Article(id=1236321540464243067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691624989, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691624989, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691624989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691624989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321541793837446, articleId=1236321540464243067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermochemical energy storage performance of composite CaO materials doped with Al2O3/CeO2 synthesized by the template method, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermochemical thermal storage has attracted wide attentions because it has high thermal density heat storage and can realize seasonal thermal storage and long-distance transportation. The CaCO3/CaO reaction system, as one of the most promising thermochemical heat storage materials, has problems such as particle aggregation and sintering as the number of heat storage cycles increases, and the material gradually loses its activity. To solve this problem, composite CaO materials doped with Al2O3 or CeO2 were synthesized by the template method. The microstructure of the materials and the effect of chemical doping on the cyclic stability of the composite CaO materials were investigated by means of characterization tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchronous thermal analyzer (STA). The effect of chemical doping on exothermic reaction temperature range of the composite CaO materials was analyzed. The results show that, the CaO prepared by the template method has a richer pore structure and a superior cycling stability than the CaO obtained by decomposition of CaCO3. When the doping molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 is 100.0:2.5 (Ca:Al), the composite has the best cycling stability. After 30 cycles, the effective conversion rate decays by only about 7.1% from 0.70 to 0.65 and the exothermic energy density is 2 057 kJ/kg. The cyclic stability of the composite is better than that of CaO when the molar ratio of CaO to CeO2 doping is 100.0:10.0 (Ca:Ce=100.0:10.0). It is found that doping with Al2O3 decreases the onset temperature of the exothermic reaction of the CaCO3/CaO reaction system, whereas CeO2 increases the onset temperature.

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热化学储热技术具有储热密度高、可实现季节性储热和长距离运输等优点,CaCO3/CaO反应体系作为最有前景的热化学储热材料之一,随着储放热循环次数的增加会出现颗粒团聚、烧结等现象,导致材料逐渐失去活性。对此,采用模板法合成了分别掺杂Al2O3和CeO2的复合CaO材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和同步热分析仪(STA)等表征测试等手段,研究了材料的微观结构和化学掺杂对复合CaO材料循环稳定性的影响,分析了化学掺杂对复合CaO材料的放热反应温度区间的影响。结果表明:由模板法制备的CaO具有中空纤维状的微观结构,比CaCO3直接分解得到的CaO的循环稳定性更优;当CaO与Al2O3的掺杂摩尔比为100.0:2.5(Ca: Al计)时,复合材料的循环稳定性最佳,经过30次储放热循环后,其有效转化率仅衰减了约7.1%(从0.70到0.65),放热能量密度为2 057 kJ/kg;当CaO与CeO2的掺杂摩尔比以Ca:Ce计为100.0:10.0时,复合材料的循环稳定性优于CaO;掺杂Al2O3会降低CaCO3/CaO反应体系的放热反应起始温度,而CeO2会升高放热反应的起始温度。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵长颖(1969),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进储能、固态储氢,
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曹纯玉(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热化学储热,

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曹纯玉(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热化学储热,

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曹纯玉(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热化学储热,

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Name and composition of the samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称成分Ca与Al/Ce的摩尔比
CaOCaO
C-CaO
C-CaO-Al-2.5CaO、Al2O3100.0:2.5
C-CaO-Al-5.0100.0:5.0
C-CaO-Al-10.0100.0:10.0
C-CaO-Al-20.0100.0:20.0
C-CaO-Ce-2.5CaO、CeO2100.0:2.5
C-CaO-Ce-5.0100.0:5.0
C-CaO-Ce-10.0100.0:10.0
