Article(id=1236321538035741023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412248, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691624411, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691624411, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691624411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691624411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321538312565089, articleId=1236321538035741023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Performance analysis of compressed steam and molten salt thermal storage assisted peaking scheme for coal-fired units, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current coal-fired unit coupled with molten salt heat storage system technology has the problems of limited peak shifting capacity and poor peak heat economy. To address these issues, a new system of coal-fired unit coupled with compressed steam and molten salt heat storage is proposed, specifically including single molten salt heat storage scheme and double-molten-salt-heat-storage scheme. The system performs multi-stage compression of extracted steam through a multi-stage compressor and uses molten salt for heat storage. The compressed steam is eventually condensed to water so that its latent heat of condensation will be utilized. The simulation model of the coupled system scheme is established by EBSILON software. The research results indicate that, compared with the conventional molten salt heat storage technology scheme, the compressed steam and molten salt heat storage system can effectively reduce the effect of steam extraction and heat storage on the thermal economy of the system, and expand the peaking range of the unit. Specifically, the round-trip efficiencies of the single molten salt and double-molten-salt scheme are improved from 27.43%~38.03% to 62.13%~64.56% and 65.69%~66.93%, respectively, and the minimum outputs are reduced from 20.91%Pe to 19.84%Pe and 19.28%Pe, respectively, compared with the conventional scheme. Considering the thermodynamic and economic performance of the system, the single molten salt scheme is the best choice.

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针对目前燃煤机组耦合熔盐储热系统技术方案存在调峰能力有限和调峰热经济性差的问题,提出了一种燃煤机组耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热的新系统,具体包括单熔盐储热方案和双熔盐储热方案。该系统通过多级压缩机对抽汽进行压缩,并利用熔盐进行储热。压缩后的蒸汽最终凝结为水,其凝结潜热得到利用。通过EBSILON软件建立了耦合系统方案的仿真模型。研究结果表明,与传统熔盐储热技术方案相比,压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热系统能有效降低抽汽储热对系统热经济性的影响,并扩大机组的调峰范围。相对于传统方案,单熔盐和双熔盐方案的往返效率由27.43%~38.03%分别提升到62.13%~64.56%和65.69%~66.93%,最低出力由20.91%Pe分别降低到19.84%Pe和19.28%Pe。综合考虑系统的热力学性能和经济性能,单熔盐方案是最佳选择。

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潘佩媛(1992),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温受热面热腐蚀机理,
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王森(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源系统优化,

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王森(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源系统优化,

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articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3种方案的循环煤耗率, figureFileSmall=/KFCtKUeWG7j9szzFrUeuA==, figureFileBig=JcZhTPjLuCI6h5H3HQJt7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547498091147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The total costs and cost compositions of the three schemes, figureFileSmall=uHS25W/KXqxg+5fdjz+jnw==, figureFileBig=E6cOYpUvlfQBDYbzSvHD1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547590365847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3种方案的总成本及成本构成, figureFileSmall=uHS25W/KXqxg+5fdjz+jnw==, figureFileBig=E6cOYpUvlfQBDYbzSvHD1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547699417759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical parameters of the molten salt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Hitec盐LiNaK碳酸盐
组成(质量分数)KNO3/NaNO3/NaNO2(53%/7%/40%)K2CO3/Li2CO3/Na2CO3(32%/35%/33%)
熔点/℃142397
极限温度/℃450~540>650
比热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–1)1.5(400 ℃)1.9(700 ℃)
密度/(g·cm–3)1.8(400 ℃)2.0(700 ℃)
), ArticleFig(id=1236321547791692454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

熔盐物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Hitec盐LiNaK碳酸盐
组成(质量分数)KNO3/NaNO3/NaNO2(53%/7%/40%)K2CO3/Li2CO3/Na2CO3(32%/35%/33%)
熔点/℃142397
极限温度/℃450~540>650
比热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–1)1.5(400 ℃)1.9(700 ℃)
密度/(g·cm–3)1.8(400 ℃)2.0(700 ℃)
), ArticleFig(id=1236321547862995631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The design and simulation data of a 1 000 MW coal-fired unit under 100% THA condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值模拟值误差
总功率输出/MW1 000.001 013.771.38%
热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)7 366.407 377.400.15%
汽耗率/(kg·(kW·h)–1)2.832.79–1.41%
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 825.932 825.930
主蒸汽压力/MPa25.0025.000
再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 127.232 165.131.78%
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃352.60350.600.57%
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃600.00600.000
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa5.225.240.38%
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa4.814.850.83%
锅炉给水温度/℃301.50301.530.01%
平均背压/kPa4.904.900
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548022379192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

