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Researches on the application of calcium carbide residues in carbon fixation is mainly conducted at a macroscopic level, with limited studies exploring the carbon fixation mechanism of calcium carbide residues from a microscopic perspective. It remains unclear whether the various impurities present in calcium carbide residues adversely affect the CO2 adsorption activity of this material. To solve this problem, the phase compositions of calcium carbide residues before and after calcination were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory was employed to construct the most stable low-index crystal planes such as CaO-CaO (0 0 1), CaO-Fe2O3 (0 0 1), CaO-Al2O3 (1 1 1), CaO-MgO (1 0 0) and CaO-SiO2 (0 0 1). Moreover, the adsorption properties of CaO clusters on various impurity-supported surfaces and doped surfaces were simulated, along with the capabilities of these surfaces to support the adsorption of CO2 molecules. The adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states, and differential charge density of each adsorption system were analyzed. The results indicate that SiO2 does not significantly influence the adsorption process. The four different supported surfaces enhance the anti-sintering performance of calcium carbide residues, with the strength of the effects ranked as follows: Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > MgO > CaO. The adsorption energy on the Al2O3 supported surface is –8.82 eV, which is 1.24, 2.45, and 3.69 times greater than that on the Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO supported surfaces, respectively. The capacities of the various surfaces to support CaO in the adsorption of CO2 are similar, with the electron transfer quantities for the CaO clusters adsorbing CO2 on the CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, and MgO supported surfaces being 0.67, 0.68, 0.71 and 0.66 e, respectively. The presence of impurities can effectively improve the anti-sintering performance of calcium carbide residue as a CaO-based material, but can not significantly enhance the CO2 adsorption effect. Compared with the pure CaO supported surfaces, the doped surfaces exhibit a stronger capability for CaO to adsorb CO2, with adsorption energy and electron transfer quantities being –4.92 eV and 0.71 e, respectively.

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电石渣应用于固碳等的研究主要在宏观层面,微观角度揭示电石渣固碳机理的研究较少,电石渣中各种杂质对其CO2吸附活性是否有害目前尚不清楚。对此,通过X射线衍射仪分析电石渣和煅烧前、后的物相成分,利用密度泛函理论构建了最稳定低指数晶面CaO-CaO(0 0 1)、CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)、CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)、CaO-MgO(1 0 0)、CaO-SiO2(0 0 1),模拟CaO簇在各个杂质支撑表面及掺杂表面的吸附性能及各表面支撑CaO对CO2分子的吸附性能,分析各吸附体系的吸附能、电子转移、态密度、差分电荷密度等。结果表明:SiO2对吸附过程未产生明显影响;4种不同支撑表面均提高了电石渣的抗烧结性能,作用力强弱依次为Al2O3>Fe2O3>MgO>CaO,Al2O3支撑表面吸附能为–8.82 eV,分别为Fe2O3、MgO、CaO支撑表面的1.24、2.45、3.69倍;各表面支撑CaO吸附CO2的能力相近,CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO支撑表面支撑CaO簇吸附CO2的电子转移分别为0.67、0.68、0.71、0.66 e;杂质的存在能有效提高电石渣作为CaO基材料的抗烧结性能,但对促进CO2吸附效果不明显;相比于纯CaO支撑表面,掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2能力更强,吸附能和电子转移分别为–4.92 eV、0.71 e。

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熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

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熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

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熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

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Crystal cells data of each component

