Article(id=1236321538740376489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691624579, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691624579, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691624579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691624579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321539025589168, articleId=1236321538740376489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Review of fault monitoring and diagnosis for induced draft fans in power stations, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Induced draft fans in power plants run under complex and harsh conditions, where various faults often occur. These faults not only affect the fans’ safety and stability but also pose an indirect threat to normal operation of the boiler system. Thus, early fault monitoring and prompt, accurate diagnosis are essential to ensure the power plants’ operation efficiency and safety. Common fault types of forced draft fans and their potential effects are analyzed and summarized. Three typical fault types and their causes are explained in detail. Fault monitoring and diagnosis methods are elaborated from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, including measurement point installation and data processing techniques. Each method’s advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and suitable applications for different fault types are discussed, along with proposed targeted improvement measures. Finally, key challenges of fault diagnosis are identified, and future development directions for forced draft fans’ fault monitoring and diagnosis are outlined.

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电站引风机的工作环境复杂且恶劣,在运行过程中常常会出现各种故障,这些故障不仅对引风机的安全和稳定性产生影响,还间接威胁锅炉系统的正常运行。为确保电站的运行效率和安全,引风机故障的早期监测及故障后快速准确诊断至关重要。首先,分析总结了引风机常见故障类型及其可能对引风机造成的影响,并对常用的3类引风机常见故障及其成因进行了详细阐述;随后,从定量与定性2个角度系统阐述了引风机故障监测与诊断方法,总结了引风机测点安装情况与数据处理方法,在此基础上分析了各方法的优缺点以及适用于何种故障,并提出了针对性改进措施;最后,根据实际引风机故障诊断的重点、难点,展望了引风机故障监测与诊断领域的未来发展方向。

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赵恒鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电厂设备故障诊断,

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赵恒鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电厂设备故障诊断,

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赵恒鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电厂设备故障诊断,

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Modern Electronics Technique, 2008(23): 174-176., articleTitle=Fault Diagnosis expert system based on neural network for thermal power plant, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236321548374692034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, awardId=HNKJ24-H28, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ24-H28), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236321548500521165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, awardId=HNKJ24-H28, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ24-H28), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236321541890298848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236321541911270370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, companyId=1236321541890298848, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236321541928047587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, companyId=1236321541890298848, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236321546160099416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure of axial flow induced draft fan, figureFileSmall=N8H6j+kLS1i8ON34WIerKA==, figureFileBig=fGQtwiaRGMnt0/AHInGMug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321546273345629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=图1, caption=轴流式引风机结构, figureFileSmall=N8H6j+kLS1i8ON34WIerKA==, figureFileBig=fGQtwiaRGMnt0/AHInGMug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321546701164653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Structure of centrifugal induced draft fan, figureFileSmall=b+ih5bSEPiR6knrd83p2Ow==, figureFileBig=4i3vQXFH+jguttbMo9ef0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321546810216561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=图2, caption=离心式引风机结构, figureFileSmall=b+ih5bSEPiR6knrd83p2Ow==, figureFileBig=4i3vQXFH+jguttbMo9ef0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321546885714036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Classification of fault diagnosis methods, figureFileSmall=FRFVSQhbXkpxCBRKiR97Ew==, figureFileBig=/2JsmI3SP9jJooPAvfMsxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321546990571640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=图3, caption=故障诊断方法的分类, figureFileSmall=FRFVSQhbXkpxCBRKiR97Ew==, figureFileBig=/2JsmI3SP9jJooPAvfMsxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547099623549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Installation positions of test points of induced draft fans, figureFileSmall=9Bji03poFeM3gJqtNEVxTg==, figureFileBig=8e+fIPzZzMTF7ETt0t2V4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547183509634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=图4, caption=引风机测点安装位置, figureFileSmall=9Bji03poFeM3gJqtNEVxTg==, figureFileBig=8e+fIPzZzMTF7ETt0t2V4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547321921671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Topology diagram of neural network, figureFileSmall=7athbL5cZ4KonA3nVWWZzg==, figureFileBig=zQjxQJULSWnH/V6uEUq4qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547418390672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=图5, caption=神经网络拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=7athbL5cZ4KonA3nVWWZzg==, figureFileBig=zQjxQJULSWnH/V6uEUq4qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547489693844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Common faults of induced draft fans

