Article(id=1236321537721160604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412254, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772691624336, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772691624336, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772691624336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691624336, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236321537146540956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772691624199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772691865526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236322549404070348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236322549408264653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236321537146540956, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236321538018956191, articleId=1236321537721160604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Design and performance analysis of a gas-liquid interconversion carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a coal-fired power plant, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coordinated operation of coal-fired power plant (CFPP) with large-scale energy storage systems can effectively regulate the flexibility of power system and smooth the renewable power output. A gas-liquid interconversion carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a CFPP was proposed, which recovers compression heat using condensate and feedwater of CFPP and preheats turbine inlet CO2 through drain water, realizing thermal decoupling of charge and discharge processes without heat storage devices. Based on the mathematical models of the coupling system, the system coupling schemes were designed and optimized, and a comparative performance analysis with stand-alone system was conducted. The results show that, the compression heat cascade recovery boosts the exergy efficiency of last-stage intercooler from 73.3% to 89.6%, and the exergy efficiency of the first-stage preheater improves from 53.1% to 89.7% by replacing extraction preheating with drain water cascade preheating. In the optimal coupling scheme, the system energy storage efficiency improves from 63.6% to 76.8% compared to the stand-alone system, and the levelized cost of electricity reduces from 0.130 dollar/(kW·h) to 0.093 dollar/(kW·h), with a slight reduction in round-trip efficiency to 63.2%. The turbomachinery and heat exchangers, representing the main contributors to the total system exergy destruction and investment cost, are key components in improving thermodynamic and economic performance. Increasing the discharge power to 90 MW reduces the levelized cost of electricity to 0.089 dollar/(kW·h) and expands the peak regulating range to 86.4%~107.6%.

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燃煤机组与大规模储能系统协调运行能够有效提高电力系统的灵活性,平滑可再生能源电力输出。提出一种与燃煤机组耦合的气液互转二氧化碳储能系统,利用燃煤机组凝结水和给水回收压缩热,通过疏水预热透平入口CO2,实现了储/释能过程的热力解耦,无需配备储热装置。基于耦合系统数学模型,优化设计了系统耦合方案,并与独立CO2储能系统进行了性能对比分析。结果表明:压缩热梯级回收将末级间冷器㶲效率从73.3%提升至89.6%,疏水梯级预热代替抽汽预热使一级预热器㶲效率从53.1%提升至89.7%;在最佳耦合方案下,系统电-电效率相比于独立系统从63.6%提高至76.8%,度电成本从0.13美元/(kW·h)降低至0.093美元/(kW·h),往返效率略降至63.2%;叶轮机械与换热器是系统总㶲损和投资成本的主要来源,是提升系统热力性能和经济性的关键部件;提升释能功率至90 MW后,系统度电成本降低至0.089美元/(kW·h),机组调峰范围扩大至86.4%~107.6%。

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刘向阳(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向流体热物性,
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侯坤(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向二氧化碳储能技术,

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Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 199: 111953., articleTitle=Energy, exergy and economic analysis of biomass and geothermal energy based CCHP system integrated with compressed air energy storage (CAES), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236321550866108686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, awardId=51936009, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51936009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236321550996132118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, awardId=51936009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51936009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236321542561387505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236321542569776114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, 