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Thermal power units, as a cornerstone of conventional electricity generation, release considerable quantities of waste heat during their operation. If not effectively harnessed, this waste heat will result in substantial energy inefficiency and exacerbate environmental challenges. Consequently, the efficient recovery and utilization of waste heat from thermal power units represents a pivotal strategy for optimizing energy use and mitigating carbon emissions. The energy-saving and carbon-reduction potential of various cycle components in thermal power units should be thoroughly explored. Conducting parameter matching to enable the efficient and comprehensive utilization of waste heat at different grades in thermal power units holds significant importance for achieving deep energy conservation and emission reductions in China’s thermal power industry. A comprehensive examination of waste heat recovery in thermal power units is provided. It begins by identifying the primary sources and distinctive characteristics of waste heat. Subsequently, it delves into specific recovery methodologies and their technical principles, encompassing low-pressure turbine exhaust heat utilization, flue gas heat recovery, boiler blowdown and continuous blowdown heat recovery. For each method, the system configuration, current deployment status, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits are analyzed in detail. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are critically evaluated. Finally, the future prospects and developmental trajectories of waste heat recovery technologies in the thermal power sector are thoroughly explored and anticipated.
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火电机组作为传统电力供应的主要来源,在发电过程中会产生大量废热,这些热量如果得不到有效利用,不仅造成能源浪费,还会增加环境负担。如何高效回收并利用火电机组的余热,成为提升能源利用率和降低碳排放的关键问题。深入挖掘火电机组各循环组件的节能降碳潜力,基于参数匹配开展火电机组不同品位余热的高效综合利用,对我国火电行业深度节能减排具有重大意义。首先,介绍了火电机组余热的主要来源与特点;其次,分别阐述了低压缸排汽余热、锅炉排烟余热、锅炉定排和连排余热等多种余热的利用方法及其具体工艺原理,并对不同余热利用方法的系统构型、应用现状、经济效益以及环境效益进行了探讨,总结了各种余热利用方法的优势与不足;最后,对火电机组余热利用技术未来的应用前景及发展趋势进行了展望。
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刘伟奇(1995),男,博士,主要研究方向为热力系统节能及运行优化,598667839@qq.com。
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Proportions of various heat losses in a 300 MW thermal power unit, figureFileSmall=OUOstXkKPToKIbA4Ba/BBQ==, figureFileBig=C8hEKOscDjP3WB1CnOLxrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321550853534510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
某300 MW火电机组的各项热损失占比, figureFileSmall=OUOstXkKPToKIbA4Ba/BBQ==, figureFileBig=C8hEKOscDjP3WB1CnOLxrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551088415553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Medium and low pressure interconnection pipe heating system, figureFileSmall=kFG0ig54PHG0T7bb3yCjng==, figureFileBig=eaWBCvI996zH4EUgVxbPyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551163913033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
中低压连通管供热系统, figureFileSmall=kFG0ig54PHG0T7bb3yCjng==, figureFileBig=eaWBCvI996zH4EUgVxbPyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551306519377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Low pressure cylinder zero output heating system, figureFileSmall=3Bq6phWhZNInAtk0SdVQyw==, figureFileBig=JOrVbi94YyUDANSBzXTylg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551449125721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