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常见故障类型描述故障常见原因故障可能造成的影响
风机失速风机无法维持正常的气流输出,
入口静压升高,引发异常振动,
发出更大的噪声,可能会出现
啸叫声
烟道阻塞,叶片排放阻力增大风量不足,风压不稳
高负荷运行下,引风机负担较大设备损坏或缩短使用寿命
锅炉系统升级改造后引风机没有进行相应调整引发设备损坏或安全隐患
喘振风机中的气流发生周期性振荡,
并伴随喘息噪声甚至出现爆音,
电流减小且频繁摆动,出口风
压下降
2台引风机并列运行因导叶开度不同产生较大偏差系统稳定性受损,导致锅炉负荷不稳定
烟道积灰严重或烟道挡板开度不足时导致烟道阻力过大风量不足,风压不稳
风机长期低出力运行引风机能效降低
叶片磨损叶片外观存在磨损,甚至存在
裂纹
引风机叶片存在焊接缺陷轴承振动超标
叶片材料硬度不足风量不足,风压不稳
粉尘颗粒腐蚀严重会引起叶片断裂
振动异常引风机振动超出正常水平,并
伴随巨大噪声
轴承损坏造成振动值偏大异常振动可能引发设备故障,导致安全事故
叶轮或叶轮叶片由于非均匀性腐蚀造成平衡不良风机及其配件的磨损加速
叶轮由于磨损或平衡配重块脱落产生了不平衡分量风量不足,风压不稳
轴承温度异常引风机运行过程中轴承温度
过高
轴承旋转过程中受力不均匀轴承磨损加剧
风机冷却系统故障或冷却效率下降轴承过热,影响风机正常运行
轴承脱皮轴承过热,影响风机正常运行
润滑油不足或润滑油中混入水分润滑油失效,内部磨损加剧
轴承断裂轴承的滚动体、保持架或内
外圈等部件在运行过程中物
理破裂
轴承长期超负荷运行引风机必须立即停机进行维修
轴承安装时未对中正确对中对转子、叶片、轴等其他关键部件造成二次损伤
轴承腐蚀导致轴承断裂可能引发风机失控,危及现场人员的安全
), ArticleFig(id=1236321547586162841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引风机常见故障

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常见故障类型描述故障常见原因故障可能造成的影响
风机失速风机无法维持正常的气流输出,
入口静压升高,引发异常振动,
发出更大的噪声,可能会出现
啸叫声
烟道阻塞,叶片排放阻力增大风量不足,风压不稳
高负荷运行下,引风机负担较大设备损坏或缩短使用寿命
锅炉系统升级改造后引风机没有进行相应调整引发设备损坏或安全隐患
喘振风机中的气流发生周期性振荡,
并伴随喘息噪声甚至出现爆音,
电流减小且频繁摆动,出口风
压下降
2台引风机并列运行因导叶开度不同产生较大偏差系统稳定性受损,导致锅炉负荷不稳定
烟道积灰严重或烟道挡板开度不足时导致烟道阻力过大风量不足,风压不稳
风机长期低出力运行引风机能效降低
叶片磨损叶片外观存在磨损,甚至存在
裂纹
引风机叶片存在焊接缺陷轴承振动超标
叶片材料硬度不足风量不足,风压不稳
粉尘颗粒腐蚀严重会引起叶片断裂
振动异常引风机振动超出正常水平,并
伴随巨大噪声
轴承损坏造成振动值偏大异常振动可能引发设备故障,导致安全事故
叶轮或叶轮叶片由于非均匀性腐蚀造成平衡不良风机及其配件的磨损加速
叶轮由于磨损或平衡配重块脱落产生了不平衡分量风量不足,风压不稳
轴承温度异常引风机运行过程中轴承温度
过高
轴承旋转过程中受力不均匀轴承磨损加剧
风机冷却系统故障或冷却效率下降轴承过热,影响风机正常运行
轴承脱皮轴承过热,影响风机正常运行
润滑油不足或润滑油中混入水分润滑油失效,内部磨损加剧
轴承断裂轴承的滚动体、保持架或内
外圈等部件在运行过程中物
理破裂
轴承长期超负荷运行引风机必须立即停机进行维修
轴承安装时未对中正确对中对转子、叶片、轴等其他关键部件造成二次损伤
轴承腐蚀导致轴承断裂可能引发风机失控,危及现场人员的安全
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Parameters of measurement points for induced draft fans

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参数名称参数符号/单位
入口风压p1/Pa
电机电流I/A
电机功率P/kW
电机后轴承温度t1/℃
电机定子绕组温度(6个)t2/℃
电机前轴承温度t3/℃
腰侧轴承温度(3个)t4/℃
端侧轴承温度(3个)t5/℃
腰侧轴承垂直振动幅度l1/mm
腰侧轴承水平振动幅度l2/mm
端侧轴承垂直振动幅度l3/mm
端侧轴承水平振动幅度l4/mm
出口风压p2/Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1236321547787489443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

引风机测点参数

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参数名称参数符号/单位
入口风压p1/Pa
电机电流I/A
电机功率P/kW
电机后轴承温度t1/℃
电机定子绕组温度(6个)t2/℃
电机前轴承温度t3/℃
腰侧轴承温度(3个)t4/℃
端侧轴承温度(3个)t5/℃
腰侧轴承垂直振动幅度l1/mm
腰侧轴承水平振动幅度l2/mm
端侧轴承垂直振动幅度l3/mm
端侧轴承水平振动幅度l4/mm
出口风压p2/Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1236321547862986919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Recommendations for improvement based on signal processing methods