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figureFileBig=FnjL06PU9DbfHFguNnsusg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547447750802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同Hin输入方案的系统性能, figureFileSmall=npg8cMophd9JUtUCp/7OTA==, figureFileBig=FnjL06PU9DbfHFguNnsusg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547544219799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=T-s diagram of the coupled system and the stand-alone CCES system, figureFileSmall=SV0/TQVF8njrATLRZyMKeQ==, figureFileBig=xznT4DDbYx04lfOEj2+Rww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547653271708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=图7, caption=耦合系统与独立CCES系统的T-s, figureFileSmall=SV0/TQVF8njrATLRZyMKeQ==, figureFileBig=xznT4DDbYx04lfOEj2+Rww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236321547766517921, 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label=Tab.1, caption=

Purchase cost equations for each component

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件成本方程初始年份(CEPCI)
压缩机[23]Z=71.1m˙C10.92ηCpoutpinlnpoutpin1996(381.7)
透平[23]Z=497.34m˙T(1+e(0.036Tin54.4))0.93ηTlnpinpout1996(381.7)
[27]Z=1 120W˙P0.82005(468.2)
换热器[23]Z=2 143AHEX0.5141996(381.7)
储罐[27]Z=4 042VTank0.5061996(381.7)
柔性气仓[13]Z=zFGCVFGC,zFGC=2.307 $/m32021(708.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548630544595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各部件的购入成本方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件成本方程初始年份(CEPCI)
压缩机[23]Z=71.1m˙C10.92ηCpoutpinlnpoutpin1996(381.7)
透平[23]Z=497.34m˙T(1+e(0.036Tin54.4))0.93ηTlnpinpout1996(381.7)
[27]Z=1 120W˙P0.82005(468.2)
换热器[23]Z=2 143AHEX0.5141996(381.7)
储罐[27]Z=4 042VTank0.5061996(381.7)
柔性气仓[13]Z=zFGCVFGC,zFGC=2.307 $/m32021(708.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548760568026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Reliability validation results of the proposed model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统项目文献值计算值误差/%
燃煤机组[28]主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 792.51 790.7–0.10
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 524.71 533.10.56
给水温度/℃290.0289.9–0.03
锅炉吸热量/MW1 346.11 347.70.12
热效率/%49.0349.02–0.02
热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)7 342.247 343.400.02
CCES系统[13]CO2质量流量/(kg·s–1)42.0742.440.88
储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)0.1200.118–1.67
往返效率/%71.070.6–0.56
度电成本/(美元·(kW·h)–1)0.125 20.127 82.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548844454110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本文模型可靠性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统项目文献值计算值误差/%
燃煤机组[28]主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 792.51 790.7–0.10
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 524.71 533.10.56
给水温度/℃290.0289.9–0.03
锅炉吸热量/MW1 346.11 347.70.12
热效率/%49.0349.02–0.02
热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1)7 342.247 343.400.02
CCES系统[13]CO2质量流量/(kg·s–1)42.0742.440.88
储能密度/((kW·h)·m–3)0.1200.118–1.67
往返效率/%71.070.6–0.56
度电成本/(美元·(kW·h)–1)0.125 20.127 82.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236321548974477542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Basic design parameters of the CCES unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
环境温度Tam/K298.15[27]
环境压力pam/MPa0.101[27]
储能压力pchar/MPa8[4]
释能压力pdis/MPa12[4]
间冷器出口CO2温度TIC,out/K313.15[13]
高压罐储存温度THST/K298.15[27]
储/释能时长tchar&tdis/h8[27]
压缩机等熵效率ηC/%80[10]
透平等熵效率ηT/%85[10]
增压泵等熵效率ηP/%80[10]
换热器夹点温差DTpinch/K5[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1236321549150638317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CCES单元基本设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
环境温度Tam/K298.15[27]
环境压力pam/MPa0.101[27]
储能压力pchar/MPa8[4]
释能压力pdis/MPa12[4]
间冷器出口CO2温度TIC,out/K313.15[13]
高压罐储存温度THST/K298.15[27]
储/释能时长tchar&tdis/h8[27]
压缩机等熵效率ηC/%80[10]
透平等熵效率ηT/%85[10]
增压泵等熵效率ηP/%80[10]