100%THA工况下1 000 MW燃煤机组设计和模拟数据的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值模拟值误差
总功率输出/MW1 000.001 013.771.38%
热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)7 366.407 377.400.15%
汽耗率/(kg·(kW·h)–1)2.832.79–1.41%
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 825.932 825.930
主蒸汽压力/MPa25.0025.000
再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 127.232 165.131.78%
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃352.60350.600.57%
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃600.00600.000
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa5.225.240.38%
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa4.814.850.83%
锅炉给水温度/℃301.50301.530.01%
平均背压/kPa4.904.900
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548093682368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The design and simulation data of a 1 000 MW coal-fired unit under variable operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)总输出功率/MW
设计模拟误差设计模拟误差
75%THA7 464.007 456.31–0.10%750.00756.950.93%
50%THA7 724.907 718.44–0.08%500.00504.650.93%
40%THA7 958.007 945.97–0.15%400.00405.571.39%
30%THA8 244.408 255.020.13%300.00302.360.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548194345674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1 000 MW燃煤机组变工况下的设计和模拟数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)总输出功率/MW
设计模拟误差设计模拟误差
75%THA7 464.007 456.31–0.10%750.00756.950.93%
50%THA7 724.907 718.44–0.08%500.00504.650.93%
40%THA7 958.007 945.97–0.15%400.00405.571.39%
30%THA8 244.408 255.020.13%300.00302.360.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548324369108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Economic estimation data for levelized cost of transmission

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项目数值
储/释热时间/h2.00
通货膨胀率[9]/%2.00
项目工期[10]/a2.00
运营周期[9]/a30.00
建设周期支出[11]60%(第1年)
40%(第2年)
循环周期数量[9]/d365.00
电价[9]/(元·(MW·h)–1)321.75
Hitec盐价格[5]/(元·kg–1)6.44
LiNaK碳酸盐价格[5]/(元·kg–1)13.59
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548420838106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

平准化供电成本的经济性估算数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储/释热时间/h2.00
通货膨胀率[9]/%2.00
项目工期[10]/a2.00
运营周期[9]/a30.00
建设周期支出[11]60%(第1年)
40%(第2年)
循环周期数量[9]/d365.00
电价[9]/(元·(MW·h)–1)321.75
Hitec盐价格[5]/(元·kg–1)6.44
LiNaK碳酸盐价格[5]/(元·kg–1)13.59
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548538278629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Estimation formulas for bare equipment cost

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设备估算公式
压缩机[12]CC=4 598.52×W0.91
熔盐换热器[13]CHE=672 764.95+8 058.05×A0.98
电加热器[14]CE=60×W
熔盐泵[15]CP=5 044.182×W0.71×(1+0.21ηPump)
熔盐热罐[14]CH=46×Qs
熔盐冷罐[14]CL=21×Qs
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548659913456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

裸设备成本的估算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备估算公式
压缩机[12]CC=4 598.52×W0.91
熔盐换热器[13]CHE=672 764.95+8 058.05×A0.98
电加热器[14]CE=60×W
熔盐泵[15]CP=5 044.182×W0.71×(1+0.21ηPump)
熔盐热罐[14]CH=46×Qs
熔盐冷罐[14]CL=21×Qs
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548781548280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Circulating thermal efficiencies of three schemes

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方案工况
40%THA50%THA75%THA
方案142.1742.6243.53
方案243.3643.7044.25
方案343.4343.7744.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548873822976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3种方案的循环热效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案工况
40%THA50%THA75%THA
方案142.1742.6243.53
方案243.3643.7044.25
方案343.4343.7744.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548966097670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Exergy efficiencies and circulating exergy efficiencies of the heat storage/release process for the three schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目40%THA50%THA75%THA
方案1方案2方案3方案1方案2方案3方案1方案2方案3
储热过程㶲效率34.6139.3139.5337.1940.7941.0040.7442.5142.75
释热过程㶲效率44.7545.4945.5444.8145.4945.5544.9245.4545.53
循环㶲效率40.9942.2542.2841.4442.5842.6142.3243.0943.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236321549100315407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