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方法名称优点缺点改善建议
频谱分析法操作简便,抗噪性强无需中断系统对非平稳信号诊断效果较差与小波分析法结合,进行时频联合分析
小波变换法适合非平稳信号的诊断依赖小波基的选择对不同类型信号选取不同小波基
适用于多种信号类型难以直接诊断故障可结合机器学习等其他故障诊断方法
经验模态分解适用于非线性和非平稳信号模态混叠使用改进的经验模态分解法
能够多尺度提取特征对噪声敏感结合小波变换法去噪
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548026564778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于信号处理方法的改善建议

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称优点缺点改善建议
频谱分析法操作简便,抗噪性强无需中断系统对非平稳信号诊断效果较差与小波分析法结合,进行时频联合分析
小波变换法适合非平稳信号的诊断依赖小波基的选择对不同类型信号选取不同小波基
适用于多种信号类型难以直接诊断故障可结合机器学习等其他故障诊断方法
经验模态分解适用于非线性和非平稳信号模态混叠使用改进的经验模态分解法
能够多尺度提取特征对噪声敏感结合小波变换法去噪
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548131422386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Recommendations for improvement based on machine learning methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称优点缺点改善建议
神经网络能够处理复杂的非线性关系和模式识别问题对数据质量要求高结合信号处理的方法进行特征提取
利用生成对抗网络模拟数据
具有不可解释性结合可解释AI技术
梯度提升树高预测精度、灵活性与可扩展性面对大量数据易发生过拟合结合特征筛选方法提升模型泛化能力
依赖超参数的设置结合贝叶斯优化、网格优化等算法进行寻参
D-S证据理论能有效处理模糊性和不确定信息信任函数分配有较高主观性优化可信度分配
多信源之间存在冲突针对不同业务场景使用不同的评估规则
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548240474299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538740376489, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于机器学习方法的改善建议

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称优点缺点改善建议
神经网络能够处理复杂的非线性关系和模式识别问题对数据质量要求高结合信号处理的方法进行特征提取
利用生成对抗网络模拟数据
具有不可解释性结合可解释AI技术
梯度提升树高预测精度、灵活性与可扩展性面对大量数据易发生过拟合结合特征筛选方法提升模型泛化能力
依赖超参数的设置结合贝叶斯优化、网格优化等算法进行寻参
D-S证据理论能有效处理模糊性和不确定信息信任函数分配有较高主观性优化可信度分配
多信源之间存在冲突针对不同业务场景使用不同的评估规则
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电站引风机故障监测与诊断综述
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赵恒鑫 , 王毅 , 何新 , 李明昊 , 邓楷文
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(10): 63-72
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(10): 63-72
电站引风机故障监测与诊断综述
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赵恒鑫 , 王毅, 何新, 李明昊, 邓楷文
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 赵恒鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电厂设备故障诊断,

Review of fault monitoring and diagnosis for induced draft fans in power stations
Hengxin ZHAO , Yi WANG, Xin HE, Minghao LI, Kaiwen DENG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412247
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电站引风机的工作环境复杂且恶劣,在运行过程中常常会出现各种故障,这些故障不仅对引风机的安全和稳定性产生影响,还间接威胁锅炉系统的正常运行。为确保电站的运行效率和安全,引风机故障的早期监测及故障后快速准确诊断至关重要。首先,分析总结了引风机常见故障类型及其可能对引风机造成的影响,并对常用的3类引风机常见故障及其成因进行了详细阐述;随后,从定量与定性2个角度系统阐述了引风机故障监测与诊断方法,总结了引风机测点安装情况与数据处理方法,在此基础上分析了各方法的优缺点以及适用于何种故障,并提出了针对性改进措施;最后,根据实际引风机故障诊断的重点、难点,展望了引风机故障监测与诊断领域的未来发展方向。

引风机  /  故障监测  /  故障诊断

Induced draft fans in power plants run under complex and harsh conditions, where various faults often occur. These faults not only affect the fans’ safety and stability but also pose an indirect threat to normal operation of the boiler system. Thus, early fault monitoring and prompt, accurate diagnosis are essential to ensure the power plants’ operation efficiency and safety. Common fault types of forced draft fans and their potential effects are analyzed and summarized. Three typical fault types and their causes are explained in detail. Fault monitoring and diagnosis methods are elaborated from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, including measurement point installation and data processing techniques. Each method’s advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and suitable applications for different fault types are discussed, along with proposed targeted improvement measures. Finally, key challenges of fault diagnosis are identified, and future development directions for forced draft fans’ fault monitoring and diagnosis are outlined.