换热器夹点温差DTpinch/K5[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1236321550547341559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of key performance parameters between the coupled system and the stand-alone CCES system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目独立系统耦合系统
CO2质量流量m˙CO2/(kg·s–1)218.58181.23
透平功率W˙T/MW50.0051.15
增压泵功率W˙P/MW01.15
压缩机功率W˙C/MW78.5365.11
储能阶段燃煤机组功率W˙CFPP,char/MW660.00675.21
释能阶段燃煤机组功率W˙CFPP,dis/MW660.00638.96
等效锅炉吸热量变化ΔQCFPP/(MW·h)0111.89
电-电效率ESE/%63.676.8
往返效率RTE/%63.663.2
度电成本LCOE/(美元·(kW·h)–1)0.1300.093
), ArticleFig(id=1236321550702530818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236321537721160604, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

耦合系统与独立CCES系统的关键性能参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目独立系统耦合系统
CO2质量流量m˙CO2/(kg·s–1)218.58181.23
透平功率W˙T/MW50.0051.15
增压泵功率W˙P/MW01.15
压缩机功率W˙C/MW78.5365.11
储能阶段燃煤机组功率W˙CFPP,char/MW660.00675.21
释能阶段燃煤机组功率W˙CFPP,dis/MW660.00638.96
等效锅炉吸热量变化ΔQCFPP/(MW·h)0111.89
电-电效率ESE/%63.676.8
往返效率RTE/%63.663.2
度电成本LCOE/(美元·(kW·h)–1)0.1300.093
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燃煤机组耦合气液互转二氧化碳储能系统设计与性能分析
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侯坤 , 刘向阳 , 何茂刚
热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025,54(10): 1-10
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热力发电 | 储能耦合发电技术 2025, 54(10): 1-10
燃煤机组耦合气液互转二氧化碳储能系统设计与性能分析
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侯坤 , 刘向阳 , 何茂刚
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 侯坤(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向二氧化碳储能技术,

通讯作者:

刘向阳(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向流体热物性,
Design and performance analysis of a gas-liquid interconversion carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a coal-fired power plant
Kun HOU , Xiangyang LIU , Maogang HE
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Thermal-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412254
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燃煤机组与大规模储能系统协调运行能够有效提高电力系统的灵活性,平滑可再生能源电力输出。提出一种与燃煤机组耦合的气液互转二氧化碳储能系统,利用燃煤机组凝结水和给水回收压缩热,通过疏水预热透平入口CO2,实现了储/释能过程的热力解耦,无需配备储热装置。基于耦合系统数学模型,优化设计了系统耦合方案,并与独立CO2储能系统进行了性能对比分析。结果表明:压缩热梯级回收将末级间冷器㶲效率从73.3%提升至89.6%,疏水梯级预热代替抽汽预热使一级预热器㶲效率从53.1%提升至89.7%;在最佳耦合方案下,系统电-电效率相比于独立系统从63.6%提高至76.8%,度电成本从0.13美元/(kW·h)降低至0.093美元/(kW·h),往返效率略降至63.2%;叶轮机械与换热器是系统总㶲损和投资成本的主要来源,是提升系统热力性能和经济性的关键部件;提升释能功率至90 MW后,系统度电成本降低至0.089美元/(kW·h),机组调峰范围扩大至86.4%~107.6%。

燃煤机组  /  二氧化碳储能  /  耦合方案  /  性能分析

The coordinated operation of coal-fired power plant (CFPP) with large-scale energy storage systems can effectively regulate the flexibility of power system and smooth the renewable power output. A gas-liquid interconversion carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a CFPP was proposed, which recovers compression heat using condensate and feedwater of CFPP and preheats turbine inlet CO2 through drain water, realizing thermal decoupling of charge and discharge processes without heat storage devices. Based on the mathematical models of the coupling system, the system coupling schemes were designed and optimized, and a comparative performance analysis with stand-alone system was conducted. The results show that, the compression heat cascade recovery boosts the exergy efficiency of last-stage intercooler from 73.3% to 89.6%, and the exergy efficiency of the first-stage preheater improves from 53.1% to 89.7% by replacing extraction preheating with drain water cascade preheating. In the optimal coupling scheme, the system energy storage efficiency improves from 63.6% to 76.8% compared to the stand-alone system, and the levelized cost of electricity reduces from 0.130 dollar/(kW·h) to 0.093 dollar/(kW·h), with a slight reduction in round-trip efficiency to 63.2%. The turbomachinery and heat exchangers, representing the main contributors to the total system exergy destruction and investment cost, are key components in improving thermodynamic and economic performance. Increasing the discharge power to 90 MW reduces the levelized cost of electricity to 0.089 dollar/(kW·h) and expands the peak regulating range to 86.4%~107.6%.