3种方案的储/释热过程㶲效率和循环㶲效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目40%THA50%THA75%THA
方案1方案2方案3方案1方案2方案3方案1方案2方案3
储热过程㶲效率34.6139.3139.5337.1940.7941.0040.7442.5142.75
释热过程㶲效率44.7545.4945.5444.8145.4945.5544.9245.4545.53
循环㶲效率40.9942.2542.2841.4442.5842.6142.3243.0943.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236321550534767386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

The minimum unit output, peaking capacity and peaking depth during heat storage and release process of the three schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目方案1方案2方案3
机组最低出力/MW209.05198.36192.79
储热过程调峰容量/MW90.95101.64107.21
储热过程调峰深度/%9.1010.1610.72
释热过程调峰容量/MW25.3966.5872.81
释热过程调峰深度/%2.546.667.28
循环调峰容量/MW116.34168.22180.02
循环调峰深度/%11.6316.8218.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236321550731899683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321538035741023, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

3种方案的机组最低出力、储释热过程的调峰容量和调峰深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目方案1方案2方案3
机组最低出力/MW209.05198.36192.79
储热过程调峰容量/MW90.95101.64107.21
储热过程调峰深度/%9.1010.1610.72
释热过程调峰容量/MW25.3966.5872.81
释热过程调峰深度/%2.546.667.28
循环调峰容量/MW116.34168.22180.02
循环调峰深度/%11.6316.8218.00
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王森 , 李天新 , 韩兆威 , 潘佩媛 , 张乃强
热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025,54(10): 11-20
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热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025, 54(10): 11-20
压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热辅助燃煤机组调峰方案性能分析
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王森 , 李天新, 韩兆威, 潘佩媛 , 张乃强
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 王森(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为能源系统优化,

通讯作者:

潘佩媛(1992),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温受热面热腐蚀机理,
Performance analysis of compressed steam and molten salt thermal storage assisted peaking scheme for coal-fired units
Sen WANG , Tianxin LI, Zhaowei HAN, Peiyuan PAN , Naiqiang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412248
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针对目前燃煤机组耦合熔盐储热系统技术方案存在调峰能力有限和调峰热经济性差的问题,提出了一种燃煤机组耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热的新系统,具体包括单熔盐储热方案和双熔盐储热方案。该系统通过多级压缩机对抽汽进行压缩,并利用熔盐进行储热。压缩后的蒸汽最终凝结为水,其凝结潜热得到利用。通过EBSILON软件建立了耦合系统方案的仿真模型。研究结果表明,与传统熔盐储热技术方案相比,压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热系统能有效降低抽汽储热对系统热经济性的影响,并扩大机组的调峰范围。相对于传统方案,单熔盐和双熔盐方案的往返效率由27.43%~38.03%分别提升到62.13%~64.56%和65.69%~66.93%,最低出力由20.91%Pe分别降低到19.84%Pe和19.28%Pe。综合考虑系统的热力学性能和经济性能,单熔盐方案是最佳选择。

热能储存  /  蒸汽压缩  /  深度调峰  /  经济分析

The current coal-fired unit coupled with molten salt heat storage system technology has the problems of limited peak shifting capacity and poor peak heat economy. To address these issues, a new system of coal-fired unit coupled with compressed steam and molten salt heat storage is proposed, specifically including single molten salt heat storage scheme and double-molten-salt-heat-storage scheme. The system performs multi-stage compression of extracted steam through a multi-stage compressor and uses molten salt for heat storage. The compressed steam is eventually condensed to water so that its latent heat of condensation will be utilized. The simulation model of the coupled system scheme is established by EBSILON software. The research results indicate that, compared with the conventional molten salt heat storage technology scheme, the compressed steam and molten salt heat storage system can effectively reduce the effect of steam extraction and heat storage on the thermal economy of the system, and expand the peaking range of the unit. Specifically, the round-trip efficiencies of the single molten salt and double-molten-salt scheme are improved from 27.43%~38.03% to 62.13%~64.56% and 65.69%~66.93%, respectively, and the minimum outputs are reduced from 20.91%Pe to 19.84%Pe and 19.28%Pe, respectively, compared with the conventional scheme. Considering the thermodynamic and economic performance of the system, the single molten salt scheme is the best choice.