induced draft fan  /  fault monitoring  /  fault diagnosis
赵恒鑫, 王毅, 何新, 李明昊, 邓楷文. 电站引风机故障监测与诊断综述. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412247
Hengxin ZHAO, Yi WANG, Xin HE, Minghao LI, Kaiwen DENG. Review of fault monitoring and diagnosis for induced draft fans in power stations[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 63 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412247
为实现“双碳”目标,我国发电结构近年来正经历深刻变革。一方面,风电与光伏等可再生能源的装机容量显著提升;另一方面,火电机组正加速向深度调峰与灵活性运行转型,以适应新型电力系统的要求[1]。伴随高参数、大容量火电机组比例的持续增加,其辅机设备日益复杂,如何保障火电机组的安全稳定运行已成为当前研究的热点问题。作为火电机组关键辅机设备之一,引风机主要负责排放锅炉燃烧生成的高温烟气,工作环境恶劣,运行能耗较高,且易发生故障[2]
对此,本文系统梳理了电站引风机的主要故障类型,分析了当前引风机故障诊断技术的发展现状,并在此基础上展望了引风机故障诊断技术的未来研究方向。
轴流式引风机与离心式引风机是电厂中应用最为广泛的2种引风机,其中轴流式引风机根据叶片调节方式的不同,又分为静叶可调式和动叶可调式2种类型。本文基于前人对引风机故障的研究成果进行总结与分析[3-13],对常见故障进行了分类,并对每类引风机常见故障进行了详细说明。相关故障分类及其影响因素详见表1
动叶可调式轴流风机通过调节叶片角度实现风量调节,其故障主要集中于传动系统和叶片部件。其中,液压系统漏油是常见故障之一,通常包括轴承箱油封漏油和液压缸漏油2类。轴承箱最容易出现漏油的部位是叶轮侧及对轮侧端头的O型圈和骨架油封,而造成O型圈和骨架油封漏油原因大致为长期磨损、老化及检修时装配工艺不当;液压缸漏油则可能因其内部密封件(如活塞密封和杆密封)失效引起[7]。泄漏的润滑油可能侵入风机关键部件,例如电机和电气连接器,从而导致设备故障。此外,润滑不足会显著增加风机内部元件的摩擦,造成轴承温度异常升高[6]。叶柄轴承等部位的润滑油泄漏可能导致叶片运动受阻,进而引发风机失速,甚至导致叶片断裂等严重后果[7]。叶片的常见故障类型为叶片磨损。高温烟气的长期冲刷会加剧叶片表面的腐蚀与积灰板结,从而引发叶片卡滞[6]。这种情况不仅会限制风机的出力,还可能引发轴承振动异常等问题。此外,在多台风机并列运行的情况下,需要采用科学合理的导叶开度调节与风机排列方式,以确保各风机负荷的同步性,避免风机发生喘振等运行故障[8]。轴流式引风机典型结构如图1所示。
静叶可调式轴流风机常见故障类型为叶片磨损、风机失速、振动异常等,其通常采用单叶轮结构,并在叶轮前后分别设置导叶。在风机运行过程中,前导叶在调节开度时,由于运行中的振动与力的不平衡发生晃动,长期运行下会引发连接部件疲劳损坏,最终可能导致前导叶脱落。后导叶对气流起导向作用,作为固定结构其磨损也最严重,当后导叶变薄甚至断裂,会引起风机振动超标,风机出力不足[9]。风机叶轮与调频环焊缝处存在疲劳也是经常导致叶片磨损的原因,为解决叶轮与调频环处焊缝开裂问题,可对叶轮进气侧调频环位置及结构进行优化改进[3]。风机失速可能是由空气预热器堵塞所致,另一原因则是生产厂家对各叶片加工时存在误差,叶片的安装角度不一致,导致气流的流向不均匀[9]
离心式引风机作为典型的旋转机械,其振动特性是运行状态的重要表征,振动异常则是最为常见的故障类型。发生这类故障的原因通常与风机的长期运行工况或安装缺陷密切相关。常见的安装缺陷包括风机转子配合间隙不当、轴承箱底部螺栓松动或断裂导致设备固定不牢,以及节流板安装错误等问题[10]。在长期运行过程中,高温烟气对风机叶轮的冲刷会导致叶轮积灰、不均匀磨损或材料疲劳,进而破坏叶轮的动平衡,引发振动故障[11]。此外,风机转子质量不平衡或联轴器两端中心偏差,也会显著增加风机的振动幅度[10]。与轴流式风机相比,离心式风机因其独特的机壳结构,能够有效引导气流,但机壳磨损、密封失效等问题会影响气流的稳定性,可能导致引风机失速和振动异常等故障[11]。离心式引风机典型结构如图2所示。
随着工业设备日益精密化与复杂化,为了提高设备运行的安全性与可靠性,各种故障监测与诊断方法应运而生,这些方法包括故障监测、故障预测和故障诊断3个核心过程。
