Article(id=1236321539298226539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691624711, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691624711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691624711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691624711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321539575050606, articleId=1236321539298226539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress on waste heat utilization technology in thermal power units, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermal power units, as a cornerstone of conventional electricity generation, release considerable quantities of waste heat during their operation. If not effectively harnessed, this waste heat will result in substantial energy inefficiency and exacerbate environmental challenges. Consequently, the efficient recovery and utilization of waste heat from thermal power units represents a pivotal strategy for optimizing energy use and mitigating carbon emissions. The energy-saving and carbon-reduction potential of various cycle components in thermal power units should be thoroughly explored. Conducting parameter matching to enable the efficient and comprehensive utilization of waste heat at different grades in thermal power units holds significant importance for achieving deep energy conservation and emission reductions in China’s thermal power industry. A comprehensive examination of waste heat recovery in thermal power units is provided. It begins by identifying the primary sources and distinctive characteristics of waste heat. Subsequently, it delves into specific recovery methodologies and their technical principles, encompassing low-pressure turbine exhaust heat utilization, flue gas heat recovery, boiler blowdown and continuous blowdown heat recovery. For each method, the system configuration, current deployment status, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits are analyzed in detail. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are critically evaluated. Finally, the future prospects and developmental trajectories of waste heat recovery technologies in the thermal power sector are thoroughly explored and anticipated.

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火电机组作为传统电力供应的主要来源,在发电过程中会产生大量废热,这些热量如果得不到有效利用,不仅造成能源浪费,还会增加环境负担。如何高效回收并利用火电机组的余热,成为提升能源利用率和降低碳排放的关键问题。深入挖掘火电机组各循环组件的节能降碳潜力,基于参数匹配开展火电机组不同品位余热的高效综合利用,对我国火电行业深度节能减排具有重大意义。首先,介绍了火电机组余热的主要来源与特点;其次,分别阐述了低压缸排汽余热、锅炉排烟余热、锅炉定排和连排余热等多种余热的利用方法及其具体工艺原理,并对不同余热利用方法的系统构型、应用现状、经济效益以及环境效益进行了探讨,总结了各种余热利用方法的优势与不足;最后,对火电机组余热利用技术未来的应用前景及发展趋势进行了展望。

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杨庆川(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,