thermal energy storage  /  steam compression  /  deep peaking  /  economic analysis
王森, 李天新, 韩兆威, 潘佩媛, 张乃强. 压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热辅助燃煤机组调峰方案性能分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412248
Sen WANG, Tianxin LI, Zhaowei HAN, Peiyuan PAN, Naiqiang ZHANG. Performance analysis of compressed steam and molten salt thermal storage assisted peaking scheme for coal-fired units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412248
近年来,中国为达成“2030年碳达峰,2060年碳中和”的目标,开始构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系。电力行业作为碳排放大户,需要构建以风、光电等可再生能源为主体的新型电力系统[1-2]。然而,风、光电等可再生能源出力具有波动性、随机性且呈现反调峰特性,导致系统源-荷矛盾突出。目前,火力发电仍是我国电力系统的主要部分,将承担更多的调峰任务。但现存火电机组由于调峰性能差、负荷响应迟滞,难以承受可再生能源大规模并网给电网带来的冲击,导致“弃风”“弃光”现象严重[2]
多位学者[3-4]认为,储能技术通过能量的时移应用,为实现这一前景提供了关键解决方案。它可有效平抑风、光等可再生能源并网给电力系统带来的冲击,缓解电网内的供需失衡。在储能技术中,熔盐储热因其容量大、周期长、安全性高、成本低等优势,能够更好地与燃煤机组进行耦合[5]。庞力平等[6]通过高温熔盐储能系统替代高压加热器放热,提高了660 MW超超临界二次再热机组的运行灵活性和负荷响应速度,结果表明,储热和释热过程的最大调峰量分别为6.82%Pe和1.82%Pe。Tang等人[7]构建了与熔盐储热系统集成的热电联产机组优化模型,并以350 MW热电联产机组为例进行研究,结果表明,当抽取再热蒸汽加热熔盐时,机组的最大功率增加了17.13 MW,最小功率降低了12.01 MW。
然而,目前的研究多采用主蒸汽或再热蒸汽做为熔盐储热系统的热源,换热后的蒸汽经过节流(减温减压)后进入低压缸或者凝汽器。此类方案受到再热器温度和低压缸进汽流量等因素限制,导致抽汽流量有限,进而限制了机组调峰深度。此外,蒸汽节流也会造成大量的㶲损失,导致整个系统的热经济性下降。
基于上述问题,本文提出了一种燃煤机组耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热的新系统。该系统利用多级压缩机压缩中压缸出口的部分蒸汽,并通过熔盐储存热量。经过多级压缩机和熔盐换热后的蒸汽最终会变成冷凝水,汇入锅炉给水系统。由于蒸汽凝结会释放大量潜热,因此熔盐所储存热量将远大于压缩机所消耗电量。与原有系统相比,该系统减少了蒸汽节流带来的㶲损失,并利用了部分蒸汽的凝结热,降低了抽取蒸汽储热给机组热经济性带来的影响。
本文共提出3种耦合系统方案。其中,方案1为原有的熔盐储热系统方案,方案2(单熔盐储热)和方案3(高低温参数双熔盐储热)为压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热新系统方案。设置方案1的目的是用于评估新系统的热力性能和经济性能。此外,由于本文换热流程的温度限制,采用Hitec盐和LiNaK碳酸盐作为储热介质,2种熔盐的物性参数见表1[5]
1)方案1。方案1的储热流程如图1所示。方案1即目前常采用的利用主蒸汽加热熔盐的方案。其具体流程为:储热时,抽取部分主蒸汽进入熔盐换热器1,与来自熔盐冷罐1的Hitec盐进行换热;换热后的蒸汽经过节流阀节流后汇入低压缸继续做功,而换热后的熔盐进入熔盐热罐1进行储存。方案1作为对照组,用于评估方案2和方案3的性能。