故障监测通过实时监控设备或系统的运行状态,利用设备的运行数据和故障特征信息判断是否发生故障。基于故障监测的故障预测,通过分析各项参数偏离正常值的程度,尤其是在超出设定阈值的情况下,对潜在故障发出预警。故障诊断则是在设备或系统出现故障后,迅速确定故障的具体类型,同时采取相应的措施[2]
随着国内外学者在故障诊断领域的深入研究,诸如信号处理、模糊理论、模式识别和人工智能等方法逐渐得到应用[14]。清华大学周东华[15]对各类故障诊断方法进行了系统的梳理与分类,如图3所示,将其划分为定性分析方法和定量分析方法。本文从定性与定量2个角度,对引风机的故障监测与诊断技术进行系统的分析与论述。
早期火电厂依赖巡检人员定期检查设备参数,这种方法操作繁琐且难以实时发现潜在问题。随着电厂信息化程度的逐步提升,越来越多的传感器被安装在设备上,进而实现了监测数据的实时接入与运行监控系统的联动。目前大多数火力发电厂普遍通过安全仪表系统(safety instrumented system,SIS)来监测引风机状态。综合相关文献[16-17],引风机测点的主要安装位置如图4所示。
SIS系统可以通过以上测点实时记录引风机运行参数,具体参数情况见表2
在数据获取方面,研究者依赖于电厂所记录与保存的真实故障数据,但这类数据往往难以获得且不一定符合要求,并且由于引风机异常工况可能引发安全隐患,电厂通常不会通过模拟故障工况来获取数据。为解决这一问题,研究人员常采用故障模拟技术生成相关数据。曹贺等[18]基于引风机及尾部烟道系统的机理特性,建立了APROS仿真模型,并针对引风机喘振特性规律不明确的问题,在仿真平台上开展了一系列喘振试验,利用模拟数据进行研究。但是模拟无法还原真实故障情形,因此及时保存电厂引风机故障的真实数据至关重要。
在参数选取中,常用的方法是基于设备自身的工作机理,分析引风机常见故障类型及其对应的异常特征参数,并结合数据挖掘技术选择与故障相关度较高的特征变量[19]。引风机故障预警通常依赖设定某一参数的阈值对设备状态进行判断,因此采用相关系数法分析变量之间的相关性,选取与目标故障高度相关的参数也被广泛使用[20-22]。鉴于引风机测点信号种类繁多且存在相互耦合的情况,基于距离相关系数的特征选择方法能够在筛选出强相关特征变量的同时有效剔除冗余变量,从而加速模型的训练与收敛[23]
此外,数据清洗也是预处理的重要步骤。由于从SIS中提取出的数据量十分庞大,数据中难免存在非稳态值和噪声值,使用滑动窗口降噪法可以对对非稳态值进行剔除[20]。主成分分析法通过将数据降维,可以帮助提取有效信息并减少冗余变量[1,23-24],再结合小波降噪技术,还可以进一步优化数据质量[4]
基于解析模型的故障诊断方法包括参数估计法、状态估计法和等价空间法。在引风机故障检测中,状态估计法应用最为广泛,而参数估计法和等价空间法的应用相对较少。因此,本文将重点介绍状态估计法。基于解析模型的故障诊断流程为数据预处理→系统建模→状态估计→残差分析→故障诊断。
在引风机故障诊断领域,多元状态估计法是众多学者广泛采用的一种方法。作为状态估计法的扩展,多元状态估计法适用于多变量系统,其核心原理是利用设备健康运行数据,估算各参数的标准值,形成历史记忆矩阵;通过实际运行数据生成观测向量,计算两者之间的残差进行故障诊断[17,25]。由于风机工作环境恶劣,传感器信号常因随机干扰及不确定因素而造成短期误差,滑动窗口残差统计法因其算法简单、且能够实现对实时新添加的残差分布变化进行统计分析而被广泛使用,有效保证了故障预警的可靠性与准确性,提高了预测精度[2,4,17,26]
记忆矩阵是存储历史正常状态数据的结构,用于建模系统的多元状态特征,并作为实时状态估计的参考。因此,针对不同工况,选择合适的记忆矩阵是提升模型质量和预测准确性的关键[27]。鉴于引风机监测参数众多、故障试验成本较高且运行数据有限,可以结合引风机故障机理进行深入分析,筛选出关键参数,构造合理的记忆矩阵,进而建立基于多元状态估计的故障预警模型,这不仅有助于精确识别引风机故障,还能实现故障的提前预警[2,17]。同时,可以通过考虑样本分布的空间范围、均匀程度等因素,制定记忆矩阵的评价指标,使预警模型具备更高精度[28]。针对预警模型的退化问题,可通过优化历史数据库管理,利用正常的新工况数据对历史矩阵进行增量更新。仿真实验结果表明,与未更新的预警模型相比,该方法能够更早地检测到异常信息,从而提高预警的时效性与准确性[27]
多元状态估计法作为一种先进模式识别方法,一般用于在风机运行状态下进行故障预警,其常用的观测向量包括电机电流、电机功率、电机前轴承温度、电机后轴承温度、腰侧轴承水平和垂直振动幅值、端侧轴承水平和垂直振动幅度和入口压力等。轴承温度是反映电机故障的重要参数,出现异常可能导致电机故障。轴承振动幅度能反映大部分故障信息,是风机运行的重要参数,轴承温度中包含了某些机械故障信息。入口压力等参数直接影响炉膛负压,反映了风机出力情况。因此,该方法对轴承温度异常、风机振动异常、风机失速等故障类型具有较好的监测预警效果[17,25,27-28]