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成分空间群晶胞参数
CaO225Fm-4ma=b=c=4.81 Å
Fe2O3R-3Ca=b=4.74 Å,c=13.36 Å
Al2O3R-3Ca=b=4.80 Å,c=13.10 Å
MgOFM-3Ma=b=c=4.25 Å
SiO2P41212a=b=5.15 Å,c=7.23 Å
), ArticleFig(id=1236321557795106901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321543056322999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各成分晶胞数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分空间群晶胞参数
CaO225Fm-4ma=b=c=4.81 Å
Fe2O3R-3Ca=b=4.74 Å,c=13.36 Å
Al2O3R-3Ca=b=4.80 Å,c=13.10 Å
MgOFM-3Ma=b=c=4.25 Å
SiO2P41212a=b=5.15 Å,c=7.23 Å
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Adsorption energy of CaO clusters on different surfaces

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构型Ead/eV
CaO-CaO(0 0 1)–2.39
CaO-MgO(1 0 0)–3.60
CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)–7.14
CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)–8.82
CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)正值
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CaO簇在不同表面的吸附能

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构型Ead/eV
CaO-CaO(0 0 1)–2.39
CaO-MgO(1 0 0)–3.60
CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)–7.14
CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)–8.82
CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)正值
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Structural parameters and adsorption energy of CaO for CO2 adsorption on different surfaces

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支撑表面d(C-O)CO2键长/ÅCO2键角/(°)Ead/eV电子转移/e
CaO1.3711.270/1.270127.9–4.890.67
MgO1.3771.270/1.270128.4–4.850.66
Fe2O31.3791.332/1.223128.0–4.990.68
Al2O31.3511.256/1.255127.9–5.020.71
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不同表面支撑CaO吸附CO2结构参数与吸附能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支撑表面d(C-O)CO2键长/ÅCO2键角/(°)Ead/eV电子转移/e
CaO1.3711.270/1.270127.9–4.890.67
MgO1.3771.270/1.270128.4–4.850.66
Fe2O31.3791.332/1.223128.0–4.990.68
Al2O31.3511.256/1.255127.9–5.020.71
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Structural parameters and adsorption energy of CaO supported on mixed surfaces for CO2 adsorption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表面d(C-O)CO2键长/ÅCO2键角/(°)Ead/eV电子转移/e
掺杂表面1.3711.273/1.273127.95–4.920.71
), ArticleFig(id=1236321559762235496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321543056322999, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2结构参数与吸附能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表面d(C-O)CO2键长/ÅCO2键角/(°)Ead/eV电子转移/e
掺杂表面1.3711.273/1.273127.95–4.920.71
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杂质对电石渣碳捕集性能影响的密度泛函分析
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熊亚选 1, 2 , 高梓靖 1, 2 , 何苗 1, 2 , 王辉祥 3 , 吴玉庭 4 , 张灿灿 4 , 丁玉龙 5
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(10): 105-114
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(10): 105-114
杂质对电石渣碳捕集性能影响的密度泛函分析
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熊亚选1, 2 , 高梓靖1, 2, 何苗1, 2, 王辉祥3, 吴玉庭4, 张灿灿4, 丁玉龙5
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学未来新材料研究院低碳储用能研究中心,北京 102600
  • 2.北京建筑大学低碳储用能创新团队,北京 102600
  • 3.北京热力集团有限责任公司西城分公司,北京 100032
  • 4.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 5.英国伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT
  • 熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑技术,

Effect of impurities on carbon capture performance of calcium carbide slag: density functional analysis
Yaxuan XIONG1, 2 , Zijing GAO1, 2, Miao HE1, 2, Huixiang WANG3, Yuting WU4, Cancan ZHANG4, Yulong DING5