coal-fired power unit  /  carbon dioxide energy storage  /  coupling schemes  /  performance analysis
侯坤, 刘向阳, 何茂刚. 燃煤机组耦合气液互转二氧化碳储能系统设计与性能分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412254
Kun HOU, Xiangyang LIU, Maogang HE. Design and performance analysis of a gas-liquid interconversion carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a coal-fired power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412254
可再生能源具有间歇性、波动性等特点,其大规模并网给电力系统的稳定性带来了巨大挑战[1-4]。压缩CO2储能(CCES)技术作为一种新型大规模储能技术,凭借其易液化、结构紧凑、寿命长等优势[5-6],展现出良好的应用前景。近年来,国内外学者针对CCES的CO2储存方式、系统配置和多联产等方面开展了广泛研究。部分学者认为,咸水层可以作为CO2的天然储存容器,并通过热力学分析[7-8]和数值模拟[9]验证了其可行性。Xu等人[10]提出利用水下能量袋来实现超临界CO2的恒压储存。然而,地下、水下CCES系统均受到地理条件的严格限制,且储能密度不高。
为了提高储能密度,国内外学者开始关注液态CO2储能(LCES)。Wang等人[11]利用蓄冷填充床液化0.6 MPa的低压CO2,构建了一种结合有机朗肯循环的LCES系统,储能密度可达36.12 (kW·h)/m3,但其蓄冷相变损失较大。Zhao等人[12]以涡流管为冷凝装置,设计了一种无需外部冷源的自冷凝LCES系统。然而,涡流管内部的能量分离机制迄今尚未形成普遍共识的理论。总体而言,虽然LCES系统的储能密度较高,但如何实现高效的亚临界CO2冷凝仍需展开大量探索。对此,Zhao等人[13]提出一种气液互转CCES系统,低压侧利用柔性气仓储存常压CO2,高压侧采用人工储罐储存液态CO2。尽管柔性气仓的占地面积较大,但由于该系统结构简单、技术成熟,我国[14]和意大利[15]报道的示范项目均采用这种布局,往返效率可达到70%。
燃煤发电具有功率可控、技术成熟等优势,在电网中发挥着托底保供作用。研究发现,配备压缩空气储能[16]或储热[17]等储能设施可以提升燃煤机组的灵活性,缓解可再生能源电力增长困境。在耦合CO2储能方面,Chae等人[18]通过热力学分析验证了CCES和LCES集成火电厂蒸汽循环的可行性,系统往返效率可达64%,储能密度可达36 (kW·h)/m3。Tang等人[19]提出了耦合燃煤机组的超临界CCES系统,并利用CO2混合工质解决了纯CO2在干燥条件下效率低、经济性差的问题。然而,以上研究均未回收压缩过程产生的压缩热。He等人[20]的研究表明,集成热电联产机组的CCES系统比独立CCES系统表现出更好的热力性能。严晓生等人[21]展开了LCES系统与燃煤机组的耦合方案研究,发现在配置热水罐并达到最大放热时,机组调峰能力增加了37.4%。虽然上述研究已取得显著进展,但采用抽汽预热CO2造成的相变损失较大,并且储热装置的引入增加了系统的复杂性和成本。
针对以上问题,本文提出了一种耦合燃煤机组的新型气液互转CO2储能系统。该系统利用燃煤机组的凝结水和给水直接回收储能过程中产生的压缩热,通过无相变的疏水预热透平入口CO2,实现了储/释能过程的热力解耦,消除了压缩过程对透平入口温度的限制。同时,该设计无需配备储热装置,从而降低了系统初始投资成本和复杂性。本文首先建立了耦合系统数学模型,进行了系统耦合方案设计及优选;随后,在最佳耦合方案下对系统进行了热力学及经济性能分析,并与独立CO2储能系统进行对比,阐明了耦合系统的优势和主要改进方向;最后,分析了储能系统容量对系统性能的潜在影响。本文研究结果可为未来燃煤机组与CO2储能技术的结合提供重要参考。
本文提出的耦合燃煤机组的气液互转CO2储能系统如图1所示。系统包括燃煤机组单元和气液互转CCES单元,两者通过循环管路和阀门VA—VE连接。CCES单元采用三级压缩和三级膨胀,可避免压缩机排气温度过高,同时提高透平做功能力。由于超临界CO2的比热容随温度变化剧烈,末级间冷器和一级预热器均采用分段布置梯级换热,以确保良好的温度匹配。其他换热器内的CO2状态远离临界点,比热容变化相对平缓,故采用单段布置。