C-CaO-Ce-20.0100.0:20.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236321552967463862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321540464243067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品名称及组成成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称成分Ca与Al/Ce的摩尔比
CaOCaO
C-CaO
C-CaO-Al-2.5CaO、Al2O3100.0:2.5
C-CaO-Al-5.0100.0:5.0
C-CaO-Al-10.0100.0:10.0
C-CaO-Al-20.0100.0:20.0
C-CaO-Ce-2.5CaO、CeO2100.0:2.5
C-CaO-Ce-5.0100.0:5.0
C-CaO-Ce-10.0100.0:10.0
C-CaO-Ce-20.0100.0:20.0
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基于模板法合成的Al2O3/CeO2改性复合CaO材料的储放热性能研究
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曹纯玉 , 闫君 , 赵长颖
热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025,54(10): 31-40
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热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025, 54(10): 31-40
基于模板法合成的Al2O3/CeO2改性复合CaO材料的储放热性能研究
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曹纯玉 , 闫君, 赵长颖
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学工程热物理研究所,上海 200240
  • 曹纯玉(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热化学储热,

通讯作者:

赵长颖(1969),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进储能、固态储氢,
Thermochemical energy storage performance of composite CaO materials doped with Al2O3/CeO2 synthesized by the template method
Chunyu CAO , Jun YAN, Changying ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501001
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热化学储热技术具有储热密度高、可实现季节性储热和长距离运输等优点,CaCO3/CaO反应体系作为最有前景的热化学储热材料之一,随着储放热循环次数的增加会出现颗粒团聚、烧结等现象,导致材料逐渐失去活性。对此,采用模板法合成了分别掺杂Al2O3和CeO2的复合CaO材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和同步热分析仪(STA)等表征测试等手段,研究了材料的微观结构和化学掺杂对复合CaO材料循环稳定性的影响,分析了化学掺杂对复合CaO材料的放热反应温度区间的影响。结果表明:由模板法制备的CaO具有中空纤维状的微观结构,比CaCO3直接分解得到的CaO的循环稳定性更优;当CaO与Al2O3的掺杂摩尔比为100.0:2.5(Ca: Al计)时,复合材料的循环稳定性最佳,经过30次储放热循环后,其有效转化率仅衰减了约7.1%(从0.70到0.65),放热能量密度为2 057 kJ/kg;当CaO与CeO2的掺杂摩尔比以Ca:Ce计为100.0:10.0时,复合材料的循环稳定性优于CaO;掺杂Al2O3会降低CaCO3/CaO反应体系的放热反应起始温度,而CeO2会升高放热反应的起始温度。

热化学储热  /  模板法  /  材料改性  /  循环稳定性  /  放热反应温度区间

Thermochemical thermal storage has attracted wide attentions because it has high thermal density heat storage and can realize seasonal thermal storage and long-distance transportation. The CaCO3/CaO reaction system, as one of the most promising thermochemical heat storage materials, has problems such as particle aggregation and sintering as the number of heat storage cycles increases, and the material gradually loses its activity. To solve this problem, composite CaO materials doped with Al2O3 or CeO2 were synthesized by the template method. The microstructure of the materials and the effect of chemical doping on the cyclic stability of the composite CaO materials were investigated by means of characterization tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchronous thermal analyzer (STA). The effect of chemical doping on exothermic reaction temperature range of the composite CaO materials was analyzed. The results show that, the CaO prepared by the template method has a richer pore structure and a superior cycling stability than the CaO obtained by decomposition of CaCO3. When the doping molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 is 100.0:2.5 (Ca:Al), the composite has the best cycling stability. After 30 cycles, the effective conversion rate decays by only about 7.1% from 0.70 to 0.65 and the exothermic energy density is 2 057 kJ/kg. The cyclic stability of the composite is better than that of CaO when the molar ratio of CaO to CeO2 doping is 100.0:10.0 (Ca:Ce=100.0:10.0). It is found that doping with Al2O3 decreases the onset temperature of the exothermic reaction of the CaCO3/CaO reaction system, whereas CeO2 increases the onset temperature.