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102600, China
  • 2.Low-carbon Energy Storage and Utilization Innovation Team, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102600, China
  • 3.Beijing Heat Power Group Co., Ltd., Xicheng Branch, Beijing 100032, China
  • 4.Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 5.Birmingham Center for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505084
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电石渣应用于固碳等的研究主要在宏观层面,微观角度揭示电石渣固碳机理的研究较少,电石渣中各种杂质对其CO2吸附活性是否有害目前尚不清楚。对此,通过X射线衍射仪分析电石渣和煅烧前、后的物相成分,利用密度泛函理论构建了最稳定低指数晶面CaO-CaO(0 0 1)、CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)、CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)、CaO-MgO(1 0 0)、CaO-SiO2(0 0 1),模拟CaO簇在各个杂质支撑表面及掺杂表面的吸附性能及各表面支撑CaO对CO2分子的吸附性能,分析各吸附体系的吸附能、电子转移、态密度、差分电荷密度等。结果表明:SiO2对吸附过程未产生明显影响;4种不同支撑表面均提高了电石渣的抗烧结性能,作用力强弱依次为Al2O3>Fe2O3>MgO>CaO,Al2O3支撑表面吸附能为–8.82 eV,分别为Fe2O3、MgO、CaO支撑表面的1.24、2.45、3.69倍;各表面支撑CaO吸附CO2的能力相近,CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO支撑表面支撑CaO簇吸附CO2的电子转移分别为0.67、0.68、0.71、0.66 e;杂质的存在能有效提高电石渣作为CaO基材料的抗烧结性能,但对促进CO2吸附效果不明显;相比于纯CaO支撑表面,掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2能力更强,吸附能和电子转移分别为–4.92 eV、0.71 e。

密度泛函理论  /  电石渣  /  CO2吸附  /  抗烧结性能  /  工业固废

Researches on the application of calcium carbide residues in carbon fixation is mainly conducted at a macroscopic level, with limited studies exploring the carbon fixation mechanism of calcium carbide residues from a microscopic perspective. It remains unclear whether the various impurities present in calcium carbide residues adversely affect the CO2 adsorption activity of this material. To solve this problem, the phase compositions of calcium carbide residues before and after calcination were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory was employed to construct the most stable low-index crystal planes such as CaO-CaO (0 0 1), CaO-Fe2O3 (0 0 1), CaO-Al2O3 (1 1 1), CaO-MgO (1 0 0) and CaO-SiO2 (0 0 1). Moreover, the adsorption properties of CaO clusters on various impurity-supported surfaces and doped surfaces were simulated, along with the capabilities of these surfaces to support the adsorption of CO2 molecules. The adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states, and differential charge density of each adsorption system were analyzed. The results indicate that SiO2 does not significantly influence the adsorption process. The four different supported surfaces enhance the anti-sintering performance of calcium carbide residues, with the strength of the effects ranked as follows: Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > MgO > CaO. The adsorption energy on the Al2O3 supported surface is –8.82 eV, which is 1.24, 2.45, and 3.69 times greater than that on the Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO supported surfaces, respectively. The capacities of the various surfaces to support CaO in the adsorption of CO2 are similar, with the electron transfer quantities for the CaO clusters adsorbing CO2 on the CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, and MgO supported surfaces being 0.67, 0.68, 0.71 and 0.66 e, respectively. The presence of impurities can effectively improve the anti-sintering performance of calcium carbide residue as a CaO-based material, but can not significantly enhance the CO2 adsorption effect. Compared with the pure CaO supported surfaces, the doped surfaces exhibit a stronger capability for CaO to adsorb CO2, with adsorption energy and electron transfer quantities being –4.92 eV and 0.71 e, respectively.