2)方案2。方案2的储热流程如图2所示。系统选择Hitec盐作为储热介质,采用单盐双罐系统。储热时,首先抽取中压缸出口部分蒸汽与来自熔盐冷罐1的Hitec盐进行换热,使进入压缩机1的蒸汽温度降低,压缩机1的功耗减少。经过熔盐换热器1的蒸汽进入压缩机1后,压力和温度升高,随后进入熔盐换热器2释放热量。熔盐换热器2排出的蒸汽进入压缩机2,进一步提高压力后,一部分进入熔盐换热器3,与从熔盐换热器1和2排出的Hitec盐(相同温度)进行换热,另一部分通过熔盐换热器4与来自熔盐冷罐1的Hitec盐进行换热。熔盐换热器3和4排出的高温熔盐汇入熔盐热罐1进行储存,而排出的凝结水汇入1号高压加热器(高加)出口,作为锅炉给水进入锅炉换热。
3)方案3。方案3的储热流程如图3所示。方案3与方案2相比,系统选用高参数盐LiNaK碳酸盐和低参数盐Hitec盐组合的方式进行储热,增加熔盐换热器3和电加热器用于加热LiNaK碳酸盐,增加熔盐冷罐2和熔盐热罐2用于储存LiNaK碳酸盐。方案3相对于方案2的储热流程只进行了部分改动,其不同之处为:从压缩机2排出的蒸汽进入熔盐换热器3,与来自熔盐冷罐2的LiNaK碳酸盐进行换热;经过熔盐换热器3的蒸汽温度降低,随后进入熔盐换热器4和5进一步换热,最终变为凝结水汇入1号高加出口;熔盐换热器3排出的熔盐进入电加热器,进一步加热后汇入熔盐热罐2。由于LiNaK碳酸盐的引入,使熔盐热罐1中Hitec盐的储存温度降低。
方案1—方案3的释热流程均采用加热锅炉给水的方式,其释热流程如图4所示。对于方案1和方案2的释热流程,由于2种方案的储热介质都为Hitec盐,因此控制阀处于关闭状态。此时抽取3号高加入口处的部分给水,通过熔盐换热器6,与来自熔盐热罐1的Hitec盐进行换热。换热后的锅炉给水温度升高,并汇入1号高加出口。换热后的熔盐通过熔盐换热器7,与部分8号低压加热器(低加)入口处的给水进行换热,进一步降低温度,随后汇入熔盐冷罐1。而熔盐换热器7出口的给水则汇入5号低加出口。
对于方案3的释热流程,此时Hitec盐和给水的换热流程与方案1和方案2一致。控制阀此时处于开启状态,抽取1号高加出口的部分给水,通过预热器、蒸发器和过热器,与来自熔盐热罐2的LiNaK碳酸盐进行换热,换热后的给水变为主蒸汽汇入主蒸汽管道,熔盐进入熔盐冷罐2。
本文以某1 00 0 MW超超临界燃煤机组为研究对象,汽轮机型号为N1000-25.0/600/600,该汽轮机为一次中间再热、单轴、四缸四排汽、凝汽式汽轮机。采用EBSILON软件对参考的1 000 MW燃煤机组和熔盐储热系统进行建模。首先,模拟了3种方案在75%THA、50%THA、40%THA工况下,汽轮机机组出力降低10%(额定工况)的储热过程;随后,根据储热结果,模拟了3种方案在100%THA工况下的释热过程;最后,模拟了3种方案在30%THA工况下的储热过程,探究3种方案下机组的最低出力。
为了验证所搭建的1 000 MW燃煤机组模型的有效性,将模拟结果与热力平衡图的设计数据进行对比,结果见表2表3。结果表明,1 000 MW燃煤机组的模拟值与设计值的误差在±1.78%内,处于合理范围内,证明了模型的准确性。
本文采用往返效率、储热比、循环煤耗率、系统热效率、系统㶲效率、系统调峰容量和调峰深度等指标用于评价燃煤机组耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热系统的热力性能。
系统的往返效率η定义为释热过程功率增加量与储热过程功率减少量之比,η的计算公式如下:
η=(PdPd,r )td(Pc,rP)tc×100%
式中:PdPc分别为系统释热和储热过程的机组输出功率,MW;Pd,rPc,r分别为系统未进行释热和储热过程的机组基准输出功率,MW;tdtc分别为系统的储热和释热时间,h。
系统的储热比ε定义为储热阶段熔盐储存的热量与机组减少的发电量之比。机组减少的发电量包括抽汽引起的电量损失、压缩机1和2的耗电量和电加热器的耗电量3部分。ε的计算公式为:
ε=QtWt
式中:Qt为储热过程的总储热量,MW·h;Wt为机组减少的发电量,MW·h。
系统的循环煤耗率bc,s是指一个完整的储热和释热过程的煤耗率,可采用式(3)计算。此外,还定义系统未进行储释热一个完整过程的煤耗率为基准循环煤耗率b'c,s(式(4)),用于和循环煤耗率对比,进而评估方案性能。