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刘伟奇(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,

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Electric Power Equipment Management, 2020(9): 95-96., articleTitle=Research and application of periodic blowdown exhaust steam waste heat recovery technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236321553420448725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, awardId=2022YFC3802402, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3802402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236321553521112028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, awardId=2022YFC3802402, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3802402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236321554968146914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, awardId=ZC-24-TZK53, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Projects of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(ZC-24-TZK53), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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label=Fig.8, caption=Process flow diagram of preheating cold inlet air via a front-mounted air preheater, figureFileSmall=6T2VZuCfszja2H56oWAq9g==, figureFileBig=AY/0bMeIIkY9mVF0+iGRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552619336609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图8, caption=前置式空气预热器预热入炉冷空气工艺流程, figureFileSmall=6T2VZuCfszja2H56oWAq9g==, figureFileBig=AY/0bMeIIkY9mVF0+iGRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552724194217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of low-pressure cylinder exhaust waste heat in typical capacity units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组类型容量等级/MW额定余热排放功率/MW额定循环冷却水流量/(m3·s–1)每年排放余热的等效标煤量/万吨
湿冷机组1 0001 5004082
湿冷机组6001 0302755
湿冷机组3005801531
), ArticleFig(id=1236321552833246125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型容量机组的低压缸排汽余热对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组类型容量等级/MW额定余热排放功率/MW额定循环冷却水流量/(m3·s–1)每年排放余热的等效标煤量/万吨
湿冷机组1 0001 5004082
湿冷机组6001 0302755
湿冷机组3005801531
), ArticleFig(id=1236321552942298037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of recycling technologies for low-pressure cylinder exhaust waste heat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型核心原理优点缺点适用场景投资成本
中低压连通管供热通过改造中低压缸连通管,将部分中压缸排汽直接引出用于供热系统简单,改造难度低,对机组负荷影响小仅回收部分抽汽热量,余热利用率有限,供热能力受抽汽量限制需要灵活调节供热量且兼顾发电负荷的场景
低压缸零出力供热将原低压缸做功的大部分蒸汽用于供热,仅通过旁路管道向低压缸通入少量冷却蒸汽供热能力大幅提升,冷源损失显著降低机组发电能力下降,增加低压缸转子振动风险冬季供暖需求大、电负荷低的场景
高背压供热提高凝汽器背压,提升排汽温度,利用排汽加热热网水直接供热排汽热量全部回收,机组热效率高无法参与调峰回水温度较低、供热面积较大的基础负荷供热场景
电压缩式热泵供热利用电能驱动压缩机,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热能效比高,适应宽负荷用户需求,独立于机组运行耗电量大,运行成本高,经济性受电价影响显著电力资源丰富、电价低廉、余热温度低但需高品位供热的场景