多元状态估计法具有建模简单、物理意义明确,并能随着运行时长不断优化等优点[2]。但其对健康运行历史数据依赖较大,且计算复杂度较高。采用并行计算可以提高计算效率,再结合特征筛选和降噪技术提升数据质量,可以显著提升模型质量[27]
基于信号处理的故障诊断方法减少了对数学模型的依赖,通过分析物理信号的周期性或特定频率的特征,为引风机故障提供精准诊断。常见的信号处理方法包括频谱分析、小波变换和经验模态分解等。由于信号数据通常具有非线性、非平稳和周期性的特点,并易受噪声干扰,因此,在分析之前,通常需要对信号进行降噪处理[4]
频谱分析法通过将时域信号转换为频域信号,利用频谱图观察不同频率成分的幅度和相位分布,从而分析信号在频域中的表现。引风机作为高速旋转设备,其振动信号能够有效反映故障信息。通过现场采集的振动频谱,排除由设备自身或电机振动引起的异常信号后,可以利用频域分析法进一步确认故障元件[29]。该方法因其操作简便、数据采集成本较低,并能在较短时间内完成故障诊断,适用于大规模风机的故障诊断[12]。为了提高诊断的准确性,可结合周期故障分析等,以更精确地识别故障类型及其原因[13]
小波变换法适用于处理非平稳信号,其通过将信号按尺度和频率成分分解为一系列子信号(即小波系数),并分析这些子信号频率随时间的变化,从而判断引风机故障类型及位置。在引风机故障诊断中,小波变换法通过对信号进行重新分解与重构提高模型的质量[26]。韩万里等[23]使用小波变换法针对时频信号进行处理,克服了傅里叶变换忽视局部变化的缺点,并通过重构原始信号实现降噪。常丽等[30]采用小波阈值降噪方法去除轴承故障信号中掺杂的噪声信号,选择sym9小波函数,再结合包络谱分析,通过声发射信号的峰值特征参数,对轴承故障诊断,仿真实验结果表明,该方法可以识别出轴承各部件故障。
经验模态分解(EMD)通过将复杂信号分解为一系列固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF),再分析这些IMF的特性并提取与故障相关的特征。在引风机故障诊断中,EMD常与其他方法结合使用。例如,基于EMD、高斯回归和支持向量回归的融合方法能够提取关键故障特征,从而显著提高引风机故障预测的精度[18]。张双贵[31]提出将优化算法与变分模态分解(VMD)结合,使得VMD中的模态分解个数K和二次惩罚因子α能够根据信号特征自适应优化,从而提高信号处理效果。
基于信号处理的方法主要适用于分析与振动、噪声、电流等物理信号相关的故障。转子质量分布不均引发的周期性振动是引风机的常见故障类型之一[5]。通过频谱分析提取振动信号的基频及其谐波分量,可准确识别工作转速对应的频谱特征峰值,从而实现对转子不平衡故障的精确诊断,并为后续故障影响程度的量化分析提供可靠依据。滚动轴承因磨损、材料疲劳或润滑不足常表现出特定的故障频率,在振动信号的频谱中,这些特征频率呈现显著的峰值,频谱分析法对此类故障的检测具有高度敏感性[29]。同时,小波分析也能够捕捉轴承故障引发的局部瞬态高频信号,特别适用于早期故障特征的提取[26]。叶片裂纹、积灰或腐蚀会导致气流特性异常并引发设备性能下降,这种故障通常在振动信号或气流波动中表现为特定频率的异常变化,通过结合振动频谱分析与趋势跟踪,可有效评估叶片劣化程度并提出针对性的检修方案[32]。此外,引风机轴系不对中、联轴器松动或磨损、喘振等故障也会引起振动信号异常,使用信号处理的方法可以很好地进行故障诊断。
频谱分析法的显著优势在于能够在不中断系统运行或实施额外操作的情况下完成故障诊断。但其无法反映信号随时间的动态变化,对非平稳信号的适用性较差。小波变换法因其优越的非平稳信号处理能力和时频分析特性,能够有效弥补这一不足。在引风机故障诊断中,小波变换法通常不作为直接诊断方法,而是通过提取信号的特征值,为后续分析提供关键数据。例如,小波变换提取的特征值可以结合支持向量机、包络分析等方法,实现对复杂故障模式的精准诊断[26]。同时,该方法的分析效果高度依赖于所选择的小波函数,为选出最适合数据的小波基,往往需要对不同的小波基进行对比[30]。EMD因其自适应性强的优点,在信号分解中被广泛应用。
在实际应用中EMD方法存在模态混叠和噪声干扰的问题,某些IMF可能包含多种频率成分,这导致故障频率的提取不准确,降低了检测的精度。为克服这些问题,研究者提出了结合降噪技术和改进型EMD方法的解决方案[33-34]。基于信号处理方法的特点以及改善建议见表3