density functional theory  /  carbide residue  /  CO2 adsorption  /  anti-sintering performance  /  industrial solid waste
熊亚选, 高梓靖, 何苗, 王辉祥, 吴玉庭, 张灿灿, 丁玉龙. 杂质对电石渣碳捕集性能影响的密度泛函分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505084
Yaxuan XIONG, Zijing GAO, Miao HE, Huixiang WANG, Yuting WU, Cancan ZHANG, Yulong DING. Effect of impurities on carbon capture performance of calcium carbide slag: density functional analysis[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505084
随着全球工业化进程的加速推进,煤炭、石油等传统化石能源的过度消耗持续向大气中排放巨量CO2。这种高强度的碳排放模式已对全球生态系统和气候环境造成显著影响[1],国际社会普遍将碳减排视为可持续发展的核心议题。在此背景下,我国作为当前全球最大的CO2排放国之一,已明确提出在2030年前达成CO2排放峰值目标,并确保于2060年前实现碳中和愿景[2]
碳捕集、利用与封存技术包括多种途径与技术,常见捕集技术主要有吸附分离法[3]、吸收法[4]和膜分离法[5]等。与其他技术相比,基于钙基吸附剂循环的CO2捕集分离技术具有显著优势:CaO碳酸化与CaCO3煅烧的可逆反应体系兼具操作流程简洁、CO2吸附容量高、原料成本低廉、循环损耗率低等特性[6],同时其固态吸附剂便于长期储存和远距离运输,为大规模碳捕集工程提供了经济高效的解决方案。当前主流钙基吸附剂的生产原料主要取材于石灰石、白云石等天然矿物,资源过度开采造成生态环境严重破坏等一系列问题,寻找替代钙源成为亟待解决的重要课题[7]
作为全球最大的电石生产国,我国2024年电石渣排放量高达近3 400万吨,综合利用率却不足三成。以电石渣作为碳捕集钙基吸附剂可以在实现废物利用的同时保护环境。Li等人[8]研究发现,尽管电石渣在初始阶段的CO2吸附能力低于石灰石,但经过100次循环处理后,其吸附性能显著优于石灰石,表明其循环稳定性更胜一筹。杨洋等[9]选取电石渣和钢渣按质量比1∶1混合进行CO2捕集和封存,每吨电石渣-钢渣混合骨架材料可实际固定244.8 kg CO2,固碳性能优异。
密度泛函理论(DFT)在解析CO2分子与CaO基材料间原子尺度相互作用机制方面已成为重要工具[10]。Wu等人[11]运用密度泛函理论构建了CeO2簇在CaO(0 0 1)面上的构型,通过对比CO2分子在CaO(0 0 1)模型以及CeO2/CaO(0 0 1)模型上的吸附能,证实了CeO2的掺杂能够促进CO2在CaO表面的吸附。钙循环(CaL)是一种很有前途的燃烧后CO2捕集技术,Zhao等人[12]以电石渣为CaO源,测定了CaO和Ca3Al2O6掺杂CaO以及Mn/Ca3Al2O6共掺杂CaO结构的结构性能和CO2吸附性能。
目前,对电石渣固碳的研究大多数在宏观层面,只有少部分学者从微观角度揭示电石渣固碳的机理,各种杂质对电石渣的CO2吸附活性是否有害目前尚不清楚。对此,本文通过X射线衍射仪分析电石渣煅烧前、后的物相成分,利用密度泛函理论构建最稳定低指数晶面CaO-CaO(0 0 1)[13]、CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)[14]、CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)[15]、CaO-MgO(1 0 0)[16]、CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)[17];模拟CaO簇在各个表面的吸附,分析各吸附体系的吸附能、电子转移、态密度、差分电荷密度等;模拟CaO(0 0 1)、Fe2O3(0 0 1)、Al2O3(1 1 1)、MgO(1 0 0)、SiO2(0 0 1)支撑CaO对CO2分子的吸附,分析其能量、电子转移、态密度等参数;从微观角度揭示各种杂质成分对电石渣固碳性能的影响机理。
