Article(id=1236321542628503969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691625505, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691625505, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691625505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691625505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321542959854002, articleId=1236321542628503969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Dynamic thermal and stress characteristics of a single tank thermal storage system during continuous charging and discharging cycling process, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The heat transfer characteristics and safety of a single tank thermal storage system during charging and discharging cycle are important indicators affecting the performance of the thermal storage tank. By coupling finite volume method and finite element method, a comprehensive model of a multi-layer wall structure molten salt single tank system is established, and the effects of inlet flow velocity and inlet/outlet temperature difference on the dynamic thermal characteristics and mechanical properties of the thermal storage tank during continuous charging and discharging cycling process are explored. The results indicate that, increasing the inlet flow rate will reduce the heat storage and improve the thermal efficiency, but will also increase the equivalent stress on the tank wall. Increasing the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet will increase the heat storage and reduce the thermal efficiency, and also increase the equivalent stress on the tank wall. To ensure the heat storage and thermal efficiency of the single tank heat storage system, as well as the safety of the system, for the single tank system with a heat storage capacity of 40 MW·h, the inlet flow rate of molten salt should be controlled within 0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s, and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of molten salt needs to be controlled within 200~250 K.

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单罐储热系统在充、放热循环过程中的传热特性和安全性是影响储热罐性能好坏的重要指标。通过耦合有限体积法和有限元法建立多层壁面结构的熔融盐单罐系统的综合模型,探究了入口流速及进、出口温差对储热罐连续储放热过程中的动态热特性以及机械性能的影响。结果表明:增大入口流速会降低储热量并提高热效率,同时会增大罐壁等效应力;而增大进、出口温差会增大储热量并降低热效率,同时增大罐壁的等效应力。为了保证单罐储热系统的储热量和热效率,同时确保系统的安全性,储热量40 MW·h的单罐系统熔融盐入口流速应控制在0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s,熔融盐进、出口温差应控制在200~250 K。

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李阳海(1980),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术以及热力系统经济性分析、自动化和网源协调技术等,
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梅欣(1972)男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化、先进储能技术,

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梅欣(1972)男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化、先进储能技术,

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梅欣(1972)男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化、先进储能技术,

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Fundamental parameters of the computational domain in thermal energy storage tank modelling

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项目数值
填充床区域高度/m10.90
填充床区域直径/m5.45
孔隙率0.22
固体填充颗粒直径/m0.02
熔融盐入口流速/(m·s–1)0.003 46
低温熔融盐温度/K573.15
高温熔融盐温度/K773.15
耐火砖厚度/m0.20
钢壳层厚度/m0.04
陶瓷层厚度/m0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236321557283401787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321542628503969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储热罐模型计算域基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
填充床区域高度/m10.90
填充床区域直径/m5.45
孔隙率0.22
固体填充颗粒直径/m0.02
熔融盐入口流速/(m·s–1)0.003 46
低温熔融盐温度/K573.15
高温熔融盐温度/K773.15
耐火砖厚度/m0.20
钢壳层厚度/m0.04