bc,s=3 600 00029 270ηbηp(Pc+Pd)(Qbc+Qbd)
b'c,s=3 600 00029 270ηbηp(Pc,r+Pd,r)(Qbc,r+Qbd,r)
式中:ηb为锅炉热效率,%;ηp为管道效率,%;QbdQbc分别为机组释热和储热过程中锅炉向汽轮机的供热量,MW;Qbd,rQbc,r分别为系统未进行释热和储热过程时,锅炉向汽轮机的供热量,MW。
一个完整储热和释热过程的系统热效率ηch为:
ηch=Pctc+PdtdQbcηbηptc+Qbdηbηptd×100%
储热过程的系统㶲效率ηec为:
ηec=(Pc+Ec)Efc×100%
式中:Ec为储热过程中熔盐获得的㶲收益,MW;Efc为储热过程中煤的燃料㶲,MW。
其中,储热过程中熔盐的㶲收益Ec采用式(7)计算:
Ec=msT1T2(1T0T)cpdT3 600 000
式中:ms为储热过程中参与换热的熔盐总量,kg;T1T2分别为低温熔盐、高温熔盐的热力学温度,K;T0为环境温度取293.15 K;cp为熔盐的比热容,kJ/(kg·K)。
释热过程的系统㶲效率ηed为:
ηed=Pd(Efd+Ed)×100%
式中:Efd为释热过程中煤的燃料㶲,MW;Ed为释热过程中熔盐所释放的㶲,MW。
一个完整储热和释热过程的系统㶲效率ηeh为:
ηeh=Pctc+PdtdEfctc+Efdtd×100%
燃料㶲Ef为:
Ef=efQb/(ηbηp)Qnet
式中:ef为燃料比㶲,kJ/kg;Qnet为煤的低位发热值,kJ/kg。
燃料比㶲可以表示为:
ef=Qnet(1.006 4+0.159 5w(H)w(C)+       0.061 6w(O)w(C)+0.042 9w(N)w(C))
式中:w(H)为煤炭中氢的质量分数,%;w(C)为煤炭中碳的质量分数,%;w(O)为煤炭中氧的质量分数,%;w(N)为煤炭中氮的质量分数,%。
储热过程的调峰容量ΔPc和调峰深度Ψc为:
ΔPc=Pc,rPc
ψc=ΔPcPe×100%
式中:Pe为额定工况下机组的输出功率,MW。
释热过程的调峰容量ΔPd和调峰深度Ψd为:
ΔPd=PdPd,r
ψd=ΔPdPe×100%
一个完整储热和释热过程的调峰容量ΔPh和调峰深度Ψh为:
ΔPh=ΔPc+ΔPd
ψh=ψc+ψd
对于燃煤机组耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热的系统,可以将其视为一个供电系统。释热期间机组增加的功率与储热期间机组减少功率的差值可视为损耗。因此,引入平准化供电成本作为系统的经济性指标。平准化供电成本被定义为系统在整个生命周期内储存和释放电量的成本与机组增加功率总量的比值,可用式(18)[8]表示。用于平准化供电成本的经济性估算数据见表4
LCOS=t=1yCTCI+COPEX(1+r)tt=1yEd(1+r)t
式中:CTCI为总资本支出,元;COPEX为运营和维护支出,元;Ed为放电过程增加的功率,MW·h;r为通货膨胀率;y为经营年限,年;t为项目实施的时间,年。
系统的总资本支出是指用于投资和购买长期资产的资金支出,其计算公式[11]如式(19)—式(22)所示。系统组件的裸设备成本估算公式见表5。系统的运营和维护支出包括固定运行维护支出和可变成本2部分,其中,固定运行维护支出的计算公式如式(23)所示,可变成本包括日常的原材料购买和充电过程的电费支出等开支。
CTCI=CTM+CAF
式中:CTM为设备成本,元;CAF为辅助设施费用(土地购置、场地开发等),元。
CTM=iCBM,i+Cc
式中:CBM,i为裸设备成本,元;i为设备数量;Cc为意外处置费用,元。
Cc=0.15iCBM,i
CAF=0.35iCBM,i
COPEX,F=1.5%×TCI
本文将压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热系统集成到一个1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组上,并根据燃煤机组的实际调峰需求,模拟了3种方案在75%THA、50%THA和40%THA工况下,机组外部输出功率降低10%(额定工况)的储热过程。此外,选定100%THA为释热工况,模拟了3种方案在此工况下的释热过程。