thermochemical storage  /  template method  /  material modification  /  cyclic stability  /  exothermic reaction temperature range
曹纯玉, 闫君, 赵长颖. 基于模板法合成的Al2O3/CeO2改性复合CaO材料的储放热性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 31 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501001
Chunyu CAO, Jun YAN, Changying ZHAO. Thermochemical energy storage performance of composite CaO materials doped with Al2O3/CeO2 synthesized by the template method[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 31 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501001
随着工业化进程不断加快、经济社会的快速发展,世界能源消费总量逐年提升。由于化石能源的枯竭和环境问题的加剧,世界能源正朝着低碳、可再生能源转型。然而,太阳能、风能等可再生能源具有波动性和间歇性的问题。储热技术可以弥补能源需求与供给在时间和空间的不匹配,减少弃风、弃光导致的能源浪费,提高能源系统的稳定性和灵活性。
储热技术按照储热原理可分为显热储热、相变储热以及热化学储热[1]。其中,热化学储热是基于可逆热化学反应来实现热量的储存和释放,具有高储热密度、可实现季节性储热、长距离运输等优点。CaCO3/CaO体系的工作温度区间为700~1 000 ℃,体积储热密度高达3.26 GJ/m3[2]。此外,CaCO3/CaO来源广泛、无毒、成本低、环境友好[3-4],是一种非常有前景的高温热化学储热材料,其化学反应表达式为:
CaCO3(s)CaO(s) + CO2(g)          ΔHr0=178 kJ/mol
然而,由于CaCO3的塔曼温度较低(约533 ℃),CaCO3/CaO材料容易发生严重的烧结现象,导致材料储放热的循环稳定性差[5]。目前,针对钙基材料容易失活的问题,学者们提出了很多改性方法。Hu等人[6]采用蒸汽水合的方法对CaO再活化处理,结果表明CaO的水合程度为150%时,其储能密度从943 kJ/kg提升至1 920 kJ/kg。通过掺杂惰性金属氧化物、非金属氧化物和金属盐类能显著提升CaCO3/CaO材料的循环稳定性,如MgO[7]、TiO2[8-9]、Y2O3[10]、MnO2[11]、MnFe2O4[12]、Ca3B2O6[13]、MgCl2[14-15]、CaCl2[16]。Teng等人[17]制备了掺杂Mn-Fe氧化物的复合CaCO3材料,经过60次循环后,储热密度保持在1 438 kJ/kg。Kong等人[18]采用密度泛函方法揭示了掺杂的Fe原子被O2–氧化形成惰性结构,增强了CaO在高温下的抗烧结能力。Chai等人[19]合成了Mn/Al共掺杂改性的复合CaO材料,循环60次后,复合CaO的转化率是纯CaO的5.40倍。Li等人[20]提出通过木醋液浸渍和双过渡金属Co/Mn共掺杂改性的复合CaO材料,储热密度为1 880 kJ/kg,20次循环后下降4.39%。均匀共掺杂的Co和Mn元素形成了Ca3CoMnO6,稳定了复合CaO的多孔结构。
Al2O3作为一种常见的掺杂材料,能改善CaCO3/CaO反应体系的循环稳定性[21],但其对CaCO3/CaO反应体系放热反应温度区间的影响尚不明晰。CaCO3/CaO的反应过程为式(2)—式(3)。CO2的扩散和O2–的迁移是改善碳酸化反应的关键,而氧空位有利于CO32–扩散和O2–的迁移。CeO2的O2–迁移过程在高温下会加剧,从而产生氧空位,并且CeO2的塔曼温度为1 064 ℃[22],是一种有潜力的惰性金属掺杂材料。模板法(结构导向法)通过精确控制材料的形态和孔隙结构,为制备高性能钙基热化学储热材料提供了一种有效的途径。脱脂棉为可再生资源,制备过程无有毒副产物,符合绿色化学理念。因此,本文以脱脂棉为模板,合成分别掺杂Al2O3和CeO2的复合CaO热化学储热材料,研究了复合材料的微观结构、掺杂材料的种类以及相对含量对复合CaO材料循环稳定性的影响,分析了化学掺杂对复合CaO材料的放热反应温度区间的影响。
