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Article(id=1222543594515325441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202304010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680710400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406706693, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406706693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406706693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406706693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543594917978649, articleId=1222543594515325441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Overview and application of large thermal power excitation localization, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is necessary to break the technical barrier and make breakthroughs in information system, control system, device and other aspects when reforming large thermal power excitation system domestically. The article first systematically concludes and summarizes the key technologies of modern excitation technology, including control and command subsystems, communication subsystems, rectifier subsystems, and excitation subsystems. It analyzes and summarizes the research status, existing problems, and difficulties involved in each technology at home and abroad. Secondly, the localization and replacement process of the HN-i6200 excitation system for large-scale supercritical 670 MW thermal power units was described. Targeted design was carried out to meet the special requirements of the excitation system operation for thermal power units, and highly reliable domestic DC breakers were developed. Through experimental research, the operation strategy of the excitation system for thermal power units was overcome, and a nationally produced HN-i6200 excitation system was successfully developed. The on-site testing and system modeling have verified the working performance of the nationwide production excitation system, providing technical and practical references for the localization of excitation technology in the power industry.

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大型火电机组励磁系统进行国产化替代，要打破技术壁垒，从信息系统、控制系统和电子器件等多方面实现突破。首先，对现代励磁技术的控制与指令子系统、通信子系统、整流子系统及灭磁子系统等关键技术进行了系统地总结归纳，针对各技术所涉及的研究现状、存在问题及难点进行了分析与概述；其次，叙述了大型超临界670 MW火电机组HN-i6200励磁系统的国产化替代历程，对于火电机组励磁系统运行的特殊要求，开展针对性设计，研制高可靠性的国产直流开关，并通过试验研究攻克火电机组励磁系统的运行策略，成功研制出全国产化HN-i6200型励磁系统。现场测试与系统建模验证了全国产化励磁系统工作性能，为电力工业励磁技术的国产化提供了技术与实践参考。

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常青松（1983），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为发电机励磁系统理论分析，。

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常青松（1983），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为发电机励磁系统理论分析，。

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常青松（1983），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为发电机励磁系统理论分析，。

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Application and maintenance of lenor CEX series magnetic switch in pumped storage power station[C]// China Society of Hydropower Engineering Network Peak Regulation and Pumped storage Professional Committee. Collected Works of Pumped Storage Power Station Construction 2021. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 2021: 4., articleTitle=Application and maintenance of lenor CEX series magnetic switch in pumped storage power station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240938927553564839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=348, pageEnd=354, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［27］, rfOrder=51, authorNames=SCHNEIDER A V, POPOV S A, DUBROVSKAYA E L, journalName=Russian Physics Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHNEIDER A V, POPOV S A, DUBROVSKAYA E L. 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figureFileBig=r1Y7bmjp8698VdxIdIGNtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938921132086041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=CN, label=图9, caption=HN-i6200系列励磁系统零起升压过程, figureFileSmall=2PydjDXisTYDZ+XlUB3I/A==, figureFileBig=r1Y7bmjp8698VdxIdIGNtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938921203389217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Excitation system controller architecture

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项目ARM体系X86体系MIPS体系PowerPC体系
特点低成本、高性能、低耗电工艺先进，支持超线程技术设计更简单、设计周期更短嵌入式，可伸缩性好、方便灵活、性能优异，成本高
架构指令提供了多样的授权条款，处理器架构授权开放Intel架构，指令封闭目前开放有权限开发
授权情况硬核授权不可授权软核授权硬核授权
支持厂商TI（德州仪器）/Samsung（三星）/Freescale（飞思卡尔）/Marvell（马维尔）/Nvidia（英伟达）Intel独家2007年8月16日MIPS科技宣布，中科院的龙芯中央处理器获得其处理器IP的全部专利和总线、指令集授权IBM（国际商用机器公司）Apple（苹果公司）Motorola（摩托罗拉）Freescale（飞思卡尔）
开发厂商ARM公司（美国收购）美国Intel公司美国MIPS公司AIM联盟（APPLE、IBM和现Freescale）
典型励磁产品南瑞电控NES5100南瑞继保PCS9400西门子THYRIPOL四方励磁四方励磁暂无广州擎天EX2000南瑞电控NES6100ABB UNITROL 6800
自主可控用户有保留重制ARM内核的权利不可控可自主设计MIPS构架下的CPU不可控
), ArticleFig(id=1240938921291469607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