3种方案的往返效率如图5所示。与方案1(对照组)相比,方案2和方案3的往返效率显著提升。例如在75%THA的储热工况下,往返效率从38.03%分别提升到62.13%和65.69%。方案3由于采用高低温参数盐组合的方式进行储热,充分利用了不同品位的蒸汽热量,因此其往返效率高于方案1。此外,方案2和方案3在3种工况下的往返效率相差不大,且变化趋势相同,均是在50%THA的储热工况下往返效率最高。这是因为在该工况下,2种方案的储热量均高于75%THA和40%THA工况。
3种方案的储热比如图6所示。方案1的储热比仅在75%THA的储热工况下大于1,这是由于蒸汽节流导致㶲损失,从而增加了因抽汽引起的电量损失。而对于方案2和方案3,由于利用了蒸汽的凝结热,其储存的热量远大于机组所消耗的电量,因此储热比远大于1。此外,方案2在3种工况下的储热比都大于方案3,这是因为方案3中采用了电加热器,电转热的过程中存在一定的热损失。
3种方案的循环煤耗率如图7所示。与方案1相比,方案2和方案3的循环煤耗率大幅降低,每发电1 kW·h可节约4.56~8.49 g标准煤。3种工况下的基准循环煤耗率分别为276.35、274.71、 271.87 g/(kW·h)。随着储热工况负荷的下降,循环煤耗率逐渐升高,与基准循环煤耗率的差值也在逐渐增加。这是因为随着负荷的降低,机组逐渐偏离设计工况,使得机组的煤耗率升高,而抽汽储热增加了机组的偏离程度,使机组的煤耗率进一步升高。
3种方案的循环热效率见表6。3种工况下,方案2和方案3的循环热效率均高于方案1。与额定工况下的热效率45.56%相比,系统的循环热效率均低于此值。一方面,由于储热工况的下降,机组的热效率会降低;另一方面,储热过程的热损失也会导致系统的热效率降低。此外,方案1和方案2在循环热效率上的差别不大,这说明采用高低温参数熔盐储热给系统性能带来的提升有限。
3种方案的储/释热过程㶲效率和循环㶲效率见表7。储热过程中,3种方案的㶲效率随着机组储热工况的下降逐渐降低,但是方案1的㶲效率下降更为明显。这是因为相对于方案2和方案3,方案1的熔盐㶲收益随着储热工况的下降减少更多。释热过程中,3种方案下的㶲效率均高于额定工况的㶲效率44.29%。这是因为熔盐加热给水使机组的发电性能提升。此外,方案3在储/释热过程中的㶲效率均高于方案2。这是因为储热过程中方案3采用了LiNaK碳酸盐,所储热量品位较高,提高了熔盐的㶲收益;在释热过程中,方案3采用高低温参数盐组合的方式释热,提高了热量的利用率。整体上看,3种方案的循环㶲效率与循环热效率的变化趋势相同,但循环㶲效率略小于循环热效率。与额定工况的循环㶲效率44.29%相比,系统的循环㶲效率均低于此值。
为探究压缩蒸汽和熔盐储热系统与燃煤机组耦合后的机组最低出力情况,本文以原有机组的最低运行负荷(30%THA)工况为储热工况,模拟了机组在此工况下的储热过程。对于方案1,由于主蒸汽抽汽流量有限,限制了机组的最低出力;而对于方案2和方案3,由于低压缸最低运行负荷20%THA的限制,导致中压缸出口抽汽有限,同样也限制了机组的最低出力。
3种方案的机组最低出力、储释热过程的调峰容量和调峰深度见表8。与方案1相比,方案2和方案3的机组调峰容量和调峰深度均有所提升。从机组的最低出力值来看,方案1>方案2>方案3。这是因为方案3采用了电加热器,相对于方案2消耗了更多的电能,因此机组的最低出力值更低。从储释热过程的调峰容量和调峰深度来看,方案3>方案2>方案1;整体来看,方案3表现出更好的调峰性能,因为其循环调峰容量和调峰深度更大。
在经济性分析中,本文选用40%THA工况作为储热工况,储热时长为2 h,机组负荷将在此期间从40%THA降至最低出力。释热过程中,选用100%THA工况作为释热工况,释热时长为2 h。