耦合系统包含储能和释能2个工作过程:
1)储能过程 在用电低谷期,常压气态CO2从柔性气仓进入压缩机,并在燃煤机组富余电能的驱动下被压缩至储能压力。压缩热在间冷器中被回收,末级间冷器出口CO2在冷凝器中被液化并储存在高压罐内;
2)释能过程 在用电高峰期,高压罐内的CO2经增压泵增压至释能压力后进入预热器,被加热至高温状态并在透平中膨胀做功,与燃煤机组共同向用户供电,透平乏气经冷却器冷却后返回柔性气仓。根据温度匹配原则,选择燃煤机组凝结水(Cin)和给水(Fin)作为冷源直接回收压缩热,吸热后返回至燃煤机组(Cout和Fout)。此外,以燃煤机组高温疏水(Hin)和低温疏水(Lin)作为CO2预热源,放热后回流至燃煤机组(Hout和Lout),这样可以避免抽汽相变,降低系统不可逆损失。
利用MATLAB平台建立与REFRPOP 10.0数据库[22]链接的内部代码,获取工作流体的热物理性质。为了简化计算,本文做出如下假设:1)系统处于稳态运行;2)忽略CCES单元换热器和管道的压降及热损失;3)忽略系统工质泄漏;4)储/释能过程运行时间相等。
CO2压缩机、泵和透平采用等熵效率模型[23-24]
{ηC&P=hC&P,out,ishC&P,inhC&P,outhC&P,inηT=hT,inhT,outhT,inhT,out,is
式中:η为效率;h为焓值,kJ/kg;下标C、P和T分别表示压缩机、增压泵和透平;下标is、in和out分别表示等熵过程、部件进口和部件出口。
CO2压缩机、泵耗功率及透平输出功率为[23-24]
 {W˙C&P=m˙CO2(hC&P,outhC&P,in)W˙T=m˙CO2(hT,inhT,out)
式中:W˙为功率,MW;m˙为质量流量,kg/s。
考虑到临界点附近CO2的比热容对温度变化敏感,本文对间冷器和预热器进行离散化处理[23]。经N等分后,间冷器和预热器内的能量平衡可表示为:
 {Q˙n=m˙hot(hhot,n+1hhot,n)=m˙cold(hcold,n+1hcold,n)Q˙=n=1NQ˙n=m˙hot(hhot,inhhot,out)=m˙cold(hcold,outhcold,in)
式中:Q˙nQ˙分别为第n段和整个换热器的换热量,MW;下标hot和cold分别为热、冷流体。
冷凝器和冷却器的散热量均可表示为:
 Q˙=m˙CO2(hinhout)
耦合CCES会造成燃煤机组的汽水分布发生变化,可通过矩阵热平衡方程(MTBE)进行计算[25]。以图1中储能过程的耦合方案为例,即以凝结水作为一级间冷器、二级间冷器和末级间冷器低温段冷源,以7号低压给水加热器(低加)出口给水作为末级间冷器高温段冷源,吸收压缩热后根据温度匹配原则分别汇入6号低加出口和除氧器出口,耦合系统的MTBE为:
[q1γ2q2γ3γ3q3γ4γ4γ4q4τ5τ5τ5τ5q5τ6τ6τ6τ6γ6q6τ7τ7τ7τ7τ7τ7q7τ8τ8τ8τ8τ8τ8γ8q8][m˙1m˙2m˙3m˙4m˙5m˙6m˙7m˙8]+m˙Cout1[0000hCout1hw6τ6τ7τ8]+m˙Cout2[00hCout2hw4τ4τ5τ6τ7τ8]+m˙Fout[00hFouthw4τ4τ5τ600]=m˙w1[τ1τ2τ3τ4τ5τ6τ7τ8]
式中:qj、γjτjj=1~8)分别为第j级给水加热器的抽汽焓降、疏水焓降和给水焓升,kJ/kg;m˙j为第j级抽汽流量,kg/s;hwj为第j级给水加热器出口给水焓值,kJ/kg。
储/释能过程中其他耦合方案的MTBE书写规则均可参考式(5),本文不再赘述。
根据所求得的燃煤机组汽水分布,可确定锅炉吸热量Q˙B和燃煤机组发电量W˙CFPP分别为[24,26]
 {Q˙B=m˙0h0+m˙rhqrhm˙w1hw1W˙CFPP=ηmηg(m˙0h0+m˙rhqrhj=18m˙jhjm˙chc)
式中:m˙0m˙rhm˙c分别为主蒸汽、再热蒸汽和乏汽质量流量,kg/s;h0hc分别为主蒸汽和乏汽焓值,kJ/kg;qrh为再热蒸汽吸热量,kJ/kg;ηmηg分别为机械效率和发电机效率。
系统中每股流体的㶲流率可以定义为[19]
 E˙=m˙[(hham)Tam(ssam)]
式中:T为热力学温度,K;s为熵值,kJ/(kg·K);下标am表示环境状态。
采用“燃料-产品”概念,系统中每个部件的㶲平衡方程为[19]
 E˙F,k=E˙P,k+E˙D,k