CO2+O2CO32
CO32+CaOCaCO3+O2
CaCO3(纯度不小于99.0%,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司)和Ca(NO3)2·4H2O(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)作为CaO的前驱体。Al(NO3)3·9H2O(纯度不小于99.0%,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司)和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O(纯度不小于99.99%,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司)为掺杂材料的前驱体。元素分析仪专用的脱脂棉(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)为复合CaO材料的模板。
本文应用模板法合成了复合CaO热化学储热材料,以掺杂Al2O3制备复合热化学储热材料为例,制备流程如图1所示。其中,脱脂棉作为模板,为复合CaO材料提供了一个具有纤维状且孔隙发达的骨架结构。
为了研究掺杂材料对复合CaO材料储放热性能的影响,本文选取了Al2O3和CeO2作为掺杂材料。CaO与掺杂材料元素的摩尔比分别为100.0:2.5、100.0:5.0、100.0:10.0以及100.0:20.0。根据所掺杂元素类别和摩尔比,将样品记录为C-CaO-X-Y(X=Al、Ce,Y=2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0)。
以制备样品C-CaO-Al-2.5为例,具体步骤为:首先,用电子天平(BCE2241-1CCN,上海良平仪器仪表有限公司,测量误差为±0.1 mg)称取2.361 5 g Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、0.093 8 g Al(NO3)3·9H2O以及1.0 g的脱脂棉。将Ca(NO3)2·4H2O和Al(NO3)3·9H2O溶于20 mL去离子水,待其充分溶解后,形成混合溶液;然后,使用超声波纳米材料分散器(SM-1000C,南京舜玛仪器设备有限公司)对混合溶液进行搅拌60 min,得到分散均匀的混合溶液。往前驱体溶液中加入约1.0 g的脱脂棉,形成湿棉花体系,置于超声波清洗器(KQ-5OE,昆山市超声仪器有限公司)中,于60 ℃下超声2 h。随后在室温下浸渍24 h,使得前驱体离子充分渗透到脱脂棉纤维结构中。将湿棉花体系在80 ℃的真空干燥箱(DZF-6020,上海一恒科技有限公司)中干燥12 h,去除水分,确保硝酸盐完全沉积在脱脂棉的表面和孔隙中,形成干棉花体系;最后,将上述得到的材料约3.2 g放入800 ℃马弗炉(QSH-ABF-1700T,上海全硕电炉有限公司),在空气气氛中煅烧2 h,去除模板并分解硝酸盐。冷却至室温,得到最终样品。按照上述流程,不掺杂任何惰性材料,所制备的样品记录为C-CaO。
对照样品为2 g商用CaCO3在800 ℃的马弗炉中空气气氛下煅烧2 h制成,标记为CaO。本文制备得到样品的详情列于表1
采用配有Cu靶Kα射线源的X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD,D8 ADVANCE Da Vinci)分析样品的物相组成,通过Lynxeye PSD探测器采集数据,2θ采集范围为5°~90°,速度为10°/min,步长为0.02°。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Zeiss GeminiSEM 300)系统观察样品的形貌和微观结构,通过高真空二次电子检测器采集SEM图像,加速电压为5.00 kV,工作距离为8 mm。使用能量色散谱仪(EDS,Oxford Ultim MAX)分析样品成分和元素分布。由于样品的导电性较差,采用高真空镀膜仪在样品表面喷金15 s,厚度约为10 nm,便于扫描电镜检测和微区分析。