根据电石渣的分解特性,利用同步热分析仪(STA 449 F3,NETZSCH)表征电石渣(山东某乙炔气体厂)质量损失随温度变化的曲线,如图1所示。通过观察可知,电石渣的分解呈现3个阶段特性:室温至435.0 ℃时,表面吸附水消除致质量微降;435.0~489.6 ℃期间,Ca(OH)2分解为CaO和水蒸气,质量下降9.51%;718.5~796.2 ℃阶段,CaCO3分解为CaO和CO2,质量降幅达19.18%,后续质量稳定,剩余成分主要为CaO粉末。因此,电石渣煅烧程序设定为从室温以5 ℃/min升温至550 ℃并保温2 h,再以5 ℃/min升温至900 ℃,最后在900 ℃下保温6 h,完成后反向冷却至室温。
为深入探究电石渣煅烧前、后的化学成分变化,采用X射线衍射仪对其进行精确表征,结果如图2所示。
图2可以发现:在煅烧处理前,电石渣的主要物相构成为Ca(OH)2和CaCO3;而当电石渣经过煅烧程序处理后,其内部物相组成发生了显著变化,原本的主要物相几乎完全消失,CaO成为主要物相成分。
利用X射线荧光光谱仪对煅烧后电石渣的化学成分进行定量分析,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,经煅烧处理后,电石渣中的化学成分发生显著转变,CaO成为绝对主导成分,质量分数高达94.42%。同时,样品中还检测到少量其他氧化物成分,包括Fe2O3、Al2O3、MgO、SiO2及其他杂质。
利用Materials Studio软件的CASTEP[18](cambridge sequential total energy package)模块进行计算。利用Perdew-Wang 1991(PW91)泛函和广义梯度近似(GGA)对交换相关性进行解释。采用OTFG超软赝势对离子核进行处理。电子自洽场(SCF)的收敛容限被设定为10−6 eV/ atom。能量、最大力、最大应力和最大位移的收敛容限分别为10−5 eV/atom、0.03 eV/Å、0.05 GPa和0.001 Å。布里渊区k点取样设为2×2×2网格,其值为0.04 Å−1。平面波能量截止值为571.4 eV。模拟中选择的操作参数基于先前研究中使用的经验参数[19-20]
用于DFT计算的CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3、MgO、SiO2都取自无机晶体结构数据库,其空间群和晶胞参数如表1所示。
为了研究CaO和不同成分(CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3、MgO、SiO2)之间的相互作用,构建了(CaO)n纳米团簇和CO2分子,在吸附计算前均进行了相应的几何优化。(CaO)n纳米团簇(n>3)主要采用立方形式,表现出最高的稳定性[21]。考虑到计算效率,模拟采用了立方(CaO)4纳米团簇(简称CaO簇),该模型已在其他文献中显示出可行性[22-23]。为使基底表面的吸附质能达到足够高的覆盖率,构建了(2×2)的CaO(0 0 1)、Fe2O3(0 0 1)、Al2O3 (1 1 1)、MgO(1 0 0)、SiO2(0 0 1)超晶胞。引入20 Å的真空层以规避周期性产生的影响。基底表面模型中底部2层原子的笛卡尔坐标被锁定,上方2层原子与吸附质则维持完全弛豫的状态,在基质和吸附物之间的初始距离为3 Å。
计算CaO簇在不同表面的吸附情况,得到图4所示优化结构。
图4可以看出,不同支撑表面(杂质氧化物表面)发生的形变不同,即对CaO簇的牵引力不同。通过比较不同表面与CaO簇吸附能的大小来表征不同表面对CaO簇支撑作用强弱,表2展示了CaO簇在不同表面的吸附能。吸附能计算公式如下:
Ead=EsystemEsurfaceEabsorbate
式中:Ead为吸附能,eV;Esystem为吸附后体系的总能量,eV;Esurface指表面的能量,eV;Eabsorbate指吸附质的能量,eV。若Ead为正值,说明表面对吸附物无法产生吸附作用,互相排斥;若Ead为负值,说明吸附物与表面间可以产生吸附作用,且其绝对值越大,吸附作用越强,吸附构型越稳定。
表2可看出,CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)构型吸附能为正,从吸附能角度表明二氧化硅对这一过程不产生明显影响。表2中CaO簇在其他4个表面的吸附能绝对值从大到小依次为Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、CaO,表明这4种成分作为钙基材料支撑表面时,CaO簇与整个材料均有较强的键合力,使CaO簇的可移动性减弱,因此整个材料的稳定性均增加。从DFT计算的宏观体系看,稳定的材料结构使CaO基材料具有更高的抗烧结性能。根据吸附能判断4种不同支撑表面作用力强弱为:Al2O3>Fe2O3>MgO>CaO。