式中:E˙F,kE˙P,kE˙D,k分别为部件k的燃料㶲、产品㶲和㶲损,MW。
部件k的㶲效率εk和相对㶲损yk分别为[24]
 {εk=E˙P,kE˙F,k×100%yk=E˙D,kE˙D,k×100%
经济分析对于评估储能系统的工程应用潜力具有重大意义。系统中各部件的购入成本方程见表1。考虑通货膨胀等因素,各部件的购入成本Z需根据CEPCI值从初始年份转化至目标年份,本文选用2021年作为初始年份,CEPCI取708.0[27]
 Z2021=CEPCI2021CEPCIoriginalZoriginal
若计入各部件的维护成本,部件k的投资成本率Z˙k可表示为[19]
 Z˙k=φCRFZkN
 CRF=ir(1+ir)n(1+ir)n1
式中:φ为维护系数,取1.06;CRF为资金回收系数;N为年运行小时数,取2 920 h;ir为贴现率,取0.12;n为运行年限,取20年[19]
本文以电-电效率ESE、往返效率RTE和度电成本LCOE作为性能评价指标。其中,电-电效率定义为释能过程中的净输出电能与储能过程中的总消耗电能之比[24]
 ESE=(W˙TW˙P)tdisW˙Ctchar
往返效率定义为释能过程中的净输出电能与系统在一个运行周期内消耗的总能量之比[24]
 RTE=(W˙TW˙P)tdisW˙Ctchar+ΔQCFPP
度电成本定义为储能系统单位发电量所对应的系统总投资成本[19]
 LCOE=k=1KZ˙k+zvalley(W˙C+ΔW˙CFPP,char)W˙TW˙P
式中:tchartdis为储/释能时长,h;ΔQCFPP为燃煤机组耦合CCES后的等效锅炉吸热量变化,MW·h;zvalley为谷电电价,取0.05美元/(kW·h)[27]ΔW˙CFPP,char为燃煤机组耦合CCES后在储能阶段的发电功率变化,MW。
鉴于本文所提出的耦合系统具有原创性,目前尚无与其完全相同的实验或理论研究。因此,本文通过文献中独立660 MW燃煤机组和独立气液互转CCES系统的相关数据进行模型验证,结果见表2。由表2可知,本文模型计算值与文献值的最大相对误差绝对值为2.08%,小于工程允许误差,验证了本文所建模型的可靠性。
本文以一个耦合典型超临界660 MW燃煤机组的50 MW气液互转CCES系统作为研究案例。其中,CCES单元的基本设计参数见表3
本节将比较耦合系统在不同耦合方案下的性能,从而确定最佳耦合方案。如图1所示,Cin的输入位置可根据间冷器出口温度被唯一确定为凝结水,Hout2和Lout的输出位置可根据预热器入口CO2温度和换热器夹点温差被唯一确定为凝汽器。此外,根据温度对口原则,Hout1和Lin可取相同位置。因此,需要讨论Fin、Lin和Hin的输入位置以及Cout和Fout的输出位置对系统性能的影响。图2给出了耦合系统的可选耦合方案。
图2a)所示,根据压缩机出口温度和各级给水温度,Fin输入位置有3种可选方案A1—A3,分别由阀门VA1—VA3控制。同样地,Cout1输出位置有3种可选方案B1—B3,Cout2与Fout由于温度接近可共用同一输出位置,有2种可选方案C1和C2,具体如图2b)所示。因此,Cout和Fout输出位置共有6种可选组合方案B1C1、B1C2、B2C1、B2C2、B3C1、B3C2。根据各级疏水温度和CO2的预热需求,Hin输入位置有6种可选方案D1—D6,Lin输入位置有2种可选方案E1和E2,具体如图2c)和图2d)所示。其中,除氧器由于缺乏疏水,方案D4采用除氧器出口给水作为替代热源。
图3比较了单段布置与不同Fin输入方案下分段布置末级间冷器的换热曲线及㶲效率εIC3。由图3a)可知,由于临界点附近CO2比热容随温度剧烈变化,单段布置导致传热温差分布不均,限制了末级间冷器的换热性能,㶲效率仅为73.3%。相比之下,采用分段布置梯级换热方式,可有效改善局部温差过大的问题,优化温度匹配,进而显著提升㶲效率(图3b)—图3d))。其中,方案A2展现出最佳的换热特性,末级间冷器㶲效率达到最高值89.6%。因此,7号低加给水是Fin的最佳输入位置。
图4比较了单段布置与不同Lin输入方案下分段布置一级预热器的换热曲线及㶲效率εPH1。由图4a)、图4b)可知,单段抽汽预热虽然能将透平入口CO2预热至更高温度,但蒸汽相变过程会伴随大量不可逆损失,导致一级预热器的㶲效率仅为53.1%。改用疏水预热可以有效避免这一问题,使㶲效率提升至75.5%。进一步采用分段疏水预热,能够实现更均匀的传热温差分布,进而提升换热性能(图4c)、图4d))。其中,方案E1表现出最好的换热特性,㶲效率可达89.7%。因此,7号低加疏水是Lin的最佳输入位置。总体而言,分段布置梯级换热显著优化了变物性条件下的换热器性能,但在工程实践中仍需重点关注精确的温度分布控制及复杂管道布置。