低压缸零出力供热系统, figureFileSmall=3Bq6phWhZNInAtk0SdVQyw==, figureFileBig=JOrVbi94YyUDANSBzXTylg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551570760545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
High back-pressure heating system, figureFileSmall=gi1uEyNPtQ/P2q9+1WuTtQ==, figureFileBig=VVKdeN0KqK0tDTsRZ9HGXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551663035240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
高背压供热系统, figureFileSmall=gi1uEyNPtQ/P2q9+1WuTtQ==, figureFileBig=VVKdeN0KqK0tDTsRZ9HGXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551751115632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Electric compression heat pump heating system, figureFileSmall=NZXFaQAUmjJ31BANhtnewg==, figureFileBig=ozUU1JQCTqgKaSmEauc/HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551843390328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
电压缩式热泵供热系统, figureFileSmall=NZXFaQAUmjJ31BANhtnewg==, figureFileBig=ozUU1JQCTqgKaSmEauc/HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321551939859324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Absorption heat pump heating system, figureFileSmall=BBSqd9yWYLJku42PKIdQwQ==, figureFileBig=DrwWpo8EF6Ksx6YHrUOX6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552095048580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
吸收式热泵供热系统, figureFileSmall=BBSqd9yWYLJku42PKIdQwQ==, figureFileBig=DrwWpo8EF6Ksx6YHrUOX6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552208294795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Process flow diagram of low-temperature economizer heating condensate water, figureFileSmall=5xA5QsNkvhDQEuFK4qMxbA==, figureFileBig=AyB5LznugiBS+oUBGLwbWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552329929617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
低温省煤器加热凝结水工艺流程, figureFileSmall=5xA5QsNkvhDQEuFK4qMxbA==, figureFileBig=AyB5LznugiBS+oUBGLwbWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552501896090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Process flow diagram of preheating cold inlet air via a front-mounted air preheater, figureFileSmall=6T2VZuCfszja2H56oWAq9g==, figureFileBig=AY/0bMeIIkY9mVF0+iGRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552619336609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
前置式空气预热器预热入炉冷空气工艺流程, figureFileSmall=6T2VZuCfszja2H56oWAq9g==, figureFileBig=AY/0bMeIIkY9mVF0+iGRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321552724194217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of low-pressure cylinder exhaust waste heat in typical capacity units
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 机组类型 | 容量等级/MW | 额定余热排放功率/MW | 额定循环冷却水流量/(m3·s–1) | 每年排放余热的等效标煤量/万吨 |
|---|
| 湿冷机组 | 1 000 | 1 500 | 40 | 82 |
| 湿冷机组 | 600 | 1 030 | 27 | 55 |
| 湿冷机组 | 300 | 580 | 15 | 31 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236321552833246125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
典型容量机组的低压缸排汽余热对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 机组类型 | 容量等级/MW | 额定余热排放功率/MW | 额定循环冷却水流量/(m3·s–1) | 每年排放余热的等效标煤量/万吨 |
|---|
| 湿冷机组 | 1 000 | 1 500 | 40 | 82 |
| 湿冷机组 | 600 | 1 030 | 27 | 55 |
| 湿冷机组 | 300 | 580 | 15 | 31 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236321552942298037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of recycling technologies for low-pressure cylinder exhaust waste heat