陶瓷层厚度/m0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236321557384065088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321542628503969, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical properties of the tank materials and molten salt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度ρf/(kg·m–3)比热容cp/(J·(kg·K)–1)热导率Kf/(W·(m·K)–1)黏度μ/(kg·(m·s)–1)
太阳盐2 090–0.636T1 443+0.172 T0.443+1.9×10–4T(22.714–0.12T+2.281×10–4T2–1.474×10–7T3)×10–3
石英岩2 6401 0502.2
耐火砖2 0001 0001
钢壳层7 80047035
陶瓷层1 0001 0001
), ArticleFig(id=1236321557497311303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321542628503969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

罐体材料与熔融盐物理特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度ρf/(kg·m–3)比热容cp/(J·(kg·K)–1)热导率Kf/(W·(m·K)–1)黏度μ/(kg·(m·s)–1)
太阳盐2 090–0.636T1 443+0.172 T0.443+1.9×10–4T(22.714–0.12T+2.281×10–4T2–1.474×10–7T3)×10–3
石英岩2 6401 0502.2
耐火砖2 0001 0001
钢壳层7 80047035
陶瓷层1 0001 0001
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单罐储热系统充放热循环过程动态热特性及力学性能模拟
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梅欣 1 , 李阳海 1 , 徐万兵 1 , 欧阳钰明 2 , 张燕平 2
热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025,54(10): 41-50
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热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025, 54(10): 41-50
单罐储热系统充放热循环过程动态热特性及力学性能模拟
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梅欣1 , 李阳海1 , 徐万兵1, 欧阳钰明2, 张燕平2
作者信息
  • 1.国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,湖北 武汉 430077
  • 2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 梅欣(1972)男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为电力系统自动化、先进储能技术,

通讯作者:

李阳海(1980),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术以及热力系统经济性分析、自动化和网源协调技术等,
Dynamic thermal and stress characteristics of a single tank thermal storage system during continuous charging and discharging cycling process
Xin MEI1 , Yanghai LI1 , Wanbing XU1, Yuming OUYANG2, Yanping ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430077, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412270
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单罐储热系统在充、放热循环过程中的传热特性和安全性是影响储热罐性能好坏的重要指标。通过耦合有限体积法和有限元法建立多层壁面结构的熔融盐单罐系统的综合模型,探究了入口流速及进、出口温差对储热罐连续储放热过程中的动态热特性以及机械性能的影响。结果表明:增大入口流速会降低储热量并提高热效率,同时会增大罐壁等效应力;而增大进、出口温差会增大储热量并降低热效率,同时增大罐壁的等效应力。为了保证单罐储热系统的储热量和热效率,同时确保系统的安全性,储热量40 MW·h的单罐系统熔融盐入口流速应控制在0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s,熔融盐进、出口温差应控制在200~250 K。

单罐储热  /  熔融盐  /  斜温层  /  热效率  /  热应力

The heat transfer characteristics and safety of a single tank thermal storage system during charging and discharging cycle are important indicators affecting the performance of the thermal storage tank. By coupling finite volume method and finite element method, a comprehensive model of a multi-layer wall structure molten salt single tank system is established, and the effects of inlet flow velocity and inlet/outlet temperature difference on the dynamic thermal characteristics and mechanical properties of the thermal storage tank during continuous charging and discharging cycling process are explored. The results indicate that, increasing the inlet flow rate will reduce the heat storage and improve the thermal efficiency, but will also increase the equivalent stress on the tank wall. Increasing the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet will increase the heat storage and reduce the thermal efficiency, and also increase the equivalent stress on the tank wall. To ensure the heat storage and thermal efficiency of the single tank heat storage system, as well as the safety of the system, for the single tank system with a heat storage capacity of 40 MW·h, the inlet flow rate of molten salt should be controlled within 0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s, and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of molten salt needs to be controlled within 200~250 K.