采用同步热分析仪(STA8000,PerkinElmer,质量测量误差为±0.1 μg)来检测样品的循环稳定性和储能密度,该仪器通过实时监测样品的质量信号和热流信号来获得热重和反应焓数据。在测试过程中,为消除传热和传质影响,每次称取约6 mg样品置于氧化铝坩埚中进行碳酸化和煅烧反应。在CO2气氛下,样品在750 ℃碳酸化15 min,然后再从750 ℃升温至800 ℃,升温速率为40 ℃/min。气体成分切换成N2,样品在800 ℃煅烧10 min。在测试期间,气流固定为50 mL/min。重复此流程,循环25次或30次。每组实验进行3次独立实验,所得数据取3组数据的平均值。本文利用上述获得的热重数据,经式(4)和式(5)计算后进而得到有效转化率和能量密度,以此来评估不同样品的性能。
Xef,N=mcar(N)mcal(N)mcar(N)MCaOMCO2
式中:N为储放热循环的次数;Xef, N为样品经过N次循环后的有效转化率;mcar为样品经过第N次碳酸化后样品的质量;mcal为第N次煅烧后样品的质量;MCaOMCO2分别为CaO和CO2的摩尔质量。
QN=Xef,N1 000ΔHr0MCaO
式中:QN为材料经过N次循环的能量密度;ΔHr0为反应标准焓,取178 kJ/mol。
样品CaO、脱脂棉和样品C-CaO的SEM微观形貌如图2所示,样品均未经过粉碎研磨。图2a)为CaCO3直接分解得到的CaO的微观形貌,可见CaO主要以颗粒的形式存在,细小的颗粒团聚成大颗粒,没有观察到明显的孔隙以及规则的结构。图2b)为脱脂棉的微观形貌,可见脱脂棉的微观形貌呈现出交织错落的长条纤维结构,表面光滑且平整。图2c)为由模板法制备的样品C-CaO的微观形貌,其微观形貌具有与脱脂棉类似的纤维和骨架结构。在C-CaO的制备过程中,前驱体离子通过长时间的浸渍均匀附着在脱脂棉纤维的表面。经过高温热处理,脱脂棉的有机纤维被氧化、烧尽,与此同时,附着在脱脂棉表面的硝酸钙分解,得到最终具有长条纤维结构的CaO。与脱脂棉不同的是,C-CaO表面有丰富的孔隙结构,整体呈现出长条絮状的中空结构,这有利于CO2在碳酸化过程中通过产物层的扩散,提高CaO对CO2的吸附能力。
图3为样品CaO与C-CaO经过25次碳酸化/煅烧反应的转化率曲线。由图3可知,随着循环次数的增加,2个样品的储放热性能呈现衰减的趋势。与样品C-CaO相比,经过25次循环后,由CaCO3分解得到的CaO储放热性能随循环次数的增加衰减得更快,转化率从0.83到0.52,衰减了将近37.3%。而样品C-CaO的转化率由0.74到0.54,衰减了27.0%。由此可见,通过模板法制备的C-CaO,其循环稳定性优于由CaCO3直接分解得到的CaO。这得益于C-CaO具有松散和丰富的孔隙结构,促使CO2气体更容易进入通道,接触到CaO表面与之发生碳酸化反应。CaCO3煅烧分解得到的CaO在初始阶段具有更高的转化效率,这是由于CaCO3分解得到的CaO主要以颗粒的形式存在,具有更多的活性位点。经过多次碳酸化/煅烧反应,CaO颗粒很容易在高温下烧结团聚,从而逐渐堵塞CaO表面的孔隙和裂缝,导致有效转化率不断下降。随着反应的不断进行,部分CaO会被CaCO3产物层包裹住,导致CO2扩散困难,因此多次循环后CaO的储放热性能下降。C-CaO具有的纤维骨架结构为CaO提供了支撑,抑制CaO颗粒在高温下的团聚现象,减少热膨胀或收缩造成的结构破坏,从而提高材料在多次循环中的稳定性。
