WANG, Lijun YANG, Xiaoze DU. Optimization configuration of circulating water flow in indirect air cooling system under the influence of complex ambient meteorological conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 115 -125 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501004
我国北方地区水资源匮乏,空冷技术凭借其自身优势在燃煤发电领域得到快速发展[1]。同时,大型空冷燃煤电站能够缓解太阳能、风能等可再生能源电力在并网过程中的波动性,提高新能源消纳能力,保障电力系统的安全性与稳定性,推进能源转型平稳向前发展。空冷机组在实际运行过程中,由于缺乏外界环境影响下间接空冷(间冷)系统换热性能变化规律的深入认识,使得间冷系统的冷却性能不能充分发挥,机组运行的经济效益难以达到预期。
环境气象条件的改变会使冷端系统的热平衡发生变化,冷却性能也随之改变。赵旭[2]针对不同风速下间冷换热单元空气侧的流动换热特性进行分析,得到了空气流量变化对空冷单元传热特性的影响规律。杨迎哲等[3]针对冷却塔及其厂房在不同环境风向下进行数值模拟,分析了环境风向对冷却塔散热性能的影响规律。唐隶康等[4]研究两机一塔布局下,环境风对机组变负荷工况运行下热经济性的影响。赵鑫等[5]针对三塔合一型间冷塔的夏季运行工况进行模拟,分析环境因素对其流动换热特性的影响。赵元宾等[6]研究环境气象条件变化对冷却塔出口水温的影响规律。贾斌等[7]研究了环境气温与机组负荷对冷却水量及温度变化范围的影响。吴韬[8]通过采用冷端系统动态数学模型,研究机组负荷及环境气象条件发生变化时冷端系统的动态响应特性。
为降低环境风的不利影响,利用火电机组冷端循环水系统可操作性强、灵活性高的特点,通过分析环境条件对冷却塔换热性能、机组背压的影响规律,进行循环水优化运行,能显著降低冷却塔出口水温,提升机组运行经济性。吕凯等[9]提出多种技术改造方案来提高冷却系统的冷却能力,降低机组运行背压。Kong等人[10]通过充分利用空气侧冷却能力调节水侧流量,使机组能够保持在阻塞背压附近运行。Wang等人[11]通过采用不同的循环水流量分配方案研究其对间冷系统流动换热性能的影响。Sun等人[12]采用基于火积耗散理论的换热器网络整体优化方法针对间冷系统进行循环水流量优化分配。Dong等人[13]提出结合挡风墙的优势再进行循环水流量分配,能够在有风条件下获得更好的散热能力。Chen等人[14]提出了在冷却塔入口附近设置热风回收装置,能够有效降低汽轮机背压。Li等人[15]通过进行空气侧优化与水侧优化来缓解侧风问题对自然通风干式冷却塔的影响。
另一方面,人工智能优化算法在间冷系统优化运行方面也有广泛应用。李承周等[16]结合电站实际运行特点,利用数据驱动方法建立间冷机组冷端信息物理融合系统模型进行冷端优化。Xie等人[17]通过人工智能算法模型,对空冷冷凝器的性能进行预测和优化,同时利用机器学习算法建立背压优化模型[18]。Zhang等人[19]建立了基于遗传算法优化的人工神经网络与冷凝器和空冷换热器传热模型的耦合算法。人工智能相关技术与成果正逐步融入发电领域[20],推动电站实现智能化发展。
前述研究为燃煤电站冷端优化运行提供了参考,但多数工作忽略了环境气象条件与机组经济背压的关系,尤其是在低温环境下,无法准确反映间冷系统循环水调节过程对整个机组经济性的影响,且流量调节方式多依据经验调节,缺乏准确的理论指导原则。
本文以某两机一塔设计的间接空冷机组为例,通过构建间接空冷系统三维数值模拟与机组热力系统一维仿真相耦合的计算模型,整体研究系统的运行特性,针对复杂环境气象条件完成变工况计算,分析冷却塔流动换热特性。通过考虑机组出力与泵功之间的平衡关系,找出不同环境气象条件下机组运行的经济背压变化规律,同时结合环境条件变化影响下扇区水温的分布变化规律,依据热负荷能力匹配原则,进行分扇区循环水流量调节,得到不同环境气象条件下的最佳循环水流量优化分配方案。本文的数值模拟计算结果可为北方火电厂秋冬季高效经济运行提供参考。