吸收式热泵供热以蒸汽为驱动热源,通过吸收式循环,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热不消耗高品质电能、无运动部件、维护成本低热源温度要求高,设备体积大,系统维护复杂蒸汽资源丰富、需大规模余热回收的场景
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553034572730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

低压缸排汽余热回收利用技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型核心原理优点缺点适用场景投资成本
中低压连通管供热通过改造中低压缸连通管,将部分中压缸排汽直接引出用于供热系统简单,改造难度低,对机组负荷影响小仅回收部分抽汽热量,余热利用率有限,供热能力受抽汽量限制需要灵活调节供热量且兼顾发电负荷的场景
低压缸零出力供热将原低压缸做功的大部分蒸汽用于供热,仅通过旁路管道向低压缸通入少量冷却蒸汽供热能力大幅提升,冷源损失显著降低机组发电能力下降,增加低压缸转子振动风险冬季供暖需求大、电负荷低的场景
高背压供热提高凝汽器背压,提升排汽温度,利用排汽加热热网水直接供热排汽热量全部回收,机组热效率高无法参与调峰回水温度较低、供热面积较大的基础负荷供热场景
电压缩式热泵供热利用电能驱动压缩机,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热能效比高,适应宽负荷用户需求,独立于机组运行耗电量大,运行成本高,经济性受电价影响显著电力资源丰富、电价低廉、余热温度低但需高品位供热的场景
吸收式热泵供热以蒸汽为驱动热源,通过吸收式循环,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热不消耗高品质电能、无运动部件、维护成本低热源温度要求高,设备体积大,系统维护复杂蒸汽资源丰富、需大规模余热回收的场景
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553126847427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of recycling technologies for boiler flue gas waste heat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术核心原理优点缺点适用场景投资成本
低温省煤
器加热凝
结水
利用锅炉尾部低温烟气
余热加热汽轮机凝结水,
提升回热系统效率
提高机组循环效率;降低
煤耗;减少排烟热损失
需控制烟气酸露点腐蚀风
险;系统复杂,需协调凝
结水流量与温度
适用于中大型燃煤电厂,
尤其是凝结水温度较低
的机组
中等偏低
褐煤干燥通过烟气余热干燥高水分
褐煤,降低煤中水分,提升
燃烧效率
提高锅炉燃烧效率;减少
烟气体积,降低风机能耗;
减少NOx生成
干燥设备体积大,需防爆
设计;仅适用于褐煤等高
水分燃料
适用于褐煤资源丰富地
区的电厂
较高
预热入炉
冷空气
利用烟气余热加热入炉
冷空气,降低排烟温度,
减少燃料消耗
改造难度低;降低排烟温度
效果显著;提升锅炉效率
空气预热温度受限于烟气
温度;可能加剧低温腐蚀
适用于各类燃煤锅炉,
尤其是排烟温度较高
的老旧机组
中等
供热与
供冷
通过余热锅炉或吸收式热
泵回收烟气余热,用于区
域供热或吸收式制冷
余热综合利用,能源效率高;
减少冷/热源生产成本
需配套供热/供冷管网;季
节性需求波动影响系统利
用率
周边有工业用热、城市
集中供热或大型制冷需
求的电站
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553240093642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锅炉排烟余热回收利用技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术核心原理优点缺点适用场景投资成本
低温省煤
器加热凝
结水
利用锅炉尾部低温烟气
余热加热汽轮机凝结水,
提升回热系统效率
提高机组循环效率;降低
煤耗;减少排烟热损失
需控制烟气酸露点腐蚀风
险;系统复杂,需协调凝
结水流量与温度
适用于中大型燃煤电厂,
尤其是凝结水温度较低
的机组
中等偏低
褐煤干燥通过烟气余热干燥高水分
褐煤,降低煤中水分,提升
燃烧效率
提高锅炉燃烧效率;减少
烟气体积,降低风机能耗;
减少NOx生成
干燥设备体积大,需防爆
设计;仅适用于褐煤等高
水分燃料
适用于褐煤资源丰富地
区的电厂
较高
预热入炉
冷空气
利用烟气余热加热入炉
冷空气,降低排烟温度,
减少燃料消耗
改造难度低;降低排烟温度
效果显著;提升锅炉效率
空气预热温度受限于烟气
温度;可能加剧低温腐蚀
适用于各类燃煤锅炉,
尤其是排烟温度较高
的老旧机组
中等
供热与
供冷
通过余热锅炉或吸收式热
泵回收烟气余热,用于区
域供热或吸收式制冷
余热综合利用,能源效率高;
减少冷/热源生产成本
需配套供热/供冷管网;季
节性需求波动影响系统利
用率
周边有工业用热、城市
集中供热或大型制冷需
求的电站
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火电机组余热利用技术研究进展
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刘伟奇 1 , 杨庆川 1 , 余小兵 1 , 马汀山 1 , 赵新山 2 , 周涛 2 , 孙鹏 3 , 王东晔 1 , 薛晨晰 1 , 杨利 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(10): 51-62
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(10): 51-62
火电机组余热利用技术研究进展
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刘伟奇1 , 杨庆川1 , 余小兵1, 马汀山1, 赵新山2, 周涛2, 孙鹏3, 王东晔1, 薛晨晰1, 杨利1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能聊城热电有限公司,山东 聊城 252000