通过计算O原子和不同表面原子之间的PODS,分析CaO簇CaO-CaO(0 0 1)、CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)、CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)、CaO-MgO(1 0 0)、CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)表面原子间的相互作用,结果如图5所示。由图5可以发现:在吸附前,4个表面的相应原子与CaO簇的O原子有极少的共振峰,但这只是原子自身轨道内电子分布呈现的特定构型,并没有发生吸附的相互作用;吸附后,CaO簇中O原子的轨道与不同表面相应原子轨道上出现了不同数量的共振峰,表明CaO簇与不同表面相互作用的强弱不同;图5e)所示CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)表面在CaO簇吸附前、后均没有相应的共振峰,表明该表面的相互作用极其微弱,不会对这一过程产生实质性影响,根据前文,该表面的吸附能为正值,综合吸附能和PDOS图可以判断SiO2对吸附过程无影响,因此,下文不再对二氧化硅表面进行模拟计算,仅分析另外4种表面。
图5a)中,在CaO簇的O原子p轨道和CaO-CaO(0 0 1)Ca原子d轨道之间仅有小部分重叠,说明CaO簇与CaO(0 0 1)表面的相互作用较弱,MgO(1 0 0)同理。
在另外2个表面,吸附CaO簇后共振峰不仅数量增加,而且明显向低能量方向移动,例如在图5c)中可以发现CaO簇中O原子的s态峰从–14.11 eV移动到–17.95 eV。同理,在图5b)中CaO簇中O原子的p态峰从–0.47 eV移动到–3.99 eV。这一现象说明,CaO簇与另外2个表面间极易发生吸附过程,该结论与吸附能的相关计算结果高度契合。
此外,在吸附后的CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)表面(图5c))进一步观察到,在吸附团簇体系内,团簇原子与表面原子间电子态的重叠区域显著扩增,这是新化学键得以形成的有力证据[24],例如在图5c)中,CaO簇中O原子的s和p电子态与Al2O3(1 1 1)的s和p电子态在–4.51~–3.72 eV和–3.11~3.41 eV有明显重叠。基于上述分析,CaO簇与不同表面之间形成的化学键对限制CaO团簇变形和移动起主要作用,在宏观上表现出材料的抗烧结性能,这与杨英的实验结果一致[25]。从PDOS图可知这4种材料的相互作用大小为:Al2O3和Fe2O3>MgO和CaO。
为了分析不同支撑表面对CaO吸附CO2性能的影响,在优化后的结构中加入1个CO2分子,在CaO簇上CO2分子均倾向于吸附在O位的顶部[26],如图6所示。在对称的CaO-CaO(0 0 1)和CaO-MgO(1 0 0)模型中,只选择1个O顶位进行CO2吸附,而在不对称的CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)和CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)模型中,分别选取2个O顶位吸附,分别计算后仅取吸附能绝对值更大、具有更高的吸附活性、更易吸附CO2的O顶位分析。
不同支撑表面对应的结构参数、吸附能和电子转移(从CaO簇到CO2)如表3所示,计算得到CO2中C与CaO簇中O之间的距离,CO2中C-O键的长度,和优化构型的O-C-O键角度数。CaO支撑表面优化构型中的d(C-O)、CO2键长、CO2键角分别为1.371 Å、1.270 Å、127.9°,这与实验结果(CO2键长= 1.294 Å)和Amin等人的计算结果(d(C-O)=1.369 Å、CO2键长=1.280 Å、CO2键角=127.8°)相似[12,27-28],这些结果证实了CO2分子的化学吸附。
根据表3中的吸附能数据与电子转移量分析可知,相较于CaO支撑表面,Fe2O3和Al2O3两种杂质支撑表面展现出更为优异的CO2吸附性能。具体而言,Fe2O3和Al2O3支撑表面在吸附过程中形成的化学键能更有利于CO2分子的固定,且电子转移效率的提升促进了吸附体系的稳定性,从而增强了其对CO2的吸附能力。