根据设备厂提供的机组设计参数与性能试验报告数据,利用Ebsilon热力学过程模拟仿真软件搭建热力学系统模型如图1所示。
在本文的冷端优化方法中,通过读出热力系统中汽轮机与凝汽器模块的参数与间接空冷系统进行耦合。
冷却水在凝汽器中吸收汽轮机排汽热量的过程包含如下热平衡方程[21-23]
Qs=Q=Qw
Qs=ms(hshw)
Q=KAΔtm
Qw=cpwmw(tw1tw2)
Δtm=tw1tw2ln(tstw2tstw1)
式中:QsQ′、Qw′分别为汽轮机排汽放热量、凝汽器换热量与循环水吸热量;hs为排汽焓;hw为凝结水焓;ms为排汽流量;mw为循环水质量流量;cpw为循环水定压比热容;tw1′为凝汽器出口水温;tw2′为凝汽器入口水温;K′为凝汽器换热系数;A′为凝汽器换热面积;Δtm′为凝汽器换热端差;ts为凝汽器冷凝温度。
分别对TMCR、100%THA、75%THA、50%THA以及30%THA工况进行仿真计算,验证热力系统模型的准确性(表1)。由表1可以看到,热耗率计算仿真结果的误差均小于0.5%,说明所搭建的热力学系统仿真模型准确性满足计算要求。
本文所研究的对象为某2×350 MW间接空冷电厂,系统布置方式为两机一塔。图2所示为间接空冷系统及周围厂房建筑物的几何模型,其中空冷散热器为间冷系统的核心设备,垂直布置在冷却塔周外侧。
表2为间冷塔几何结构参数,图3为空冷散热器扇区分布示意,共有12个扇区,每台机组有6个换热扇区,采用间隔布置方式。
间接空冷系统的流动传热过程为多尺度输运过程,整个过程包括排汽与循环水、循环水与冷却空气间的换热。
循环水在空冷散热器中与外界环境空气发生热交换的过程包含如下热平衡方程[22-23]
Q=Qw=Qa
Q=KAΔtm
Qw=cpwmw(tw1tw2)
Qa=cpama(ta2ta1)
式中:QQwQa分别为间接空冷系统换量、循环水放热量、环境空气吸热量;K为散热器换热系数;A为散热器换热面积;Δtm为散热器换热温差;tw1为散热器入口水温;tw2为散热器出口水温;ma为冷却空气质量流量;cpa为冷却空气定压比热容;cpw为水的定压比热容;ta1为入口空气温度;ta2为出口空气温度。
在变工况条件下,泵的转速比、流量及扬程满足相似定律[21],建立循环水泵运行计算模型。
H0=ε1+ε2Q0+ε3Q02
ω=nin0=QvQ0
HvH0=ω2
ηv=α1Qv+α2Qv2+α3Qv3
Pv=gHvQvηv
式中:H0为额定工况扬程;Hv为实际工况扬程;ε1ε2ε3为特性系数;ω为转速比;ni为泵的实际工况转速;n0为泵的额定工况转速;Qv为实际工况流量;Q0为额定工况流量;ηv为泵效率;α1α2α3为特性系数;g为重力加速度;Pv为水泵耗功。
在机组运行过程中,适当降低背压可有效提升机组输出功率。然而,随着机组背压降低,循环水泵功的消耗增加,使得机组净出力存在最大值。在特定工况条件下运行,机组发电量与循环水泵功耗差值为最大时,即机组净出力最大时所对应的背压为经济背压。
Ppc=pc,op=max(PePv)
式中:pc为机组背压;pc,op为经济背压;Pe为机组发电量;Pv为循环水泵功耗。
在进行数值模拟的过程中,为准确描述间接空冷系统的流动换热特性,本文使用换热器模型来描述水侧与空气侧的流动换热过程,并考虑了冷却空气流经空冷散热器换热翅片管束时的压力损失[22,24-26]
Qmacro=εmacro(mcp)primary(tauxiliary,intmacro)
Δp=12fρaua2
式中:εmacro为换热器效能;(mcp)primary为冷却空气的热流量;tauxiliary,in为循环水温度;tmacro为矩形单元中心空气温度;f为压力损失系数;ρa为空气平均密度;ua为流经散热器翅片管束的迎面风速。
将空气看作不可压缩理想气体,流动换热过程为稳态过程,空气流动满足如下控制方程[22-24]
ρuφ=(Γφφ)+Sφ+Sφ
式中:φ等于1、ucptkε时,分别表示连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程与湍流模型;ΓφSφSφ´分别为扩散项、源项与附加源项。