样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-10.0和C-CaO-Ce-10.0的X射线衍射图谱如图4所示。由图4a)可知,样品C-CaO具有明显的CaO衍射峰,表明样品中的主要成分是CaO。图4b)表明样品C-CaO-Al-10.0的物相组成为CaO和Ca3Al2O6。在样品C-CaO-Al-10.0的制备过程中,部分CaO与Al2O3在高温煅烧阶段会发生固相反应,形成新化合物Ca3Al2O6,其会阻碍CaO晶体的生长和团聚,从而提高CaO的高温抗烧结性能[23]图4c)显示样品C-CaO-Ce-10.0的物相组成为CaO、Ca(OH)2以及CeO2,没有观察到混合相,说明CeO2是一种惰性材料,不与CaO反应生成复合金属氧化物。其中,样品C-CaO和C-CaO-Ce-10.0中均含有少量的Ca(OH)2,这是由CaO在后期的煅烧阶段或者储存时与空气中的水分反应生成的。
样品C-CaO-Al-10和C-CaO-Ce-10的能量色散谱图(EDS)如图5图6所示。由图5可见,Ca元素、O元素以及Al元素均匀分布在样品C-CaO-Al-10.0表面。图6显示Ca元素、O元素和Ce元素均匀分布在样品C-CaO-Ce-10.0表面。各元素分布均匀保证了CaO基复合材料中各元素的相互作用,从而延缓CaCO3/CaO反应体系在储放热过程中CaO颗粒的团聚和烧结。
掺杂元素的种类以及相对含量对复合CaO材料循环稳定性的影响如图7所示,图7a)和图7b)分别为掺杂不同比例的Al2O3和CeO2的复合CaO材料经过30次储放热循环的转化率曲线。在前几次循环中,初次碳酸化反应可能进一步打开材料内部的孔隙结构,增加比表面积和活性位点暴露,孔隙活化短暂提升了反应活性,转化率有所提升。随着循环的进行,高温煅烧过程中CaO晶粒因烧结逐渐粗化,活性位点减少,导致反应活性降低[24]。反复的热应力使多孔结构坍塌,阻碍CO2扩散,降低有效反应界面,导致转化率不断降低。
图7a)可知,添加Al2O3的复合CaO材料的循环稳定性明显优于C-CaO,与其他研究的成果相一致[21,25]。在前5次循环中,C-CaO的转化率明显高于所有复合材料。当Al2O3的掺杂比例为2.5%时,经过6次循环后,有效转化率随着循环次数的增加逐渐高于C-CaO。样品C-CaO-Al-2.5经过30次循环后的有效转化率约为0.65,与纯CaO(转化率约为0.52)相比,提升了将近25%。当Al2O3的掺杂比例为5.0%时,第10次循环后的转化率明显高于C-CaO,样品C-CaO-Al-5.0经过30次循环后的转化率约为0.61,比C-CaO提升了将近17.3%。当Al2O3的掺杂比例为10.0%和20.0%时,分别经过17次和26次循环后,其转化率才高于C-CaO。由此可见,随着掺杂比例的不断增加,掺杂Al2O3对有效转化率的提升随着循环次数的增加才能体现出来。其中,当Al2O3掺杂比例为2.5%时,复合材料的循环稳定性最佳。C-CaO经过30次循环后,转化率从0.74到0.52,衰减了约29.7%。而样品C-CaO-Al-2.5的有效转化率从0.70到0.65,仅衰减了将近7.1%。CaO与Al2O3在高温煅烧阶段发生固相反应生成的Ca3Al2O6作为惰性材料,在碳酸化过程中体积保持不变。除此之外,一部分Ca3Al2O6会降低CaO基复合材料在碳酸化过程中的膨胀程度,并为CO2通过产物层扩散保留大量孔隙[23]。与CaO表面O原子的电子态相比,Ca3Al2O6表面O原子的电子态处于较低的能量范围,表明Ca3Al2O6表面具有较高的稳定性。Ca3Al2O6是通过生成稳定的O-Al键来增强CaO的抗烧结性能[26]。因此,掺杂Al2O3能提升复合CaO材料的循环稳定性。
图7b)可知,当掺杂CeO2时,并不一定能改善复合CaO材料的循环稳定性。当CeO2的掺杂比例为2.5%和5.0%时,复合材料的循环性能不如纯CaO,可能CeO2颗粒容易团聚,导致材料失活[23],并且CeO2含量低,导致促进碳酸化反应的O2–的迁移量较少。当CeO2掺杂的摩尔比例为10%时,经过12次循环后,有效转化率基本上不衰减。在第22次循环后明显高于纯CaO。C-CaO-Ce-10.0经过30次循环的有效转化率从0.66到0.55,衰减了将近16.7%。随着CeO2含量增加,导致促进碳酸化反应的O2–的迁移量增加,有利于促进CaO的碳酸化反应[27]。CO2很容易吸附在CeO2表面,掺杂CeO2增强了CaO对CO2的捕集能力[28]。Li等人[29]用溶胶凝胶法制备掺杂CeO2的复合CaO材料,发现在第10次循环中,每g CaO吸附的CO2量下降至0.466 g,衰减率为28.33%。Liu等人[30]制备了CeO2掺杂摩尔比为10%的复合CaO,经过10次循环后转化率为0.52,衰减率为35.47%。与这些结果相比,用模板法制备掺杂最佳比例的Al2O3和CeO2的复合CaO材料表现出优异的循环稳定性。