single-tank thermal energy storage  /  molten salt  /  thermal gradient layer  /  thermal efficiency  /  thermal stress
梅欣, 李阳海, 徐万兵, 欧阳钰明, 张燕平. 单罐储热系统充放热循环过程动态热特性及力学性能模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 41 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412270
Xin MEI, Yanghai LI, Wanbing XU, Yuming OUYANG, Yanping ZHANG. Dynamic thermal and stress characteristics of a single tank thermal storage system during continuous charging and discharging cycling process[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 41 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412270
熔盐储能作为一种中高温传热蓄热方法,广泛应用于太阳能光热发电系统及燃煤发电系统的调峰调频、绿电消纳等领域。将熔盐储热与压缩空气储能耦合,可以有效提升压缩空气储能系统的能量利用效率[1]
目前,熔盐储能主要分为单罐储热系统与双罐储热系统。双罐储热系统已经在商业电站得到应用,但是其结构复杂、成本较高。单罐储热系统结构简单,罐内的冷热流体之间会因为密度差而自然形成一个具有很大温度梯度但很薄的斜温层[2],冷热流体通过斜温层隔开储存,同时可在储热罐内部填充低成本的固体填充颗粒进一步降低成本,因此单罐储热在近年来得到了大量的关注。
在实验研究方面,桑迪亚国家实验室[3]建立一个储热能力为2.3 MW·h试验规模的熔融盐单罐斜温层热存储系统,验证了其可行性,同时一些实验室规模的储热罐[4]被成功证明并为熔融盐储热系统的数值模型验证提供了许多样本数据。徐佳锟等[5]将制备的陶瓷石墨复合材料作为储罐填料,分析了罐斜温层厚度的影响因素。
在数值模型的研究上,双相模型[6]被用于研究单罐储热系统内部分离流体相与固体相的整体热行为,而单相模型[7]被用于储热罐中的固相与液相接近热平衡的情况下,由于单相模型的方程数比双相模型少,因此单相模型的计算时间较短。三相模型相比于双相模型增加了一个方程来表征热损失和壁面效应[8]或者扩展至多尺寸颗粒的储热系统[9-10]。Hoffmann等人[4]采用1D-1P与1D-2P 2种不同数值模型与储热罐实验结果对比,结果表明1D-1P模型与工业规模储热罐实验结果更接近,1D-2P模型与实验室规模储热罐结果更接近。
在单罐储热系统传热和机械性能的数值模拟方面,Elsihy等人[9]对比单罐的填充床储热系统与纯熔盐储热系统的斜温层特性与温度分布,结果发现在低流速的边界条件下填充床单罐系统可更好地实现热分层。耿直等[11]对采用相变材料(PCM)和换热流体(HTF)2种材料进行蓄热的单罐开展了研究,分析了不同工况下相变材料平均温度变化特性。Yang和Garimella[10,12]通过一系列模拟研究分析熔融盐储热罐系统的热特性与循环特性,同时得出储热罐效率与罐体高度、雷诺数和颗粒直径之间的关系。Xu等人[13]研究熔融盐入口流速和温度、填充颗粒性质和孔隙率以及罐体高度等参数对单罐放热过程热性能的影响。Chang等人[14]研究储热罐系统在速度与温度振荡边界条件的动态热特性,结果表明进口速度和温度的振荡会导致斜温层厚度退化同时提高传热效果与储放热效率。Flueckiger等人[15]建立一个具有复合壁面结构的单罐储热模型并对模型的热和机械性能进行一系列的模拟分析。