  • 3.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014
  • 刘伟奇(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,

通讯作者:

杨庆川(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,
Research progress on waste heat utilization technology in thermal power units
Weiqi LIU1 , Qingchuan YANG1 , Xiaobing YU1, Tingshan MA1, Xinshan ZHAO2, Tao ZHOU2, Peng SUN3, Dongye WANG1, Chenxi XUE1, Li YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Liaocheng Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252000, China
  • 3.Huaneng Shandong Power Generation Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501052
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火电机组作为传统电力供应的主要来源,在发电过程中会产生大量废热,这些热量如果得不到有效利用,不仅造成能源浪费,还会增加环境负担。如何高效回收并利用火电机组的余热,成为提升能源利用率和降低碳排放的关键问题。深入挖掘火电机组各循环组件的节能降碳潜力,基于参数匹配开展火电机组不同品位余热的高效综合利用,对我国火电行业深度节能减排具有重大意义。首先,介绍了火电机组余热的主要来源与特点;其次,分别阐述了低压缸排汽余热、锅炉排烟余热、锅炉定排和连排余热等多种余热的利用方法及其具体工艺原理,并对不同余热利用方法的系统构型、应用现状、经济效益以及环境效益进行了探讨,总结了各种余热利用方法的优势与不足;最后,对火电机组余热利用技术未来的应用前景及发展趋势进行了展望。

火电机组  /  余热利用  /  低压缸乏汽  /  锅炉排烟

Thermal power units, as a cornerstone of conventional electricity generation, release considerable quantities of waste heat during their operation. If not effectively harnessed, this waste heat will result in substantial energy inefficiency and exacerbate environmental challenges. Consequently, the efficient recovery and utilization of waste heat from thermal power units represents a pivotal strategy for optimizing energy use and mitigating carbon emissions. The energy-saving and carbon-reduction potential of various cycle components in thermal power units should be thoroughly explored. Conducting parameter matching to enable the efficient and comprehensive utilization of waste heat at different grades in thermal power units holds significant importance for achieving deep energy conservation and emission reductions in China’s thermal power industry. A comprehensive examination of waste heat recovery in thermal power units is provided. It begins by identifying the primary sources and distinctive characteristics of waste heat. Subsequently, it delves into specific recovery methodologies and their technical principles, encompassing low-pressure turbine exhaust heat utilization, flue gas heat recovery, boiler blowdown and continuous blowdown heat recovery. For each method, the system configuration, current deployment status, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits are analyzed in detail. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are critically evaluated. Finally, the future prospects and developmental trajectories of waste heat recovery technologies in the thermal power sector are thoroughly explored and anticipated.