不同掺杂比例的复合CaO材料经过1次循环和30次循环后的能量密度的变化情况如图8所示。由图8可知,所有样品经过30次储放热循环后能量密度均呈下降趋势。图8a)显示,经过30次循环后,掺杂不同比例Al2O3的复合CaO材料的能量密度明显高于CaO,且衰减程度明显比CaO小。其中,样品C-CaO-Al-2.5经过30次循环后的能量密度仍为2 057 kJ/kg,是所有样品里面最高的。而掺杂CeO2的复合CaO材料,仅有当掺杂比例为10%时,经过30次循环后其能量密度才高于CaO。
热化学储热材料的循环稳定性与多次碳酸化/煅烧过程中的材料形貌和微观结构的演变有关。本文分析了样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-10.0在循环前、15次循环后以及30次循环后微观形貌变化如图9所示。图9a)—图9c)显示样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-10.0具有类似的纤维骨架结构。由图9a)、图9d)、图9g)可见,CaO在15次循环后颗粒逐渐团聚,表面的孔隙堵塞,经过30次循环后烧结现象更加显著,导致CaO的循环稳定性较差。尽管由模板法制备的CaO具有纤维状的骨架结构,但其骨架结构较为脆弱,经过多次循环后,颗粒团聚和烧结一定程度上会破坏其骨架结构,孔隙率降低,从而导致储放热性能下降。由图9e)、图9h)可见,C-CaO-Al-2.5的孔隙结构比C-CaO发达,烧结现象没有C-CaO严重。CaO与Al2O3在高温阶段发生固相反应生成Ca3Al2O6。Ca3Al2O6会降低复合CaO材料在碳酸化过程中的膨胀程度,并为CO2通过产物层扩散保留大量的孔隙。因此,Ca3Al2O6的存在可以提高CaO基复合材料的循环稳定性。图9f)、图9i)显示,C-CaO-Ce-10.0的孔隙随着循环次数的增加也会逐渐堵塞,但分散的CeO2会抑制CaO颗粒的团聚,烧结现象会略有改善。掺杂的惰性金属氧化物可以增强CaO的骨架结构,抑制CaO基复合材料随着多次循环出现的孔隙塌陷和颗粒团聚现象,从而提升CaO基复合材料的循环稳定性。
将样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5、C-CaO-Al-10.0、C-CaO-Ce-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-10.0在CO2气氛下,从30 ℃升温至910 ℃,升温速率为5 ℃/min,所得转化率曲线如图10图11所示。所有样品的转化率均呈现先上升达到峰值后再下降的趋势。在CO2气氛下,随着温度的升高,样品先与CO2发生碳酸化反应生成CaCO3。当温度升高至861.7 ℃,转化率开始下降,说明由CaO生成的CaCO3开始分解。随着温度继续升高,样品的转化率逐渐降为0。
由此可见,861.7 ℃是放热反应的温度上限,超过此温度,碳酸化反应生成的CaCO3会开始分解。图10表明,所有样品放热反应的温度上限均为861.7 ℃,说明放热反应温度的上限受限于热化学平衡(如反应的焓值、熵变化以及吉布斯自由能),与掺杂的元素的种类以及比例无关。
图10a)—图10c)显示,样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5和C-CaO-Al-10.0的放热起始温度分别为495.8、483.4、471.9 ℃,即掺杂Al2O3会降低CaCO3/CaO反应体系的放热反应的起始温度,且随着掺杂比例的增加,放热反应的起始温度越低。图11a)、图11b)显示样品C-CaO-Ce-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-10.0的放热起始温度分别为515.5 ℃和526.7 ℃。即掺杂CeO2会升高CaCO3/CaO反应体系的放热反应的起始温度,且随着掺杂比例的增加,放热反应的起始温度越高。