在进行数值模拟的迭代计算过程中,各个控制方程均采用压力和速度耦合的SIMPLE算法和二阶迎风离散格式,能量方程残差收敛准则设置为10–6,其他方程则设置为10–4[24-26]
图4为本文中所研究的两机一塔间接空冷系统计算域、边界条件及网格划分,计算域尺寸设置为2 000 m×2 000 m×1 500 m。在使用Gambit对间冷系统进行物理建模时,为使模拟结果更加精确,采用区块化网格划分技术[23,25-26]。空冷散热器及冷却塔核心区域采用加密型六面体网格划分,厂房及周围建筑物等其他区域采用非结构化网格划分。
无风环境下,计算域四周设置为压力入口边界条件,顶部设置为压力出口边界条件;当存在环境风时,迎风面设置为速度入口边界条件,背风面设置为压力出口边界条件,顶部面设置为对称边界条件。
分别对数量为3 958 239、5 632 593、6 698 912的3种网格模型进行无关性验证,针对TMCR工况进行模拟计算,设计工况为东风(90°),环境风速为4 m/s,环境气温为14 ℃。3种网格的换热量相对误差分别为0.386 3%、0.196 1%和0.153 6%,最终选取的计算域网格数量为5 632 593。
环境参数影响下冷端运行优化计算流程如图5所示。本文通过将热力学系统一维仿真模型与间接空冷系统三维仿真数值计算模型进行耦合,得到环境参数影响下间接空冷系统冷端运行优化方法。首先,在循环水均匀分配方案下,通过与热力系统模型耦合,计算得到不同环境气象条件下的机组经济背压变化规律;其次,在相同环境气象条件下,保持经济背压不变,利用循环水和冷却空气之间的热负荷匹配原则,通过迭代计算,对扇段循环水流量进行优化配置,保证各扇区出口水温的均匀性,达到降低间冷系统出塔水温、减小循环水总流量、提高间冷系统综合能效的目的。
冬季低温条件下运行,阻塞背压不一定是其经济背压,环境风会影响间冷系统的换热性能,此时,若机组仍维持在阻塞背压运行,循环水流量增加引起泵功急剧增量,导致机组净发电量降低,机组经济效益不能达到最佳。
考虑到建筑物遮挡及环境风的影响,以环境温度为–5 ℃,风向为0°,风速为10 m/s为例,对其机组出力、水泵耗功与背压之间的关系进行分析,具体如图6所示。由图6可知,背压为8.8 kPa时,机组净出力取得极大值,相较于阻塞背压下运行,机组出力提升0.62 MW,机组运行的经济效益得到提高。
因此,通过分析不同环境气象条件下机组净出力的变化规律,得到该环境工况下的经济背压运行点,能够提高机组运行经济性。图7为环境工况变化时的机组经济背压曲线。
环境风速由0增加到4 m/s时,风速较低,不受环境风向及环境温度的影响,机组的经济背压保持稳定在8 kPa;随着环境风速进一步升高,由4 m/s增加到10 m/s时,机组的经济背压逐渐上升。环境温度为0 ℃,风向为0°时,风速分别为6、10 m/s对应的经济背压为8.2、10.0 kPa。
此外,当风向为270°时,由于塔外建筑物遮挡,各个扇区的换热性能受到影响,此时机组的经济背压变化幅度要更大。在环境温度为0 ℃,风速为10 m/s,机组在环境风向分别为90°与270°下时对应的经济背压为9.9 kPa与10.1 kPa。
可以看出,当环境温度为–5 ℃时,大部分工况下机组阻塞背压即为经济背压。当环境温度由–5 ℃升高至0 ℃,风速大于6 m/s时,机组的经济背压显著提高。当环境风向为180°,风速为10 m/s时,环境温度为–5 ℃与0 ℃对应的经济背压分别为8.3 kPa和9.7 kPa。低温环境下,空气的冷却能力较强,较少循环水流量就可以满足换热需求,水泵功耗较小,对于机组经济运行影响较小。
综上所述,经济背压与环境温度、环境风速呈正相关,同时由于冷却塔周围的建筑物遮挡,与环境风向也有一定关系。
大风情况下能够更好反映环境风对间接空冷系统运行性能造成的影响。以环境温度为–5 ℃、环境风向为90°、风速为10 m/s为例,对采用均匀分配循环水方案的间接空冷系统的流动传热特性进行分析,具体如图8所示,图中xyz分别笛卡尔坐标中的3个方向。
垂直截面上,随着高度上升,发生热交换的环境空气在塔出口处汇集,顶部出口处的热空气羽流受到环境风的挤压,流动方向往左侧发生偏移。