3种方案在整个生命周期的总成本及成本构成如图8所示。方案3的总成本最高,为14.57亿元;其次是方案2,为12.45亿元;方案1的总成本最低,为5.67亿元。与原有的机组改造方案1对比,方案2和3具有更高的经济成本。系统的总成本由总资本支出与运营和维护支出两部分组成。就总资本支出而言,方案1—方案3的总资本支出分别为0.56、5.44、6.92亿元。方案1中占比最高的为换热器,为54.38%;其次是熔盐罐,为29.66%;剩余的熔盐和熔盐泵分别为15.79%和0.17%。方案2中占比最高的为压缩机,为53.35%;其次是换热器,为28.41%;剩余的熔盐罐、熔盐和熔盐泵分别为10.42%、7.79%和0.03%。方案3中占比最高的为压缩机,为41.91%;其次是换热器,为40.35%;剩余的熔盐罐、熔盐和熔盐泵分别为9.95%、7.73%和0.06%。对于运行和维护支出而言,包括固定运行维护支出和可变成本2部分。方案1—方案3的固定运行维护支出分别为0.19亿元、1.81亿元、2.31亿元,可变成本分别为4.92亿元、5.20亿元、5.34亿元。
3种方案的平准化供电成本分别为1 338.47、 1 188.32、1 303.51元/(MW·h)。其中方案2的平准化供电成本最低。尽管这个成本仍然远高于电价,但是考虑到系统可以辅助燃煤机组实现深度调峰,且政府在燃煤机组深度调峰时会提供补贴,因此这个成本是可以接受的。
为降低燃煤机组调峰期间的能耗水平和最低出力,基于某1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组,提出了一种耦合压缩蒸汽与熔盐储热的新系统。具体包括压缩蒸汽耦合单熔盐储热方案(方案2)和压缩蒸汽耦合高低温参数熔盐储热方案(方案3)2种方案。通过与原有熔盐储热系统(方案1)的热力学性能和经济性能对比,研究结果如下。
1)方案2和方案3通过多级压缩机压缩蒸汽,并利用熔盐进行储热。经过压缩和换热后的蒸汽最终会变为冷凝水,汇入锅炉给水回路。与方案1相比,方案2和方案3利用了部分蒸汽的凝结热,因此储热量远大于所消耗的电能。
2)方案2和方案3可以有效降低抽汽储热给系统带来的热经济性影响。与方案1相比,方案2和方案3的往返效率由27.43%~38.03%分别提升到62.13%~64.56%和65.69%~66.93%;储热比由0.79~1.09分别提升到1.94~2.02和1.87~1.97。此外,在其他指标上,方案2和方案3也均优于方案1。
3)方案2和方案3可有效提升燃煤机组的调峰范围。方案2和方案3的机组最低出力分别为19.84%Pe和19.28%Pe,相对于方案1(机组最低出力20.91%Pe),分别降低了5.12%和7.80%。
4)方案2和方案3在整个生命周期的总成本分别为12.45亿元、14.57亿元,均高于方案1的总成本5.67亿元。方案1的平准化供电成本最高为1 338.47元/(MW·h),其次分别是方案3和方案2,为1 303.51、1 188.32元/(MW·h)。
5)综合考虑系统的热力学性能和经济性能,方案2是燃煤机组进行储热改造的最佳选择。在热力性能较优的同时,具有最低的平准化供电成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52106008)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023MS015)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412248
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106008)
国家自然科学基金项目(52106008)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023MS015)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023MS015)
作者信息
    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

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潘佩媛(1992),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温受热面热腐蚀机理,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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