机器学习通过构建能够从数据中自动学习和优化的算法与模型,利用电厂大量历史数据对模型进行训练,能够挖掘数据与故障之间的潜在关系,实现对引风机故障的精准预测与诊断。常用的机器学习算法包括神经网络、梯度提升树、D-S证据理论等。基于机器学习的故障诊断方法的具体流程为数据预处理→特征筛选→模型训练→参数调优→模型评估→故障诊断。
神经网络是机器学习的一种重要模型,其灵感来源于生物神经系统,通过模拟神经元及其连接,能够有效处理复杂的非线性关系和模式识别问题。在引风机故障诊断中,神经网络方法得到了广泛应用。例如,将卷积神经网络(CNN)与支持向量数据描述(SVDD)相结合,能够有效识别多机组同类引风机的振动异常、失速与喘振等故障[35]。该方法的网络拓扑结构如图5所示,展现了其在故障诊断中的强大适应性和精准性。韩晓娟[14]为解决单纯的故障诊断Petri网缺乏自学习功能,将神经网络引入Petri网,用神经Petri网对故障诊断系统建模,增加了网的表达能力。在引风机故障预警方面,常用的方法是基于历史数据的特征信息建立预测模型,当预测值超过设定监控阈值时,系统会发出报警信号[20-22]。作为典型的时间序列数据,引风机的监测数据具有固有的时序依赖性,能够有效反映设备的动态行为,深入挖掘数据中的时间关联特性是提升设备早期故障预警可靠性的关键。因此循环神经网络(RNN)、长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络等时序模型在引风机故障预警中表现出色[36]。结合麻雀优化算法、贝叶斯优化等参数优化方法进一步优化模型性能,能够显著提高预测精度[21-22]
梯度提升树(gradient boosting trees,GBT)基本思想是通过逐步构建多个弱学习器,减少模型的预测误差。GBT结合了多个模型的优点,利用梯度下降法优化损失函数,从而提高预测精度。然而,GBT模型的性能较为依赖超参数的设置,如学习率、树的深度、弱学习器的数量等,因此其调优过程较为复杂。为此,常常将超参数调优算法与GBT结合使用。朱越[22]将麻雀搜索算法与XGBoost相结合,通过麻雀搜索算法优化XGBoost的超参数,实验证明该方法能够高效地对引风机故障进行预警;周浩豪[21]在此基础上,采用融合麻雀搜索算法的改进粒子群算法对模型超参数进行优化,实验结果表明,该方法能够提前2 h进行风机故障预警,为火电厂的运维提供了一定的指导意义。
D-S证据理论(dempster-shafer theory,DST)是一种处理不确定性推理的理论框架,通过融合多种证据并进行推理,能够有效应对不完全或模糊信息,提升了故障诊断的健壮性和决策的可靠性。在引风机故障诊断中,张航等[37]采用概率神经网络和小波神经网络对测试样本进行初步诊断,形成证据体,并利用改进的D-S融合方法进行诊断,通过信任度分配和冲突信息处理,最终得到更加合理的诊断结果,仿真实验表明该方法能够成功诊断所有故障。
除上述3种算法外,其他多种机器学习算法也在引风机故障检测中得到广泛应用。同时,为弥补单一算法的局限性,多种算法结合也被用于提升故障诊断的准确性。Zhao等人[38]采用K-Means聚类算法对预处理后的特征数据进行故障分类,并结合网格搜索来优化超参数,该方法对诊断离心风机的常见故障具有较高的准确率。偏最小二乘法与支持向量机回归(SVM)结合的算法在风机故障预测系统中的应用,有效挖掘了实际运行状态与模型预测状态之间的隐含信息,从而能够提前判断和发现引风机故障[24]。此外,吴青云等[39]利用多层感知机与多项式拟合建模技术构建风机预警模型,并将其部署在大数据平台上,从而在实际运行过程中及时发现人工难以识别的异常状况。
基于机器学习的引风机故障诊断方法因其数据驱动特性,尤其适合处理非线性、高维度及复杂关系的故障问题。对于振动异常、失速与喘振等不同的故障类型,机器学习分类算法可通过构建高效分类模型,对不同故障类别进行精准识别[24,35,38]。引风机的早期故障信号通常较为微弱,易被噪声掩盖,例如滚动轴承早期磨损阶段的高频冲击信号。传统诊断方法在捕捉此类隐匿信号能力有限,而机器学习算法通过学习设备在正常工况下的特征模式,能够精准检测异常信号[24]。通过学习历史数据的时间依赖性,这些模型能够预测设备未来的运行状态,从而实现提前预警潜在异常。例如,通过监测振动信号或温度变化趋势,提前预测轴承或叶片的异常[21,24,36]