水平截面上,迎风扇区受到环境风的冲击作用,进入迎风扇区换热器的空气流量也随之增加,换热性能加强;侧风扇区由于发生圆柱绕流效应,冷却空气具有较大的切向速度,环境空气很难进入侧风扇区的散热器,通风量减少,塔内靠近侧风扇区处开始出现环状涡流,增加空气的流动阻力,严重削弱了侧风扇区的换热能力,扇区出口水温升高。流经侧风扇区的环境空气汇集在背风侧,内外压差会有一定的提升,由于冷却塔的遮挡作用,受环境风影响较小。
无风情况下,各个扇区的通风量、散热量、出口水温近乎相等。环境风会弱化冷却塔换热性能,以环境温度为–5 ℃、风向为90°、风速为4 m/s与10 m/s的工况为例,对采用均匀分配循环水方案的冷却塔扇区出口水温分布进行分析,如图9所示。
图9中可以看出,不同扇区的出口水温分布规律大致相同,侧风扇区出口水温最高,背风扇区次之,迎风扇区的出口水温最低,并且由于塔外建筑物的影响,出口水温的分布沿垂直于风向并不完全对称。当环境温度为–5 ℃、风向为90°、风速为4 m/s时,迎风扇区的出口水温为1.19 ℃与1.53 ℃,已接近0 ℃,有发生管束冻结的风险,而侧风扇区的出口水温均大于6.00 ℃,最高温度可达8.76 ℃。
风速由4 m/s增加到10 m/s时,迎风扇区的出口水温降低幅度增加,侧风扇区与背风扇区的出口水温逐渐升高,各扇区出口水温的不平衡度增加。
结合云图及扇区出口水温分布可以看出,当环境气象条件发生改变时,散热器周围空气流量分布的不均匀性会导致各个扇区的换热能力各不相同,使不同扇区出口水温的不均匀性增加。
根据以上特点,保持经济背压不变,依据热负荷能力匹配原则调节分扇区循环水流量,保证各个扇区出口水温的分布更加均匀,使得空气的吸热能力与循环水的释热能力得到匹配,减少传热恶化区域的出现,提高整个间接空冷系统的换热性能。
以环境温度为–5 ℃、环境风向为90°、风速为10 m/s为例,对采用优化分配循环水方案的间接空冷系统的流动传热特性进行分析,具体如图10所示。
垂直截面上,塔内经过换热的空气温度明显升高,沿塔高方向温度分布亦更加均匀。水平截面上,由于迎风扇区分配的循环水流量增加,经过换热的环境空气温度升高,气流的浮升力增加,使得背风扇区的进风量也随着增加,换热能力得到提高;同时,侧风扇区的环状涡流及高温区域减弱,塔内的环状涡流由两侧向中心发生偏移,侧风扇区的流场分布得到优化。表明采用该种分配方式能够有效改善均匀分配下环境空气被过度加热的情况,各个区域的温差较小,有效改善了传热恶化现象,冷却塔的整体换热性能提升。
图11为环境温度为–5 ℃、风向为90°、风速为4 m/s与10 m/s时,使用优化分配循环水方案后的冷却塔扇区出口水温分布示意。
图11可以看到,各个扇区的水温分别控制在4.6 ℃与16.5 ℃左右,不同环境工况下各扇区的出口水温分布更加均匀,有效减少了迎风扇区与背风扇区循环水被过度冷却、侧风扇区循环水得不到充分冷却的现象,针对低温工况可有效提升低温扇段出口水温,防止管束发生冻结,间接空冷系统的综合换热性能得到提升。
考虑到厂房及周围建筑物的影响,本文对环境温度为–5 ℃与0 ℃,环境风向为90°与270°的循环水优化分配迭代结果进行分析,具体如图12所示。
风速增大,迎风扇区的换热性能得到增强,分配的循环水流量随之增加;而侧风扇区的换热性能下降,分配的循环水流量则减少;背风扇区的循环水流量也逐渐减少,但降幅低于侧风扇区。当环境温度为–5 ℃、风向角为90°时,风速由4 m/s增加到10 m/s时,相较于均匀分配循环水方案,迎风扇区的循环水流量分别增加了15.1%和30.4%,侧风扇区的循环水流量分别减少了17.3%和76.7%,背风扇区的循环水流量分别减少了6.9%和11.9%。可以看出,当环境风向保持不变,随着风速的提高,循环水分配的不均匀程度逐渐增加。
来风方向不同,周围建筑物阻碍环境风的运动,无法与换热器进行充分换热。环境温度为0 ℃、风速为10 m/s、风向角分别为90°与270°时,空气的冷却能力较差,相较于均匀分配方案,迎风扇区的循环水流量分别增加了33.1%和16.5%,侧风扇区的循环水流量分别减少了76.0%和59.0%,背风扇区的循环水流量分别减少了12.9%和2.5%。可以发现,当环境风向为270°时,迎风扇区的换热效果减弱,循环水分配的不均匀程度逐渐降低。
对循环水流量进行优化分配能够显著降低冷却塔的出口水温,增强间接空冷系统的换热性能。图13为使用循环水优化分配方案前后的出塔水温变化规律。