结果表明可以通过增大表面热损失以及储热罐区域与罐壁之间的绝缘厚度来减小罐壁产生的应力,不过只有机械性能考虑到了不同壁面结构与热损失。Wang等人[16]考虑到包括熔盐入口流速、温度、填充颗粒孔隙率、环境温度等8个因素,对罐体的热与机械性能进行了全面的参数化分析,对储热和放热过程进行了模拟。González等人[17]开发了一个新的数值模拟平台用于评价单罐储热系统的动态热力和机械性能,分析长宽比、壁厚和季节天气变化等不同参数对应力的影响,并对罐体结构进行了优化。梁五洲等[18]设计了一种储换热一体式熔盐单罐,研究了单罐蓄热特性及熔盐在蓄热过程中的传热规律。
从已发表的关于储热罐的相关数值模拟研究来看,大部分参数效应研究集中在分析储热罐单一的储热或放热过程的热性能与机械性能分析上,对连续充放热过程中的参数研究较少。本文基于局部非平衡热学理论,建立了应用在单罐储热系统的有限体积法(FVM)与有限元法(FEM)的数值模型,研究了熔融盐入口流速和进、出口温差等参数对储热罐动态特性的影响,对连续储放热过程进行了模拟分析,可为储热罐的优化运行提供参考。
本文以带有复合壁面的单罐储热系统为研究对象,其结构与计算域如图1所示。其中,罐体为垂直圆柱形,填充床区域为储热介质的固体颗粒所在区域,填充床高度为H,内部直径为D。复合罐壁由3种不同的材料组成,内侧保温层由耐火砖组成并用于热绝缘(厚度为lin1),中间层由不锈钢组成作为机械支撑(厚度为lst),外层是陶瓷并用于隔热和防腐蚀(厚度为lin2)。填充床区域的孔隙率ε定义为式(1)。固体颗粒被假定为球体,材料为石英岩(SiO2),均匀分布在填充床区域中,球体的平均直径为dp。传热流体(HTF)是60%(质量分数,下同)NaNO3+40%KNO3的太阳盐。该单罐储热系统理想储热量为40 MW·h,储热与放热时间均为4 h,表1列出了储热罐模型计算域的基本参数,储热罐和熔融盐的热物理特性见表2[19]
ε=(VbVs)/Vb
式中:Vs为填充床区域内固体颗粒的总体积;Vb为基于DH的填充床区域总体积。
为了简化计算,本文模型做了以下假设:1)填充颗粒被均匀地放置在罐体中;2)熔融盐的流动是均匀的、围绕轴线对称的,罐体中流体的流动被视为层流和不可压缩的流动;3)熔融盐的温度在罐体的入口处是均匀的,在储热和放热过程中,没有温度的起伏;4)罐内壁采用对流换热边界层条件,罐外侧同时考虑与空气的对流和辐射换热,忽略罐顶部及底部热损失。
基于上述模型假设,本文建立了一个瞬态二维轴对称的热力非平衡传热模型并采用FVM来求解分析。
本研究涉及的传热流体流速较低且固体颗粒直径较小,因此基于多孔介质理论建立一个瞬态二维模型来描述储热罐内部的非平衡传热问题,同时为了研究复合壁面对储热罐性能的影响,在双方程的基础上添加了复合壁面温度分布的方程构成2D-3P模型,相应的控制方程如下所示[19]
熔融盐连续性方程为:
ερft+[ρfu]=0
式中:ε为填充床区域的孔隙率;ρf为熔融盐的密度;u为基于熔融盐和固体填充颗粒的横截面积的表面速度矢量。
熔融盐的动量方程为:
ρfut+(ρfuu)=(μu)p+ρfg                              μKuC212ρf|u|u
{K=dp2ε3/[150(1ε)2]C2=3.5/150Kε3
式中:μ为熔融盐的黏度;K为填充床区域的渗透率,1/K表示填充床区域的黏性阻力系数;C2为填充床区域的惯性阻力系数。
熔融盐能量方程为:
ε(ρcp)fTft+[(ρcp)fTfu]=(kf,effTf)+hV(TsTf)
固体填充颗粒的能量方程为:
(1ε)(ρcp)sTst=(ks,effTs)hV(TsTf)
复合罐壁的能量方程为:
(ρicp,iTi)t=(kiTi)
式中:cpTkhV分别为复合罐壁的比热容、温度、导热系数和熔融盐与填充颗粒之间的体积间传热系数;下标f、s和eff分别代表熔融盐、填充颗粒和有效导热系数。复合壁面能量方程中i的取值in1、st,、in2分别表示复合壁面的耐火砖层、钢壳层和陶瓷层。