神经网络凭借强大的非线性处理能力和自适应能力,在引风机故障诊断中表现出显著优势。然而,其存在对标注数据的质量要求高、训练成本高昂以及结果缺乏解释性的问题。在模型训练前,结合基于信号处理的方法进行特征提取可有效提升诊断精度[33-34]。利用生成对抗网络(GAN)生成模拟故障数据可有效缓解样本不足问题,提升模型的泛化能力。由于神经网络的不可解释性,为提高诊断结果的可信度,可结合规则系统或可解释AI技术,通过分析模型的决策过程,揭示关键特征对模型预测的具体影响。梯度提升树作为一种高效的分类和回归算法,其性能在很大程度上依赖于超参数的设置。结合参数寻优方法,可以自动找到最佳参数组合,提升预测精度并增强模型的鲁棒性[21-22]。在此基础上,D-S证据理论在处理引风机故障诊断中的不确定性问题时展现出独特的优势,但其信任函数分配的主观性和在多信源冲突情况下可能导致非合理结果的问题不容忽视。通过引入数据驱动方法自动生成可信度分配,能够有效减少主观偏差[37];结合博弈论等改进Dempster合成规则,可以优化高冲突信源的融合效果,进一步提升诊断的可靠性与精确性[40]。基于机器学习方法的特点及改善建议见表4
专家系统由知识库、推理部分、解释部分等组成,是早期人工智能技术之一。其核心理念是将专家的专业知识和经验编码成规则,通过符号表示和推理模拟专家的判断过程。在引风机故障诊断中,专家系统通过深入分析引风机的机械特性和运行原理,结合频谱分析等故障诊断经验,构建适用于引风机的模糊专家系统,能够有效地诊断多个部位的故障[41]。为提高实时性和便利性,结合现代通信技术的优势,移动式故障诊断专家系统被开发出来,能够在复杂故障条件下精确判断故障部件[42]。此外,基于云服务技术的火电机组专家远程诊断系统通过集中采集和存储不同地域和电厂机组的运行数据,构建远程诊断数据服务中心,并整合科研院所、高校及企业的专家资源,形成专家技术池,从而提升故障诊断的精度和效率[43]
对于具有清晰故障特征和明确机理的引风机故障,专家系统凭借规则库的高效性能够实现快速诊断。例如,通过综合分析气流波动异常、叶片开度偏差以及设备振动信号,可精准定位叶片异常故障;依据转子高速运转时的周期性振动特征,利用规则匹配方法可以有效识别转子质量分布不均的问题。此外,通过结合引风机的流量和压力波动特性,以及特定工况条件,基于规则推理可快速判断并识别喘振故障。这种基于规则的诊断方式依托专家知识,能够在明确的故障场景下提供可靠的解决方案,并显著提升诊断效率。
专家系统虽然在处理具有清晰故障特征的已知问题上表现出色,但由于其依赖预定义规则,对于未知故障类型的适应性较差。而神经网络通过对训练数据的模式特征提取,能够识别专家系统未覆盖的故障,并且在非线性特征的处理方面具有显著优势。因此将神经网络与专家系统的推理机制相结合,不仅可以弥补各自的不足,还能够在大规模数据场景中实现高效、实时的诊断[43]。此外,通过云服务技术的数据存储与共享优势,将其与专家系统相结合,构建行业级专家知识库,可以提升诊断系统的适用性与普适性[43]
本文首先阐述了引风机在火电厂中的关键作用,概述了引风机常见故障类型、表现与可能原因;随后详细介绍了引风机故障诊断的基本原理与方法,归纳了测点安装及数据预处理的关键步骤,强调了故障数据的及时记录与保存的重要性;最后基于定量与定性分析方法,综述了引风机故障诊断的研究现状。鉴于不同诊断方法的优缺点,结合与改进现有方法提高诊断的可靠性与精度是未来发展的趋势。综合现有研究成果,提出以下建议。
1)引风机工况复杂,运行环境恶劣,单一方法难以实现精准故障诊断。例如,将机器学习方法与专家系统结合,利用数据驱动模型优化规则推理,实现系统的自我优化与扩展,降低对人工规则的依赖[30,43]。目前图论方法在引风机故障诊断中的应用较少,可尝试将图论与机器学习相结合,利用机器学习进行故障预测与识别,并借助图论推断故障原因。多元状态估计法因对数据质量要求较高,结合故障特征选择与降噪方法有助于提升诊断可靠性。
2)对于轴承磨损和叶片断裂这类无法通过数据反映的故障,需要工作人员深入理解故障原因和设备机理,且定期用专用检测仪器对设备进行检查,确保设备正常运行并及时发现潜在问题。
3)未来应逐步将故障监测与诊断技术应用于实际生产,并与控制系统集成,使故障预警信息能够实时反馈至引风机控制系统,减少安全事故和经济损失。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ24-H28)
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2025年第54卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412247
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ24-H28)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ24-H28)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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