图5展示了不同Cout和Fout输出方案下系统的电-电效率ESE、往返效率RTE和度电成本LCOE。由图5可见,不同方案下系统的电-电效率相等,这是因为压缩热的回收位置对CCES单元的运行过程没有影响。此外,在所有可选方案中,方案B3C2具有最高的往返效率63.2%和最低的度电成本0.093美元/(kW·h),这是因为该方案可以最大程度地减少用于给水回热的高参数抽汽,表现出最佳的节能和经济效益。因此,8号低加是Cout1的最佳输出位置,5号低加出口是Cout2和Fout的最佳输出位置。在工程实践中,由于方案B2C2与B3C2的系统性能差异较小,在选择Cout1输出位置(8号或7号低加出口)时,还需充分考虑混合流体温差导致的不可逆损失对系统性能的潜在影响。
图6给出了不同Din输入方案下系统的电-电效率、往返效率和度电成本。
随着Hin采用的疏水品位降低,电-电效率降低,而往返效率和度电成本均升高。这是因为,采用低品位疏水只能将透平入口CO2预热至较低温度,单位工质在透平中的做功能力不足,限制了电-电效率。同时,系统需要增加工质流量以维持额定功率,这导致压缩机功耗和各部件成本增加,从而提高了度电成本。相反,采用高品位疏水虽然能提高透平入口温度,但在有限的膨胀比下透平乏气会携带大量未回收余热,增加了燃煤机组热耗,导致系统往返效率降低。综合考虑以上因素,本文选择除氧器出口给水(方案D4)作为Hin输入位置,以平衡系统各性能指标。在实际工程中,决策者可根据热力性能与经济效益的侧重点进行方案灵活调整。
根据确定的最佳耦合方案,表4列出了耦合系统的关键性能参数,并与Zhao等人[13]给出的独立CCES系统在相同边界条件下进行了对比。图7对比了2种系统的温-熵(T-s)图。
图7可知,耦合燃煤机组对CCES系统储能过程中各点状态参数没有影响,因此2种系统的储能热力过程线重叠。然而,通过燃煤机组进行压缩热回收和CO2预热,一方面实现了CCES系统储/释能过程的热力解耦,节省了储热装置;另一方面,疏水不仅能将CCES系统的透平入口CO2加热至更高温度,还能在避免节流降压的情况下实现液态CO2的蒸发,提高单位工质的膨胀做功能力。因此,耦合系统所需CO2质量流量降低,压缩机耗功随之降低。最终,耦合燃煤机组的CCES系统电-电效率从独立CCES系统的63.6%提高到76.8%,度电成本从0.130美元/(kW·h)降低至0.093美元/(kW·h)。
耦合CCES亦会对燃煤机组的输出功率产生影响:在储能阶段,压缩热的回收减少了抽汽需求,使燃煤机组功率增加至675.21 MW;在释能阶段,疏水热量被用于预热CO2,导致燃煤机组功率降低至638.96 MW。总体来看,燃煤机组在一个运行周期内的等效锅炉吸热量变化为111.89 MW·h,耦合系统的往返效率由独立CCES系统的63.6%略降至63.2%。这一现象表明,配储会不可避免地引入不可逆损失,因此需结合具体工程需求对调峰能力提升和资源节约进行综合评估与优化权衡。
为了进一步揭示2种系统在能量损失方面的差异,系统各主要部件的㶲损及相对㶲损对比结果如图8所示。
图8可知,与独立CCES系统相比,耦合系统由于具有较低的CO2质量流量,各部件㶲损都有所降低。其中,末级间冷器和一级预热器的㶲损降幅最明显,分别从独立CCES系统的1.51 MW和2.87 MW降低至0.76 MW和1.14 MW,这是因为耦合系统通过分段布置优化了换热性能。此外,2种系统的㶲损都主要来自于叶轮机械,这是由其固有的不可逆性造成的。在独立CCES系统中,压缩机和透平的㶲损总和达到19.07 MW,占系统总㶲损的69.8%;而在耦合系统中,压缩机和透平的㶲损总和为17.04 MW,占系统总㶲损的78.9%。由此可见,研发高性能叶轮机械设备是提升系统效率的关键。
图9对比了2种系统中各主要部件的投资成本及相对投资成本,以便分析它们在经济性上的差异。可见,耦合系统中各部件的投资成本都低于独立CCES系统,其直接原因仍然是前者具有较低的CO2质量流量。2种系统的柔性气仓和末级间冷器投资成本差异较大,分别相差1.19×106美元和1.05×106美元,前者的差异体现在低密度气态CO2的储存体积上,后者则是由于换热特性的不同。此外,由于耦合系统不需要配备储热水罐(冷水罐CWT和热水罐HWT)便可实现压缩热回收和CO2预热,在储热装置方面节省了2.26×106美元的投资成本。2种系统的投资成本都主要来源于叶轮机械和换热器,其中叶轮机械在耦合系统和独立CCES系统中的占比分别为36.9%和40.6%,换热器在两者中的占比分别为38.8%和39.4%。因此,叶轮机械和换热器是提高系统经济性的关键部件。