仅通过电子转移现象只能证明吸附过程的发生,而综合分析电子密度变化与轨道相互作用关系将为相关研究提供更为可靠的结论支撑[29]。PDOS图揭示了不同表面支撑CaO吸附CO2的电子特性。图7为不同支撑表面的CaO在吸附CO2前、后,CO2的C原子和CaO的O原子的PDOS图。由图7可以发现,在吸附前,4种表面支撑的CaO簇中的O原子与CO2的C原子有极少的共振峰,CaO-CaO和CaO-MgO中O的电子态位于费米能级附近,而CaO-Fe2O3和CaO-Al2O3中的电子态位于离费米能级更远的地方。吸附过程结束后,4种支撑表面在整个能量范围内均出现多个共振峰,说明C原子和O原子之间存在强相互作用。CaO中O的p态的峰被分成5个小峰,其中3个与CO2中C的s和p态的峰重叠。此外,在多处也发现了明显的重叠区,例如图7c)中的–18.22 eV和–23.12 eV处,这些重叠区域表明形成了稳定的键,证实了在优化的结构中发生了化学吸附。
图7中O原子电子态出现能级降低的情况,且共振峰向低能量方向移动,同样证实了吸附过程的发生。4种支撑结构的C和O原子之间均存在强相互作用,说明整个体系的稳定性高,从微观上验证了4种支撑结构中的CaO对CO2的强吸附性能。
为进一步阐明优化后CaO和C3A支撑CaO吸附CO2的电子特性,除表3中的Ead图7的PDOS外,还对差分电子密度(EDD)进行了分析。C原子和O原子间的电子转移情况如图8所示。由图8可见C原子与O原子的电子云之间存在显著的重叠区域,表明C-O键的形成[30]。红色电子云表示电子富集,蓝色电子云表示电子缺失。
结合表3中的电子转移和图8图8a)—图8d)的电子转移分别为0.67、0.68、0.71、0.66 e。CaO-Al2O3略高的电子转移表示在Al2O3表面支撑下C和O原子的相互作用较强。同时可以看到,图8c)中O原子附近电子云范围较广,颜色较深,说明电子更容易向Al2O3支撑CaO表面的O原子汇集。EDD图谱分析结果与Ead和PDOS分析结果一致。
能带图揭示了不同表面支撑CaO吸附CO2的电子跃迁行为及难易程度。图9为不同支撑表面的能带图。由图9可以看出,CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO 4种支撑表面的带隙分别为2.345、1.854、1.644、2.260 eV。图9a)中CaO支撑表面的带隙低于实验值[31],这种情况源于GGA功能化手段的运用,其会造成对多种材料带隙的低估[32]。然而,仅CaO禁带宽度减小这一现象尚不足以判定其绝缘体特性,依据4种支撑表面的带隙数值可对其半导体行为进行初步判定。
带隙越小,电子更易实现从最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)到最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)的跃迁过程,表现为CO2在该材料中更容易吸附和扩散。图9中不同支撑表面的带隙值表明,不同支撑表面相较于CaO支撑CaO表面均促进CaO簇吸收CO2,其中Al2O3支撑CaO表面吸附CO2能力最强,这与EDD、Ead和PDOS分析结果一致。
为进一步分析不同成分之间相互作用的影响,选取前文所提到的CO2吸附性能最好的Al2O3杂质成分掺杂到CaO(0 0 1)表面进行CO2模拟吸附。计算CaO簇的2个O顶位,选取吸附能绝对值最大的位置作为最佳吸附位,即吸附的最佳构型,如图10所示。
计算得到CO2中C与CaO簇中O之间的距离,CO2中C-O键的长度,和优化构型的O-C-O键角度数,如表4所示。
根据表3表4中的吸附能数据与电子转移量分析可知,掺杂表面的吸附能和电子转移分别为–4.92 eV、0.71 e,介于Al2O3支撑表面(–5.02 eV,0.71 e)和CaO支撑表面(–4.89 eV,0.67 e)之间。掺杂表面表现出强于CaO支撑表面而弱于Al2O3支撑表面的CO2吸附性能,初步表明Al2O3杂质的存在提升了电石渣吸附CO2性能。具体而言,掺杂表面支撑CaO在吸附过程中形成的化学键更有利于CO2分子的固定,且电子转移效率的提升促进了吸附体系的稳定性,从而增强了其对CO2的吸附能力。
掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2前、后C原子和CaO簇中O原子的PDOS如图11所示。