thermal power units  /  waste heat utilization  /  low-pressure cylinder exhaust steam  /  boiler flue gas
刘伟奇, 杨庆川, 余小兵, 马汀山, 赵新山, 周涛, 孙鹏, 王东晔, 薛晨晰, 杨利. 火电机组余热利用技术研究进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501052
Weiqi LIU, Qingchuan YANG, Xiaobing YU, Tingshan MA, Xinshan ZHAO, Tao ZHOU, Peng SUN, Dongye WANG, Chenxi XUE, Li YANG. Research progress on waste heat utilization technology in thermal power units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 51 -62 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501052
截至2023年底,全国火电装机容量达到13.9亿千瓦,占全国发电总装机容量的47.6%,实际发电量约占全国总发电量的66.3%[1]。然而,当前我国火电机组的能源转换效率普遍低于国际先进水平,亚临界机组净效率约33%~38%,超超临界机组为40%~45%,相较日本等国家同类型机组存在3百分点~5百分点的效率差距[2]。这意味着60%左右的燃料化学能以烟气余热、汽轮机乏汽余热等形式散失,相当于每年约8.6亿吨标准煤的热能未被有效利用[3]
这种低效能源利用模式已造成显著的经济与环境挑战。从经济方面看,我国火电行业年耗煤量约22亿吨,其中因余热损失导致的额外煤炭消耗占比达39%,不仅加剧了煤炭进口依赖度,更削弱了电力企业的市场竞争力[4]。同时,余热排放与碳排放强度直接相关,每浪费1 GJ热量即产生94.6 kg CO2当量排放,据此推算我国火电行业因余热损失导致的年碳排放增量达8.1亿吨,占全国能源活动碳排放总量的8.3%[5]
面对“双碳”目标约束与“三改联动”政策要求,构建覆盖全温域、多形态的余热梯级利用体系,既是破解火电生存困境的技术必选项,更是实现电力行业低碳转型的核心路径。
火电机组的热损失主要包括低压缸排汽热损失、锅炉排烟热损失、锅炉定排和连排热损失、锅炉吹灰热损失、轴封溢流热损失、供热抽汽凝结水热损失。以某300 MW火电机组为例,其各项热损失在机组总热损失中的占比如图1所示。
该300 MW火电机组热损失数据来源于作者所在单位针对某300 MW火电机组开展的性能试验,并通过实际运行监测及理论计算相结合的方法获得了火电机组的各项热损失。采用的主要监测设备包括铂电阻、热电偶阵列、超声波流量计、电磁流量计、孔板流量计、烟气分析仪、红外热像仪、压力变送器等。由图1可知,低压缸排汽热损失和锅炉排烟热损失是火电机组最主要的2项热损失,这2项热损失分别占火电机组能量损失的79.58%和12.38%,而其他余热损失的总占比仅为8.04%。下面对火电机组3项主要余热的特点进行分类探讨。
在冷凝器内,来自低压缸的乏汽通过与循环冷却水或空气发生热交换,实现乏汽余热向外界环境的排放。在冷凝器的工作过程中,释放至外界环境中的乏汽潜热在输入燃料化学能中的占比超过了40%。以一台湿冷百万机组为例(表1),其循环冷却水流量高达40 m3/s,冷却水在冷凝过程中能够升温约10 ℃,冷凝器向外界环境排放乏汽余热的功率达到约1 500 MW。若以全年满负荷运行5 000 h计,则冷凝器排放的余热资源量相当于82万吨标准煤。
表1还可以得知,典型300、600 MW发电机组的额定余热排放功率分别达到了1 030、580 MW,每年排放余热的等效标煤量分别达到了55万吨和31万吨。而且,机组余热排放功率与容量明显呈正相关。鉴于此,有效回收并利用低压缸排汽余热,对提升火力发电机组的整体效率具有重大意义。
对于大型电站锅炉而言,90%~96%的燃料化学能可被工作介质有效吸收并转化利用,而剩余的4%~10%则以热损失的形式散失至外界环境。在锅炉的各项热损失中,排烟热损失占比最大。
电站锅炉每年所释放低温烟气余热量的等效标准煤量可由下式计算:
Mb,ex=PtαcpΔTq
式中:P为全国火电机组装机容量;t为火电机组的年平均利用小时数;α为典型燃煤锅炉的烟气生成率;cp为烟气比热容;ΔT为锅炉排烟余热利用前后的排烟温差;q为标准煤热值。
按照125~145 ℃的设计排烟温度范围,全国电站锅炉每年所释放的低温烟气余热量相当可观,其能量等效值已达约0.8亿吨标准煤。按照火电机组目前的技术条件,如果能将20%的锅炉烟气余热进行回收利用,则每年可节省约0.14亿吨标准煤,每年可节约的燃料费用将高达约110亿元。
综上所述,烟气余热的有效利用不仅能够提高机组运行效率,还能减少有害气体排放。
电站锅炉的排污管理包括定期排污(定排)与连续排污(连排)2大方面,是确保锅炉水质达标与维持其安全高效运行的基本保证。
定期排污又称底部排污或间歇排污,旨在移除锅炉底部累积的泥垢、水渣及软质沉淀,防止这些沉积物影响锅炉热效率并引发安全事故。此过程通常在锅炉低负荷、水循环流量较小的时段执行,以便更有效地聚集并排除沉积物,迅速减轻底部沉积负担,提升锅炉热传导效率与延长使用寿命。
相比之下,连续排污则侧重锅炉水质的动态平衡,避免炉水中盐分与碱度过度累积,从而影响蒸汽质量。此过程具备自动调节功能,依据给水负荷与水质状况灵活调整排污量,维持稳定的排污比率。连续排污可抑制蒸汽夹带盐分、减轻汽轮机叶片积垢等,是保障电站锅炉长期安全稳定运行的重要措施[6]
工业余热回收技术将废弃热能转化为可用能源,主要包括直接换热、热泵提质、发电及制冷等方式。直接换热利用换热器将中高温余热直接用于预热空气、水或工艺流体,具有结构简单、效率高的优势,但受限于热源与用热端温差匹配,无法提升热能品位。针对低温余热(30~60 ℃),电压缩式/吸收式热泵通过电力或废热驱动,将余热温度提升至50~90 ℃,扩展了供暖或工艺用热场景。高温余热(>300 ℃)多通过蒸汽轮机发电,中低温余热(80~300 ℃)适用有机朗肯循环,以低沸点工质实现高效转化。余热制冷通过吸收式系统将余热转化为冷能,适合夏季冷电需求错峰的用户,但能效较低。