储能系统容量对耦合系统性能及机组调峰能力具有重要影响。本节将深入分析CCES释能功率与系统性能的关联性,为系统优化提供理论支撑。
图10展示了释能功率变化对系统性能指标和调峰能力的影响。图10a)显示:释能功率变化对电-电效率没有影响,这是因为储能过程中压缩机功耗同步增加,维持了系统电能输入与输出的比例关系;此外,随着释能功率的增加,系统的往返效率和度电成本均有所下降。其中,往返效率的下降主要归因于系统容量扩大导致储能引入的不可逆损失增加,但释能功率从10 MW增至90 MW时,往返效率仅下降0.22%。度电成本则从0.114美元/(kW·h)显降低至0.089美元/(kW·h),表明系统规模效应有效分摊固定成本,降低了单位能量成本。总体而言,提升释能功率有助于提高耦合系统的经济性,且对热力性能影响不大。由图10b)可知,耦合系统的调峰能力随释能功率的增加而增强,当释能功率从10 MW增加至90 MW时,机组的调峰范围从98.5%~100.9%显著扩大至86.4%~107.6%。然而,实际应用中仍需考虑电力系统的整体需求和调度能力,避免资源浪费或系统效率恶化。
本文提出了一种耦合燃煤机组的新型气液互转CO2储能系统,利用燃煤机组的凝结水/给水和疏水直接进行压缩热回收和透平入口CO2预热,无需配备储热装置。基于建立的耦合系统数学模型,展开了系统耦合方案设计及优选,对比了耦合系统与独立CO2储能系统的热力性能和经济性,分析了释能功率对系统性能的影响,主要结论如下:
1)在基本设计参数下,最佳耦合方案具有效率高、成本低和换热特性良好的优势。采用分段布置末级间冷器进行压缩热梯级回收可以避免临界点附近CO2比热容剧烈变化导致的传热恶化,将㶲效率从73.3%提升至89.6%;利用燃煤机组疏水梯级预热透平入口CO2代替抽汽单段预热,避免了蒸汽相变,可将㶲效率从53.1%提升至89.7%。
2)耦合燃煤机组后,耦合系统电-电效率相比于独立CCES系统从63.6%提高至76.8%,度电成本从0.130美元/(kW·h)降低至0.093美元/(kW·h),往返效率从63.6%略降至63.2%。
3)耦合系统各部件㶲损和成本均低于独立CCES系统,其中储热罐节省了2.26×106美元。㶲分析表明,叶轮机械占耦合系统总㶲损的78.9%,是提高系统热力性能的关键部件;成本分析表明,叶轮机械和换热器共占耦合系统总投资成本的77.5%,是提高系统经济性的关键部件。
4)增大释能功率对系统热力性能影响较小,但能显著提升系统的经济性和调峰能力。当释能功率增加至90 MW,度电成本降低至0.089美元/(kW·h),机组调峰范围扩大至86.4%~107.6%。
本文通过理论分析验证了燃煤机组与气液互转CO2储能系统的协调运行潜力。未来研究可进一步探索机组在变负荷运行中的动态特性,以优化耦合系统的容量配置。此外,开发高效叶轮机械有助于进一步提升耦合系统的热经济性能。开展实验验证将为耦合系统的工程化应用提供重要依据,从而确保其在在不同工况和应用场景中的广泛适用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51936009)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412254
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51936009)
国家自然科学基金项目(51936009)
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    西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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刘向阳(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向流体热物性,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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