体积间的换热系数hV可以通过式(8)计算[19]
hV=6(1ε)kf[2+1.1Rep0.6Pr1/3]dp2
熔融盐和填充颗粒的有效导热系数kf,effks,eff可由式(9)—式(12)计算:
kf,eff={0.7εkf,Rep0.80.5PrRepkf,Rep0.8
ks,eff=kall,effkf,eff
kall,eff=kf(kskf)m+0.5kfPrRep
m=0.280.757lnε0.057ln(kskf)
式中:m为填充颗粒导热率和熔融盐热导率的比例系数,用于求得填充床区域的总热导率kall,eff
在单罐储热系统连续储放热过程中,罐体壁面会产生由于圆周方向温度分布不均匀而导致的热应力现象,因此本文基于热弹塑性力学理论基础对图1所示计算区域进行应力分析。热弹塑性理论结合热学特性和力学的基本原理,以描述在高温环境中材料的塑性变形和热膨胀等性质,其基本方程包括广义胡克定律、平衡微分方程(位移方程)和变形连续性方程(兼容性方程)。应力分析模型的边界条件主要取决于罐体结构和安装方法。由于罐壁底端无法在径向和横向上自由移动,因此在应力分析时设置为固定约束。同时由于钢壳层厚度相对较小,罐壁顶部采用绝热边界条件,径向上的热应力变形相对于罐壁高度可忽略不计,因此罐壁顶部视作固定约束。在圆周方向,应力变形是由每个轴向位置的最高温度决定,必须在圆周方向上研究热棘轮效应的可能性,因此钢壳层的圆周部分被视为自由约束。
计算中,将罐壁钢壳层的弹性模量设定为200.0 GPa,泊松比取0.3,热膨胀系数取1.0×10–5/K。
为了评价储热罐的动态热特性,本文定义了3个评价指标:斜温层厚度、储热罐效率及等效应力。
斜温层厚度(L)是温度梯度区域的覆盖长度,由式(13)确定。
L={x(Th)0Ts,inTlx(Th)x(Tl),Ts,inTlTs,outThHx(Tl),Ts,outTh
式中:ThT1分别为斜温层区域的临界高温和低温,℃;Ts,inTs,out分别为入口和出口处的填充颗粒温度。本研究中,ThTl分别取Tmax–5和Tmin+5。
针对单独的充热或放热过程,储热罐热效率通常定义为实际放热量与理想储热量的比值。本文针对连续储放热过程进行分析,重新定义了储热罐的热效率,即在连续储放热过程中存储的热量Qchg,in与释放的能量Qdis,out之间的比值。其中放热过程中的熔融盐质量流量m假定与储热过程中质量流量相同,放热时间Tdis与储热时间Tchg相同。
η=Qdis,outQchg,in=0tdism(cp,fTdis,out(t)cp,fTchg,in(tchg))dt0tchgm(cp,fTchg,in(t)cp,fTmin)dt
等效应力用于表征材料与结构的安全性,本文利用等效应力反映钢壳层受温度场变化的应力状态,由下式计算:
δv={ (δ1δ2)2+(δ2δ3)2+(δ1δ3)2}
式中:δ1为沿着材料中的最大主应力方向的应力;δ2为在垂直于δ1的平面上的次大主应力;δ3为在垂直于δ1δ2的平面上的最小主应力。
基于上述传热分析模型和力学分析模型,建立了单罐储热系统的热-力耦合模型,用于描述单罐储热系统在连续储放热过程中的动态传热特性与应力特性,相应的计算流程如图2所示。传热控制方程采用Ansys Fluent 2021R2软件中的FVM进行数值求解。用户定义函数(UDFs)包括流体能量源、固体能量源和非稳态固体能量项,其与Ansys Fluent 2021R2求解器耦合计算模型方程。压力-速度耦合场由SIMPLE算法解决。动量方程和能量方程通过二阶迎风方案离散。在计算过程中,时间步长为5 s,每步最大迭代次数为50次。
为验证本文建立的传热模型的可靠性,以Pacheco等人[3]的单罐实验系统为对象,建立了传热分析模型,对储热罐的轴向熔盐温度进行了模拟,模拟结果见图3。文献[3]实验中所使用的储热罐高度和半径分别为5.9 m和1.5 m。罐内使用的熔融盐为60%NaNO3+40%KNO3的太阳盐。