通过PDOS分析可见:吸附前,O原子与C原子的电子态峰未出现重叠,表明二者之间未产生显著的电子相互作用;吸附后,在掺杂表面支撑的CaO吸附CO2构型中,C原子与O原子的电子态不仅在–24.5~–20.6 eV、–9.5~–7.8 eV及3.4 eV附近形成多个显著的共振峰,且与纯CaO支撑表面相比,二者电子态的重叠区域向更低能量区间(左侧)迁移,证明掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2构型中C原子和O原子间的相互作用更强,即该构型比CaO支撑表面吸附CO2能力更强。
掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2前、后C原子和CaO簇中O原子的EDD图谱如图12所示。通过分析可知,C原子与O原子的电子云分布显著重叠,表明二者间形成了强电子相互作用。此外,前文提到掺杂表面的电子转移(0.71 e)大于CaO支撑表面(0.71 e),同时根据图8a)图12可以看出,图12中O原子附近红色电子云范围较广、颜色较深,表明在掺杂表面支撑的CaO中的O原子和CO2中的C原子相互作用更强,相比于CaO支撑表面,电子更易向掺杂表面支撑CaO中的O原子汇集,EDD图谱分析结果与Ead、PDOS分析结果一致。
通过DTF构建了CaO-CaO(0 0 1)、CaO-Fe2O3(0 0 1)、CaO-Al2O3(1 1 1)、CaO-MgO(1 0 0)、CaO-SiO2(0 0 1)5种不同的支撑表面以及CaO簇和CO2,通过对不同材料支撑表面吸附前、后的吸附能、结构参数、分态密度、差分电子密度等分析,得到以下主要结论。
1)SiO2表面在支撑CaO吸附时吸附能为正,且CaO簇在该表面吸附前、后均没有相应的共振峰,表明SiO2对这一过程不产生明显影响。
2)CaO基材料内部若形成稳定的结构构造,其宏观抗烧结性能将得到显著提升,4种不同支撑表面作用力强弱为Al2O3>Fe2O3>MgO>CaO。
3)通过不同支撑表面的分态密度分析,与MgO和CaO构型相比,Al2O3和Fe2O3构型的PDOS图上共振峰数量更多,且向低能量方向移动。从PDOS图初步分析这4种材料的相互作用大小为Al2O3和Fe2O3>MgO和CaO。
4)不同表面支撑CaO吸附CO2后,各个支撑表面的吸附能分别为–4.89、–4.85、–4.99、–5.02 eV,电子转移(从CaO簇到CO2)分别为:0.67、0.66、0.68、0.71 e,带隙分别为2.345、1.854、1.644、 2.260 eV,各表面支撑CaO吸附CO2的能力相近。
5)Fe2O3、Al2O3、MgO等杂质的存在能有效提高电石渣作为CaO基材料的抗烧结性能,但对促进CO2吸附效果不明显。
6)相比于纯CaO支撑表面,掺杂表面支撑CaO吸附CO2能力更强,吸附能和电子转移分别为: –4.92 eV、0.71 e。
  • 北京市教育委员会科研计划项目(KM201910016011)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505084
  • 接收时间:2025-05-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-11
基金
Research and Development Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KM201910016011)
北京市教育委员会科研计划项目(KM201910016011)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学未来新材料研究院低碳储用能研究中心,北京 102600
    2.北京建筑大学低碳储用能创新团队,北京 102600
    3.北京热力集团有限责任公司西城分公司,北京 100032
    4.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    5.英国伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,伯明翰 B15 2TT
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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