对于掺杂Al2O3的复合CaO材料,在Ca3Al2O6的形成过程中,会产生更多的晶格缺陷,这些缺陷点为CO2分子提供了更多的反应位点,有助于加速反应的进行。CaO局部表面活性增强后,使得CaO可以在较低温度下开始与CO2反应。由于CeO2的熔点高达2 670 ℃,掺杂CeO2的复合CaO材料的整体热稳定性得到提高。此外,CeO2具有良好的氧化还原特性,能够在高温下更容易形成氧空位,形成Ce4+/Ce3+的氧化还原对[31]。CeO2本身在高温下不容易参与碳酸化反应,但其存在可能会改变氧化钙的局部电子结构或表面性质,从而使CaO发生碳酸化反应时需要更高的温度才能克服这些抑制作用。
图12为样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-2.5在CO2气氛中450 ℃等温碳酸化60 min所得到转化率曲线。样品C-CaO、C-CaO-Al-2.5和C-CaO-Ce-2.5所对应的转化率分别为0.33、0.43以及0.20。即在较低的放热温度下,C-CaO的转化率低于C-CaO-Al-2.5,高于C-CaO-Ce-2.5。掺杂Al2O3会使复合CaO材料放热反应的起始温度会降低,因此在较低的温度下激活复合CaO材料的碳酸化反应会更容易。而掺杂CeO2的复合CaO材料的放热反应的起始温度会升高,在较低的温度下激活复合CaO材料的碳酸化反应会更难,需要较长的时间。
本文通过模板法合成分别掺杂Al2O3和CeO2的CaO复合材料,系统研究了样品的微观物理结构和化学掺杂对CaCO3/CaO反应体系的循环稳定性、放热反应应用温度区间的影响,主要结论如下。
1)以脱脂棉为模板制备的CaO具有中空纤维状结构,孔隙发达,其循环稳定性优于由CaCO3直接煅烧分解得到的CaO。
2)化学掺杂有助于提高CaCO3/CaO反应体系的抗烧结能力,从而改善循环稳定性。其中,当Al2O3的掺杂摩尔比为2.5%,复合CaO材料展现出来的循环稳定性最佳,经过30次循环后,其能量密度为2 057 kJ/kg。当CeO2的掺杂摩尔比例为10%,CaO复合材料的循环稳定性也有所提升。
3)掺杂Al2O3会降低CaCO3/CaO反应体系放热反应的起始温度,而CeO2会提高放热反应的起始温度,两者随着掺杂比例的增加,对放热反应的起始温度改变的幅度逐渐增大。CaCO3/CaO反应体系的放热反应的温度上限受限于化学平衡,与掺杂材料种类和比例无关。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005403)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090063)
  • 上海市科技创新行动计划项目(23DZ1200900)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4005403)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005403)
Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090063)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090063)
Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(23DZ1200900)
上海市科技创新行动计划项目(23DZ1200900)
作者信息
    上海交通大学工程热物理研究所,上海 200240

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赵长颖(1969),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进储能、固态储氢,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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