图3可以看出,本文模拟结果的温度分布与文献实验结果的吻合度较好。然而由于实验环境不受控以及模拟过程存在一定假设,模拟结果与实验结果存在一些偏差,模拟数据与实验数据之间的均方根误差为11.6 ℃。总的来说,考虑到实验测试中的不确定性和数值计算中的假设,数值结果与实验结果间的一致性满足要求。
本研究中数值模型的定解条件为:1)储热阶段高温熔融盐入口温度TC,in为773.15 K,填充床区域内部熔融盐和固体颗粒初始温度Tini为573.15 K,储热过程前复合壁面的初始温度Tin1Tin2Tin3由热阻法计算得到;2)放热阶段低温熔融盐入口温度TD,in为573.15 K,填充床区域和复合壁面的初始温度等于储热过程结束后填充床区域和复合壁面的温度;3)熔融盐的入口流速分别设置为0.001 78、0.002 60、0.003 46、0.004 32 m/s。
图4给出了在相同的结构参数时,不同熔融盐入口流速下储热罐中间截面的温度分布云图。储热罐中间截面指经过储热罐中心线沿高度方向的截面。由图4可知,随着入口流速从0.001 78 m/s增加到0.004 32 m/s,储热罐的高温区域面积所占比例和斜温层厚度均随之增大。这是由于随着入口流速的增加,熔融盐入口质量流量也逐渐增大,即单位时间内参与换热的熔融盐质量增多,使更多热量由高温熔融盐转移到低温熔融盐,导致储热罐的高温区域面积和斜温层厚度均随之增大。
图5为在不同熔融盐入口流速下,储热罐的斜温层厚度随时间的变化曲线。由图5可知,随着入口流速从0.001 78 m/s增加到0.004 32 m/s,斜温层厚度随着时间的推移而增加,而斜温层厚度的扩张速率随着入口流速的增大而增大。当熔融盐入口流速小于0.003 46 m/s时,斜温层的厚度变化曲线只出现了一个峰值点,并且该峰值点出现在放热过程中;当熔融盐的入口流速大于等于0.003 46 m/s时,斜温层的厚度变化曲线会出现2个峰值点,并且分别出现在储热阶段和放热阶段中。此外,随着入口流速的增加,斜温层厚度到达峰值点的时间随之缩短。其主要原因是当熔融盐入口流速更高时,熔融盐与固体填充颗粒之间的有效热传递时间更短,熔融盐被固体颗粒加热需要更长的距离,因此同样的热量需要更多的距离来传递,所以斜温层需要覆盖储热罐的更多区域,斜温层扩张速率也更快。
图6显示在不同熔融盐入口流速下,储热罐边界的熔融盐温度随时间的变化曲线。其中,空心图标表示储热罐顶部(0≤x≤D/2,H=10.9 m)的熔融盐温度,实心图标表示储热罐底部(0≤x≤D/2,H=0 m)的熔融盐温度。储热过程中,储热罐顶部温度在各流量下均保持不变,而在放热过程中,储热罐底部温度在各流量下也保持不变,故这2个区域的温度线重合出现密集区。由图6可知,当熔融盐入口流速从0.001 78 m/s增加到0.004 32 m/s时,储热过程中的温度变化转折点从3.125 h提前到2.435 h,放热过程中温度变化转折点从7.345 h提前到6.125 h。此外,随着熔融盐入口流速的增加,入口边界的熔融盐温度会更快地传入到出口边界处。出现这种情况的原因是,熔融盐在储热罐中的平均流速会随着入口流速的增加而增加,储热罐内熔融盐的对流传热增加,从而增加了储热罐内部的热扰动与温度传导速率,这样就会有更多的热量从高温储热流体传递到低温储热流体,从而导致储热罐斜温层厚度的增加。
图7显示的是储热罐的储热量和热效率随熔融盐入口流速的变化曲线。由图7可知:随着熔融盐入口流速增加,储热罐热效率也随之增加,在流速为0.004 32 m/s时,储热罐热效率达到最大值0.941;当入口流速小于0.003 46 m/s时,由于储热阶段温度没有传到罐底,因此储热量保持不变,约为142 GJ,而放热量则随着入口流速增加逐渐增加;当入口流速增加到0.003 46 m/s后,储热量从142 GJ减少到112 GJ,而放热量从130.1 GJ减少到106.2 GJ。