火电机组低压缸排汽余热具有能级低、总量大等特点,其温度通常为30~50 ℃,属于典型的低品位热能,且排汽流量可达每小时数百吨,蕴含大量可回收能量。传统冷凝排放方式导致能源浪费显著,亟需通过高效回收技术实现“变废为宝”。当前工程应用中,中低压连通管供热、低压缸零出力供热、高背压供热、电压缩式热泵供热及吸收式热泵供热是5种主流技术路线。
常规供热抽汽主要是从汽轮机中低压连通管抽出蒸汽,经减压后进入热网加热器加热热网循环水,凝结水回到除氧器、热井或低加中。为保证供热抽汽能力,一般在中低压连通管中加装供热抽汽蝶阀,通过改变蝶阀开度调整供热量,中低压连通管供热系统如图2所示。
目前,许多专家学者针对中低压连通管抽汽供热已经开展了大量的探索。徐享南[7]、梅玉占[8]、李洋[9]等学者针对多种不同类型的机组,在多种运行工况下,开展了中低压连通管抽汽供热改造研究,显著降低了机组的耗煤量、二氧化碳排放量。
中低压连通管供热方案利用蒸汽直接供热,系统能耗低,供热成本相对经济。在运行灵活性方面,采用中低压连通管供热方式的机组调节范围较宽,可根据热负荷需求灵活调节供热量,而且对电网的适应性较强。在改造费用方面,该方案投资相对较低,只需增加联通管道和调节阀门,工期较短。
低压缸零出力供热技术的原理为:在低压缸维持高真空运行状态的前提下,运用全密封阀门截断原有低压缸进汽管道的蒸汽供给,并通过新建的旁路管道,向低压缸通入少量冷却蒸汽,旨在有效移除低压转子旋转所产生的鼓风热量。低压缸零出力供热的具体工艺如图3所示。
较于改造前,该技术通过将原低压缸做功的蒸汽重新定向用于供热,显著减少了冷端损失,进而降低了系统煤耗率,实现了供热成本的大幅削减。在保持锅炉热负荷不变的情况下,该技术能够提升机组的额定供热功率;反之,在供热需求恒定的条件下,其还能适度调低机组的发电功率,达成深度调峰的目的。
戈志华[10]、谢昌亚[11]等采用Ebsilon软件开展了低压缸零出力仿真研究发现:相比抽凝工况,低压缸零出力改造后,机组供热能力、电负荷调节能力明显增加,同时煤耗率显著降低。王慧贤等[12]研究了某350 MW机组在低压缸微出力改造后的供热能力,结果发现,机组改造后,当低压缸进汽量为40 t/h时,最大供热负荷可提升85 MW。针对某650 MW供热机组调峰灵活性较差的突出问题,王建勋等[13]研究了该机组进行低压缸零出力改造后的调峰能力及经济性,结果发现,在额定工况下,供热能力由改造前的540.6 MW提升至821.95 MW,发电煤耗由改造前的238.2 g/(kW·h)减小至201.7 g/(kW·h)。
此外,低压缸零出力供热技术的运用,实现了供热机组在背压与抽凝2种模式间的灵活转换,从而使得机组兼具抽凝机组运行灵活和背压式机组供热能力强的优势。在运行灵活性方面,相比中低压连通管供热方式,低压缸零出力供热机组的运行域更宽,热电解耦特性更好。在改造费用方面,与其他热电解耦改造技术相比,低压缸零出力供热改造费用相对较小,且运行维护费用也大幅降低。
高背压供热系统如图4所示。纯凝机组开展高背压供热改造后,冷凝器作为采暖供热系统的基本加热组件,冷端系统循环冷却水转变为供热系统的热媒介质,在热网系统内实施闭式循环,此举能有效回收并利用汽轮机乏汽凝结过程中释放的汽化潜热资源。若供热系统对供水温度有更高要求,则可通过增设尖峰加热装置实施二级加热过程[14]
张攀等[15]针对我国首台高背压改造空冷机组进行了深入的经济性研究,发现机组供热经济性主要取决于背压和供热参数。戈志华等[16]以某330 MW空冷机组为例,开发了高背压余热梯级供热系统的理论框架,研究发现在回水温度较低且供热面积较大的区域,高背压供热模式更具优势。高佳圣等[17]提出了一种耦合太阳能的高背压供热机组改造方案,研究发现改造后的机组煤耗明显降低,供热能力得到显著提升。栾睎麟等[18]以某2×350 MW供热机组为例,开发了高背压余热供热系统模型,探索了双抽背串联及双抽凝模式下的负荷分配方式,研究发现相比抽凝机组,高背压串联机组的平均发电煤耗减少了92 g/(kW·h)。李健等[19]基于Ebsilon仿真平台,开发了某330 MW高背压供热机组的全工况模型,研究发现采用高背压乏汽余热供热方式可将机组的供热能力提升约80 MW,同时发电煤耗减少约34 g/(kW·h)。
高背压机组直接利用低压缸排汽进行供热,机组热效率大幅提升,供热成本明显低于中低压连通管供热和低压缸零出力供热。由于高背压供热方式需要对低压缸原通流部分进行改造,改造费用远高于中低压连通管供热和低压缸零出力供热;而且,每年需揭缸更换转子2次,维护成本也高于中低压连通管供热和低压缸零出力供热。同时,在运行灵活性方面,高背压运行方式下机组热、电负荷相互制约,机组电力调度和供热调节受到一定的限制。
电压缩式热泵供热系统如图5所示。在电厂内部集成部署电压缩热泵系统进行供热的原理是:利用循环冷却水作为电压缩式热泵蒸发器的低温热源,循环冷却水在热泵内释放热量并降温后,回流至凝汽器,由汽轮机排出的乏汽重新加热,形成一个循环。一次热网回水依次流经电压缩热泵、尖峰加热器实现逐级升温,然后输送至热网系统。这种集中式的热泵配置策略,使汽轮机乏汽余热能够直接并入居民采暖管网,无需额外构建管网设施,从而减少资本投入并缩短建造周期。
一些学者从可实施性、经济性以及节能环保等方面,对通过压缩式热泵提取电厂循环水余热的供热方法进行了论证。孙天宇等[20]、胡思科等[21]、Wu等人[22]针对火电机组耦合电压缩式热泵进行余热回收的供热方案,进行了深入的试验及仿真研究。机组改造后获得了高效的热电解耦能力。
吸收式热泵供热系统如图6所示。集成吸收式热泵系统利用一部分原本用于供热的汽轮机抽汽作为其高温驱动热源,同时将凝汽器出口的循环冷却水作为低温热源加以回收利用[23-25]
在此过程中,一次热网回水依次进入热泵的吸收器与冷凝器组件中,实现梯级加热。通过对吸收式热泵与大型发电机组耦合特性的深入分析发现,受限于吸收式热泵自身固有的物理特性,其热网出水温度通常难以突破90 ℃[26]。因此,为确保热网供水温度能够达到采暖用户需要的120 ℃,仍需额外的汽轮机抽汽对其进一步加热。