在固定环境风条件下,–5 ℃下优化分配后出塔水温的整体降低幅度要大于0 ℃下的工况,较低的环境温度对应较强的空气冷却能力,会使得出口水温下降的效果更明显。
小风速下,出口水温降低效果不显著,温度变化均在1 ℃以内,随风速增加,出口水温的降低幅度逐渐增大。环境温度为0 ℃、环境风向为180°时,风速由4 m/s增加到10 m/s,冷却塔出口水温分别降低0.8 ℃与2.9 ℃。
图14展示了在不同环境气象条件下,扇区优化前后循环水流量的变化规律。环境温度为–5 ℃、环境风向为0°时,风速依次从4 m/s增加到10 m/s,循环水流量依次下降3.2%、5.8%、14.2%、23.5%。在环境温度相同的条件下,针对不同风向,循环水流量的下降幅度随着风速的增加而增大。
当处于较高环境温度、大环境风速下,循环水流量优化分配的效果也更加明显。环境温度为–5 ℃与0 ℃、环境风向为180°、风速为10 m/s时,循环水量分别下降19.7%与21.7%。
上述结果表明,通过对不同扇区的循环水流量进行优化分配,使各个扇区的出口水温保持在误差范围内的温度区间,可充分发挥各扇区空冷散热器的换热性能,实现在较低循环水流量下即可满足换热需求,加强间接空冷机组的综合能效。
本文采用热力学系统一维仿真模型与间接空冷系统三维仿真数值计算模型相耦合的计算方法,分析了复杂环境气象条件下间接空冷系统的流动传热特性,基于热负荷匹配原则,实现了间冷机组在特定不同环境气象条件下冷端优化,充分利用各个扇区空气侧的换热性能,与各扇区循环水流量进行匹配,实现扇区循环水流量优化分配,主要结论如下。
1)环境气象条件对间接空冷系统的流动与换热性能有较大影响,进一步影响机组的经济背压。环境风速增大,间冷机组经济背压随之升高,且环境温度越高,环境风速对经济背压的影响越突出,同时,由于建筑物遮挡影响,当风向为0°与270°时,机组的经济背压高于其他环境风条件下的经济背压。
2)由于环境风作用,迎风扇区换热能力最强,背风扇区次之,侧风扇区最弱。按照“热负荷匹配”原则进行扇区循环水流量优化配置,增加迎风扇区的循环水流量,减少侧风扇区与背风扇区的循环水流量,且随着环境风速的增加,迎风扇区的循环水分配比例上升,而侧风扇区和背风扇区的分配比例则相应减少。同时来风方向不同,循环水流量分配的不均匀程度也会发生变化。
3)依据热负荷匹配原则,保证各扇区出口水温趋于均匀,可有效降低各个扇区出口水温不平衡温差导致的影响,减少高温恶化区域的出现,达到降低间冷系统出塔水温,减小循环水总流量的目的,使间接空冷机组的综合能效得到显著提升。
4)本文所研究的环境温度为临界防冻环境温度以上,当气温进一步降低,环境空气冷却能力上升时,机组运行面临空冷散热器管束冻结的风险,此时需要借助调节百叶窗开度降低环境空气的冷却能力,与循环水流量进行协同调控,可以显著改善间接空冷机组冬季运行的安全性与经济性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52006070)
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2025年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52006070)
国家自然科学基金项目(52006070)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学电站能量传递转化与系统教育部重点实验室,北京 102206
    2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

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陈磊(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站智慧冷端,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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