图8给出了不同熔融盐入口流速下罐壁最大等效应力在循环过程中的变化曲线,其中罐壁最大等效应力点在钢壳层外侧顶部(x=D/2+lin+lsteelH=10.895 m)。由图8可知:罐壁最大等效应力随入口流速的增加而上升,当熔融盐入口流速从0.001 78 m/s到0.003 46 m/s时,在放热阶段结束后,罐壁的最大等效应力增幅较大,从160.60 MPa增加到164.10 MPa;而当入口流速大于等于0.003 46 m/s,罐壁钢壳层的最大等效应力仅从164.10 MPa增加到164.35 MPa,这是由于当入口流速为0.004 32 m/s时,储热罐完成储热与放热的时间小于4 h,导致等效应力的增加不够明显。总之,为同时保证储热量与热效率,同时确保储热罐的安全稳定运行,应保证储热罐入口流速为0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s,且入口流速不可大于0.004 32 m/s。
熔融盐进、出口温差为:
ΔT=TC,inTD,in
数值模型的定解条件如下:
1)储热阶段,由式(16)计算得到高温熔融盐入口温度TC,in,入口流速uin为0.003 46 m/s,保证储热阶段持续的时间为4 h,填充床区域内部熔融盐和固体颗粒初始温度Tini为573.15 K,储热过程前复合壁面的初始温度(Tin1TstTin2)由热阻法计算。
2)放热阶段,低温熔融盐入口温度TD,in为573.15 K,入口流速uin为0.003 46 m/s,保证储热阶段持续的时间为4 h,填充床区域和复合壁面的初始温度等于储热过程结束后填充床区域和复合壁面的温度。
3)熔融盐的进、出口温差ΔT分别设置为100、150、200、250 K,同时保持TD,in恒定为573.15 K,因此可以保证在熔融盐上限温度范围内分析进、出口温差对储热罐传热及应力性能的影响。
图9给出了不同熔融盐进、出口温差下储热罐中间截面的温度分布云图。由图9可知,随着熔融盐进、出口温差从100 K增大到250 K,储热罐的温度分布和斜温层的移动呈现相似趋势,其中斜温层厚度随进、出口温差的增大而增大,其主要原因在于温度会影响熔融盐的热物理特性,从而影响熔融盐与固体颗粒之间的热交换,导致斜温层厚度增大。
图10为不同熔融盐进、出口温差下,储热罐的斜温层厚度随时间的变化曲线。
图10可知,随着进、出口温差的增大,斜温层厚度也随之增大。当熔融盐进、出口温差从100 K增加到250 K时,储热过程中储热罐的最大斜温层厚度从1.965 m增加到2.625 m,而放热过程中储热罐的最大斜温层厚度从2.350 m增加到3.615 m,当进、出口温差为250 K时,放热过程中斜温层厚度在6.78 h时到达峰值点,而当进、出口温差为100 K时,放热过程中斜温层厚度在7.22 h时到达峰值点。这表明当增大熔融盐的进、出口温差时,储热罐斜温层厚度的增长速率也会随之增大。主要原因是熔融盐的黏度与温度呈负相关性,当提高储热罐的进、出口温差时,熔融盐的黏度随之降低,导致罐体雷诺数的增大和熔融盐移动速度的加快,同时熔融盐与固体填充颗粒之间热传递的有效时间减少,熔融盐需要更长的移动距离与固体填充颗粒进行热交换,从而增大斜温层的覆盖范围。
图11为不同熔融盐进、出口温差下,储热罐边界的熔融盐温度随时间的变化曲线。其中,空心图标表示储热罐顶部的熔融盐温度(0≤xD/2,H=10.9 m),实心图标表示储热罐底部的熔融盐温度(0≤xD/2,H=0 m)。由图8可知,随着熔融盐进、出口温差从100 K增加到250 K时,储热过程结束时储热罐的底部温度变化不大,而在放热过程中,储热罐顶部温度曲线的温度变化转折点从7.025 h减小到6.725 h,温度曲线的变化斜率也随之增大。同时对比同一条边界温度曲线,在储热过程中,储热罐顶部温度保持不变,底部温度在3.62 h时开始上升,在放热时,储热罐底部温度保持不变,顶部温度保持恒定一段时间后逐渐下降到573.15 K。