为深度提取凝汽余热,提高供热系统供热容量,进一步改善机组效率,众多学者针对吸收式热泵耦合方式、运行策略开展了大量的探索。付林等[27]开发了一种集成大温差吸收式换热机组的热电联产区域供热系统,该系统通过降低热网回水温度,显著提升了热电厂供热能力。Liu等人[28]提出了一种耦合吸收式热泵的燃煤电厂集成系统,冷凝器废热由汽轮机低压抽汽驱动的吸收式热泵回收,与传统燃煤发电厂相比热效率提高了0.85%。许继东等[29]研究了某300 MW空冷机组耦合吸收式热泵后的供热能力、热电解耦能力,与参考抽凝机组相比,发电煤耗减少了22.7 g/(kW·h),供热能力增加了262 MW。
低压缸排汽余热回收技术通过热电解耦、品位提升或直接利用,可显著提高火电机组综合能效。表2从多个维度对中低压连通管供热、低压缸零出力供热、高背压供热、电压缩式热泵供热、吸收式热泵供热等5种供热技术进行了对比分析。5种技术中,中低压连通管供热与低压缸零出力供热侧重热电协同优化,高背压供热以牺牲部分发电量为代价换取供热收益,而热泵技术则通过能量转移实现余热提质。
锅炉排烟余热作为火电机组主要能量损失源,具有显著的热能回收价值。其烟气温度多维持在90~150 ℃的中低温区间,且烟气流量巨大,但受限于烟气中硫氧化物、水蒸气等成分导致的低温腐蚀风险,以及余热品位与工质参数的匹配难题,其高效回收利用面临特殊挑战。当前主流回收技术聚焦于能量梯级利用与系统集成创新,尤以低温省煤器加热凝结水、褐煤干燥提质、入炉冷空气预热、区域供热供冷等4种技术路线应用最为广泛。
在火力发电领域,锅炉尾部烟气系统增设低温省煤器已成为一种普遍且高效的烟气余热回收方法[30]。低温省煤器工作原理类似于传统省煤器,但其水侧运行参数显著低于传统省煤器。该技术通过多样化的利用方式,如加热锅炉一次风和二次风、热网循环水以及凝结水等,有效回收了烟气中的余热资源。其中,加热凝结水是目前应用最为广泛的技术方案。低温省煤器加热凝结水工艺流程如图7所示。利用低温省煤器加热凝结水的具体工艺流程为:将凝结水从管路中特定位置引出,在低温省煤器中吸收排烟余热后再回流至凝结水管路。这一过程不仅提升了凝结水温度,还减少了汽轮机低压加热器的抽汽量,增加了汽轮机的输出功率,有效降低了机组发电煤耗[31]
为了提升低温省煤器的节能收益,众多研究人员针对低温省煤器在火电机组中的集成方式进行了广泛的探索。林万超等[32-33]率先运用等效热降法,全面剖析了回热系统与低温省煤器不同耦合方式的优劣。针对某35万千瓦机组,张润盘等[34]设计了一种从轴封加热器引出部分凝结水至低温省煤器进行加热,再返回6号低压加热器的系统集成方案,将发电煤耗减少了1.4 g/(kW·h)。针对某350 MW机组,董洪涛等[35]研究了该机组实施低温省煤器改造后的性能提升效果发现,改造后氮氧化物排放与发电煤耗均有所降低。关风一等[36]、宋刚[37]提出通过低温省煤器和暖风器并联运行回收烟气余热,显著增加了机组收益。刘炜[38]、蔡泽锋等[39]针对锅炉尾部加装热管式低温省煤器的节能改造方案进行了深入分析,充分降低了锅炉排烟温度及煤耗率。
当前火电机组低温省煤器余热利用研究普遍聚焦回热系统优化与余热梯级利用,研究方法从传统热力学建模向智能算法、多系统联合仿真演进,推动优化维度从单一热效率扩展到经济-环保多目标协同。技术路线分化为2类:1)热力系统深度耦合,通过差异化引流位置实现余热品位匹配;2)烟气余热协同回收,结合暖风器并联减少低温腐蚀。余热利用技术当前挑战集中于动态负荷下系统调控适应性不足以及全生命周期内改造成本与长期收益的平衡优化。
褐煤水分含量高达60%以上,是干燥处理的重点对象。通过有效利用烟气余热对褐煤进行脱水处理,可以大幅度削减其水分含量,进而提升其燃烧后的最终释热量,并显著增加汽轮机的做功能力。据相关数据显示,若300 MW等级的发电机组采用褐煤干燥方案,预计可提升锅炉热效率超过1%。
这一研究领域已经引起了国内外众多学者的浓厚兴趣。Liu等人[40]从热力学视角出发,对烟气余热干燥褐煤的过程进行了全面且深入的分析。为了最大化褐煤干燥效果,Nikolopoulos等人[41]指出必须精准调控烟气温度。Xu等人[42]提出了一种两级预干燥系统,该系统使用抽汽和锅炉排烟作为热源,与仅使用抽汽作为热源的系统相比,机组净效率进一步提高了0.4%。周云龙等[43]针对多种典型煤种开展了褐煤预干燥系统的技术经济性研究,发现机组煤耗率最多可降低7 g/(kW·h),而且煤种水分越高,机组节能效果越显著。
国内某300 MW机组采用水平移动床褐煤干燥技术时,面临烟气低温腐蚀与干燥煤自燃问题。通过增设烟气旁路调温系统并采用氟塑料换热器,有效缓解了冷凝腐蚀;同时优化储仓通风设计,引入氮气惰化系统及在线水分监测,将褐煤最终水分稳定在18%~20%,避免了自燃风险。改造后,锅炉热效率提升1.2%,年节约标煤1.8万吨,投资回收期低于3年。在褐煤干燥技术的实际应用中,需重点关注以下要点:1)严格控制褐煤最终水分,过低易引发自燃,过高则削弱燃烧效益;2)针对褐煤黏结特性,需在干燥设备中配置机械刮板或气流扰动装置以防堵塞。
前置式空气预热器预热入炉冷空气工艺流程如图8所示。在主空气预热器前端耦合前置空气预热器,可有效回收锅炉排烟余热用来预热进入主空气预热器的外界低温空气。这一设计的核心理念在于通过增加换热级数,扩大预热空气的换热表面积,强化烟气与空气的热交换过程,提高进入炉膛空气的温度,减少锅炉冷源损失,促使更多高品位蒸汽在汽轮机内膨胀做功,进而提升了机组的整体热效率。
前置式空气预热器已成功运用于我国电站锅炉余热利用领域,如锦州发电厂[44]、辽宁发电厂[45]等,实现了炉膛稳定燃烧与机组效率提升。顾伟[46]提出了一种集成前置式空气预热器与低温省煤器的开式烟气余热回收系统。研究发现,机组改造后的供电煤耗降低了2.15 g/(kW·h)。德国某712 MW机组在脱硫塔入口处耦合了前置式空气预热器,用于预热进入空气预热器的冷空气[47]。此外,德国尼德豪森电厂的锅炉亦采用了类似的前置式空气预热器设计,通过利用低温烟气预热锅炉一、二次风,将机组煤耗减少了7 g/(kW·h)[48]。这显示了前置式空气预热器在提升能源利用效率方面的潜力,也为火电机组的能效优化提供了宝贵经验。
国内外学者针对回收烟气余热用于集中供冷与供热这一领域开展了较多的研究。Hebenstreit等人[49]提出一种耦合压缩式热泵的供热系统,通过利用锅炉烟气余热,可为用户提供生活热水,机组运营成本相比传统机组下降了2%~13%。为了增加区域供热系统的供热能力,Sun等人[50]、陈鸥等[51]提出通过吸收式热泵回收烟气余热。邢晋等[52]针对2×660 MW超超临界燃煤机组,提出了耦合烟气余热装置的集中供热系统,设计供热工况下的发电煤耗可减少9.3 g/(kW·h)。王海超等[53]提出了一种集成吸收式热泵和接触式换热器的烟气余热回收集中供热系统,当锅炉排烟温度从50 ℃减小至20 ℃时,机组余热回收能力增加80%。