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术类型 | 核心原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 | 投资成本 |
|---|
| 中低压连通管供热 | 通过改造中低压缸连通管,将部分中压缸排汽直接引出用于供热 | 系统简单,改造难度低,对机组负荷影响小 | 仅回收部分抽汽热量,余热利用率有限,供热能力受抽汽量限制 | 需要灵活调节供热量且兼顾发电负荷的场景 | 低 |
| 低压缸零出力供热 | 将原低压缸做功的大部分蒸汽用于供热,仅通过旁路管道向低压缸通入少量冷却蒸汽 | 供热能力大幅提升,冷源损失显著降低 | 机组发电能力下降,增加低压缸转子振动风险 | 冬季供暖需求大、电负荷低的场景 | 低 |
| 高背压供热 | 提高凝汽器背压,提升排汽温度,利用排汽加热热网水直接供热 | 排汽热量全部回收,机组热效率高 | 无法参与调峰 | 回水温度较低、供热面积较大的基础负荷供热场景 | 中 |
| 电压缩式热泵供热 | 利用电能驱动压缩机,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热 | 能效比高,适应宽负荷用户需求,独立于机组运行 | 耗电量大,运行成本高,经济性受电价影响显著 | 电力资源丰富、电价低廉、余热温度低但需高品位供热的场景 | 高 |
| 吸收式热泵供热 | 以蒸汽为驱动热源,通过吸收式循环,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热 | 不消耗高品质电能、无运动部件、维护成本低 | 热源温度要求高,设备体积大,系统维护复杂 | 蒸汽资源丰富、需大规模余热回收的场景 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553034572730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
低压缸排汽余热回收利用技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术类型 | 核心原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 | 投资成本 |
|---|
| 中低压连通管供热 | 通过改造中低压缸连通管,将部分中压缸排汽直接引出用于供热 | 系统简单,改造难度低,对机组负荷影响小 | 仅回收部分抽汽热量,余热利用率有限,供热能力受抽汽量限制 | 需要灵活调节供热量且兼顾发电负荷的场景 | 低 |
| 低压缸零出力供热 | 将原低压缸做功的大部分蒸汽用于供热,仅通过旁路管道向低压缸通入少量冷却蒸汽 | 供热能力大幅提升,冷源损失显著降低 | 机组发电能力下降,增加低压缸转子振动风险 | 冬季供暖需求大、电负荷低的场景 | 低 |
| 高背压供热 | 提高凝汽器背压,提升排汽温度,利用排汽加热热网水直接供热 | 排汽热量全部回收,机组热效率高 | 无法参与调峰 | 回水温度较低、供热面积较大的基础负荷供热场景 | 中 |
| 电压缩式热泵供热 | 利用电能驱动压缩机,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热 | 能效比高,适应宽负荷用户需求,独立于机组运行 | 耗电量大,运行成本高,经济性受电价影响显著 | 电力资源丰富、电价低廉、余热温度低但需高品位供热的场景 | 高 |
| 吸收式热泵供热 | 以蒸汽为驱动热源,通过吸收式循环,将低品位余热提升至高品位供热 | 不消耗高品质电能、无运动部件、维护成本低 | 热源温度要求高,设备体积大,系统维护复杂 | 蒸汽资源丰富、需大规模余热回收的场景 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553126847427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Comparison of recycling technologies for boiler flue gas waste heat
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术 | 核心原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 | 投资成本 |
|---|
低温省煤 器加热凝 结水 | 利用锅炉尾部低温烟气 余热加热汽轮机凝结水, 提升回热系统效率 | 提高机组循环效率;降低 煤耗;减少排烟热损失 | 需控制烟气酸露点腐蚀风 险;系统复杂,需协调凝 结水流量与温度 | 适用于中大型燃煤电厂, 尤其是凝结水温度较低 的机组 | 中等偏低 |
| 褐煤干燥 | 通过烟气余热干燥高水分 褐煤,降低煤中水分,提升 燃烧效率 | 提高锅炉燃烧效率;减少 烟气体积,降低风机能耗; 减少NOx生成 | 干燥设备体积大,需防爆 设计;仅适用于褐煤等高 水分燃料 | 适用于褐煤资源丰富地 区的电厂 | 较高 |
预热入炉 冷空气 | 利用烟气余热加热入炉 冷空气,降低排烟温度, 减少燃料消耗 | 改造难度低;降低排烟温度 效果显著;提升锅炉效率 | 空气预热温度受限于烟气 温度;可能加剧低温腐蚀 | 适用于各类燃煤锅炉, 尤其是排烟温度较高 的老旧机组 | 中等 |
供热与 供冷 | 通过余热锅炉或吸收式热 泵回收烟气余热,用于区 域供热或吸收式制冷 | 余热综合利用,能源效率高; 减少冷/热源生产成本 | 需配套供热/供冷管网;季 节性需求波动影响系统利 用率 | 周边有工业用热、城市 集中供热或大型制冷需 求的电站 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236321553240093642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321539298226539, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
锅炉排烟余热回收利用技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术 | 核心原理 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 | 投资成本 |
|---|
低温省煤 器加热凝 结水 | 利用锅炉尾部低温烟气 余热加热汽轮机凝结水, 提升回热系统效率 | 提高机组循环效率;降低 煤耗;减少排烟热损失 | 需控制烟气酸露点腐蚀风 险;系统复杂,需协调凝 结水流量与温度 | 适用于中大型燃煤电厂, 尤其是凝结水温度较低 的机组 | 中等偏低 |
| 褐煤干燥 | 通过烟气余热干燥高水分 褐煤,降低煤中水分,提升 燃烧效率 | 提高锅炉燃烧效率;减少 烟气体积,降低风机能耗; 减少NOx生成 | 干燥设备体积大,需防爆 设计;仅适用于褐煤等高 水分燃料 | 适用于褐煤资源丰富地 区的电厂 | 较高 |
预热入炉 冷空气 | 利用烟气余热加热入炉 冷空气,降低排烟温度, 减少燃料消耗 | 改造难度低;降低排烟温度 效果显著;提升锅炉效率 | 空气预热温度受限于烟气 温度;可能加剧低温腐蚀 | 适用于各类燃煤锅炉, 尤其是排烟温度较高 的老旧机组 | 中等 |
供热与 供冷 | 通过余热锅炉或吸收式热 泵回收烟气余热,用于区 域供热或吸收式制冷 | 余热综合利用,能源效率高; 减少冷/热源生产成本 | 需配套供热/供冷管网;季 节性需求波动影响系统利 用率 | 周边有工业用热、城市 集中供热或大型制冷需 求的电站 | 高 |
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