图12为储热罐的储热量和热效率随熔融盐进、出口温差的变化曲线。由图12可知,随着进、出口温差从100 K增加到250 K,储热量从67.92 GJ增加到173.13 GJ,放热量从65.00 GJ增加到159.36 GJ,储热罐热效率从0.957降低到0.920。这表明增加储热罐进、出口的运行温差能够提高罐体的储热量和放热量,但同时会降低储热罐的热效率。其主要原因是储热量和放热量与温差线性正相关,增大储热罐的进、出口温差会直接增大罐体的储热量和放热量;但熔融盐的黏度、密度与温度负相关,因此当提高进、出口温差时,熔融盐的黏度和密度随之下降,从而导致斜温层厚度的增大,降低了储热罐的热效率。
图13给出了不同熔融盐进、出口温差下罐壁最大等效应力在循环过程中的变化曲线。其中罐壁最大等效应力点在钢壳层外侧顶部(x=D/2+lin+lsteelH=10.895 m)。由图13可知,储热罐开始储热前,不同熔融盐进、出口温差下的罐壁最大等效应力均为142.65 MPa,随着时间的增加,罐壁最大等效应力曲线的斜率随进、出口温差的增大而增大;在放热阶段结束时,随着进、出口温差从100 K增大到250 K时,罐壁最大等效应力从151.69 MPa增加到170.24 MPa。这表明增加储热罐进、出口的温差会加大罐壁的最大等效应力,对储热罐的安全性起到负面作用。因此,为保证储热量与热效率,同时确保储热罐的安全稳定运行,应保证储热罐进、出口温差为200~250 K,不可以高于250 K。
本文基于多孔介质局部非平衡热学理论,建立一个瞬态二维模型,并对储热罐的罐壁采用有限体积法与有限元法耦合建立一个综合模型,对熔融盐单罐储热系统在循环过程中的动态热特性与机械性能进行了参数化研究,对储热量40 MW·h的单罐系统分析了入口熔融盐流速及进、出口温差的影响规律,具体结论如下。
1)熔融盐入口流速同时影响储热罐的动态热特性与热应力。当入口流速从0.001 78 m/s增加到0.004 32 m/s时,热效率从0.905增加到0.941,而储热量从142 GJ减少到112 GJ,同时罐壁等效应力从160.6 MPa增加到164.4 MPa。在实际过程中为了实现较高的热效率与储热量,同时保证单罐储热系统的安全,入口流速应为0.002 60~0.003 46 m/s。
2)熔融盐进、出口温差同时影响储热罐的动态热特性与热应力。当进、出口温差从100 K增加到250 K时,储热量从67.92 GJ增加到173.13 GJ,而热效率从0.939降到0.920,同时罐壁最大等效应力从151.69 MPa增加到170.24 MPa。为保证储热罐的储热量与热效率,同时确保单罐储热系统的应力安全,进、出口温差应为200~250 K。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412270
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
基金
Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(4000-202458076A-1-1-ZN)
国家电网公司总部科技项目(4000-202458076A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1.国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,湖北 武汉 430077
    2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

李阳海(1980),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术以及热力系统经济性分析、自动化和网源协调技术等,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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