锅炉排烟余热回收利用技术的对比见表3。在锅炉排烟余热回收技术中,低温省煤器加热凝结水、褐煤干燥、预热入炉冷空气以及供热与供冷4种技术各具特色,其应用价值与场景存在显著差异。低温省煤器技术通过加热凝结水直接提升热力循环效率,尤其适用于热电联产系统,可在不增加额外能耗的前提下降低排烟温度至酸露点附近,节能效果显著但受水质与腐蚀风险制约。
褐煤干燥技术针对高水分褐煤的燃烧特性,利用烟气余热降低燃料含水率,提升锅炉燃烧效率与机组出力,经济效益突出但需配套干燥设备与防爆措施,地域适用性较强。预热入炉冷空气技术通过加热燃烧空气降低排烟热损失,具有系统简单、改造灵活的优势,但受环境温度波动影响较大,余热回收效率相对有限。供热与供冷技术则通过梯级利用余热实现能源多元化输出,既可为建筑供暖,也可驱动吸收式制冷机组供冷,综合能效比高且环境效益显著,但依赖热网或冷站基础设施,系统集成复杂度较高。
锅炉连排与定排余热兼具高能质与回收复杂性:连排污水温度通常为140~180 ℃,流量稳定但含盐量高;定排污水温度可达150~300 ℃,具有间歇性大流量排放特征。二者均蕴含大量显热与潜热,但受限于腐蚀性离子导致的设备结垢风险、热源波动性以及能质匹配难题,高效回收需针对性设计。当前主流的锅炉连排与定排余热回收技术主要包括集成换热器预热工质、热泵实现能量品位提升、闪蒸扩容及直接回用供热制冷4类。
随着我国火力发电技术的不断进步,火电机组正向更高参数与更大容量的方向迈进,锅炉连续排污废水量显著增加,且其焓值不断提升,余热回收潜力愈发显著。当前,锅炉连续排污余热回收方法主要包括3类。
第1类技术是集成换热器系统[54-55]。此类技术通过过滤净化连排废水后,将其引入混合式或板式换热器,直接预热锅炉给水或软化水。关键技术包括多级换热器串联设计提升余热回收效率、在线水质监测与自动排污系统减少结垢风险,以及软化水箱与冷凝水箱的协同配置实现工质与余热同步回收。其核心优势在于系统简单可靠,适用于中低温余热场景。
第2类技术是采用能量转换设备。该技术通过吸收式制冷/热泵机组或相变储能装置,将连排废水余热转化为冷能[56]、热能或储存能量[57]。主要过程为废水驱动制冷机组供冷后,余热进一步用于生活供热,或通过高密度相变材料实现热能跨时空转移。关键技术涵盖热源温度与制冷机组性能匹配优化、相变材料循环稳定性强化,以及多能联供系统的动态调控策略。
第3类技术是直接回收利用技术[58-59]。此类技术将连排废水余热直接用于区域供暖或热网补水,包括废水经耐腐蚀换热器提取热量后排放,或通过多级闪蒸与净化工艺转化为合格补水。选择合适类型的换热器可减少高盐腐蚀、优化闪蒸压力并提升蒸汽产量,保障热网设计供热稳定。
在锅炉定排余热回收方面,陈海平等[60]定量分析了不同排污方式对锅炉热经济性的影响。徐世明等[61]建立了锅炉排污回收系统的数学模型,大幅降低了机组的发电煤耗率。张强等[62]提出采用低温凝结水回收利用定排乏汽余热,每年可节约费用44万元。
上述回收锅炉连排及定排余热多种技术中,集成换热器与闪蒸扩容凭借高回收率在中高温段余热转化占据优势,而热泵与直接回用技术则主要用于低温余热转化。当前技术的制约因素集中于防腐材料成本及间歇排放的热源波动调控。
火电机组余热回收技术作为提高能源利用效率和减少碳排放的重要手段,近年来取得了显著进展。从工艺路径来看,锅炉排烟余热利用技术、低压缸排汽余热利用技术以及锅炉定排和连排余热利用技术均展现广阔的应用前景,而且,不同技术的耦合应用为进一步提升余热利用率提供了新思路。在实际工程中,余热回收的应用效果不仅依赖于技术路线的选择,还受限于热源特性、经济性分析及区域政策支持等多重因素。因此,如何优化技术组合,平衡投资成本与回收效益,以及在不同区域推广适配的余热回收方案,是未来研究与工程实践的重点。此外,结合大数据、人工智能等新兴技术对余热资源进行实时监控与动态优化,也将成为推动火电机组余热回收技术发展的重要方向。总体而言,火电机组余热回收技术的发展具有重要的能源和环境意义,其未来研究需进一步聚焦于提升效率、降低成本以及实现规模化应用,从而为构建绿色、低碳的能源体系提供有力支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3802402)
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(ZC-24-TZK53)
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2025年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501052
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
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National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3802402)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3802402)
Science and Technology Projects of Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd.(ZC-24-TZK53)
西安热工研究院有限公司科技项目(ZC-24-TZK53)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能聊城热电有限公司,山东 聊城 252000
    3.华能山东发电有限公司,山东 济南 250014

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杨庆川(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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