励磁系统板控制器架构

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项目ARM体系X86体系MIPS体系PowerPC体系
特点低成本、高性能、低耗电工艺先进，支持超线程技术设计更简单、设计周期更短嵌入式，可伸缩性好、方便灵活、性能优异，成本高
架构指令提供了多样的授权条款，处理器架构授权开放Intel架构，指令封闭目前开放有权限开发
授权情况硬核授权不可授权软核授权硬核授权
支持厂商TI（德州仪器）/Samsung（三星）/Freescale（飞思卡尔）/Marvell（马维尔）/Nvidia（英伟达）Intel独家2007年8月16日MIPS科技宣布，中科院的龙芯中央处理器获得其处理器IP的全部专利和总线、指令集授权IBM（国际商用机器公司）Apple（苹果公司）Motorola（摩托罗拉）Freescale（飞思卡尔）
开发厂商ARM公司（美国收购）美国Intel公司美国MIPS公司AIM联盟（APPLE、IBM和现Freescale）
典型励磁产品南瑞电控NES5100南瑞继保PCS9400西门子THYRIPOL四方励磁四方励磁暂无广州擎天EX2000南瑞电控NES6100ABB UNITROL 6800
自主可控用户有保留重制ARM内核的权利不可控可自主设计MIPS构架下的CPU不可控
), ArticleFig(id=1240938921421493037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Communication scheme between excitation system boards

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项目典型协议典型接口
CANSPIPCI-ESPORTRGMIITTL
功能特点串行通信同步串行串行通信支持时分复用的方式在上升沿和下降沿同时传输数据并行方式传输接口
应用场景各类控制器的局域网通信嵌入式系统下连接外部设备上位机与交换机访问、寄存器配置与DMA读写模拟量传输、寄存器间数据流模拟量传输、MAC层间/MAC层与物理层间数据流数字集成电路
技术规格数据传输速率1 Mbit/s传输速率每秒可达兆字节级速率每秒可达千兆字节级可以达到系统时钟的1/2传输速率可达1 000 Mbit/s数据传输速率10 Mbit/s
优点多主总线模式、通信速率高、抗干扰性强、成本低有主从模式、全双工、成本低高速串行替换使缓存和数据更接近CPU高速的数据传输电路成本低并行传输，全双工通信，传输速率极快
缺点可能出现数据不一致性、信道堵塞无指定流控制、无应答机制通道仅支持点对点专用单向耦合数据流单项时序约束相对也更为严格并行数据传输距离短、抗干扰差
), ArticleFig(id=1240938921530544950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

励磁系统板间通信方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目典型协议典型接口
CANSPIPCI-ESPORTRGMIITTL
功能特点串行通信同步串行串行通信支持时分复用的方式在上升沿和下降沿同时传输数据并行方式传输接口
应用场景各类控制器的局域网通信嵌入式系统下连接外部设备上位机与交换机访问、寄存器配置与DMA读写模拟量传输、寄存器间数据流模拟量传输、MAC层间/MAC层与物理层间数据流数字集成电路
技术规格数据传输速率1 Mbit/s传输速率每秒可达兆字节级速率每秒可达千兆字节级可以达到系统时钟的1/2传输速率可达1 000 Mbit/s数据传输速率10 Mbit/s
优点多主总线模式、通信速率高、抗干扰性强、成本低有主从模式、全双工、成本低高速串行替换使缓存和数据更接近CPU高速的数据传输电路成本低并行传输，全双工通信，传输速率极快
缺点可能出现数据不一致性、信道堵塞无指定流控制、无应答机制通道仅支持点对点专用单向耦合数据流单项时序约束相对也更为严格并行数据传输距离短、抗干扰差
), ArticleFig(id=1240938921664762686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculationsof the generator under no-load 5% step test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目实测曲线仿真曲线偏差允许偏差
超调量Mp/%7.520 010.680 03.160 0±5.0
上升时间Tup/s0.101 60.110 00.008 4±0.1
峰值时间Tp/s0.187 50.170 0-0.017 5±0.2
调节时间Ts/s0.203 10.220 00.016 9±2.0
振荡次数N/次0.50.500.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240938921769620296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594515325441, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发电机空载5%阶跃指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目实测曲线仿真曲线偏差允许偏差
超调量Mp/%7.520 010.680 03.160 0±5.0
上升时间Tup/s0.101 60.110 00.008 4±0.1
峰值时间Tp/s0.187 50.170 0-0.017 5±0.2
调节时间Ts/s0.203 10.220 00.016 9±2.0
振荡次数N/次0.50.500.5
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大型火电励磁国产化技术概述与应用
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常青松 1 , 何信林 2 , 朱宏超 3 , 李宝明 4
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023,52(12): 11-19
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023, 52(12): 11-19
大型火电励磁国产化技术概述与应用
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常青松1 , 何信林2, 朱宏超3, 李宝明4
作者信息
  • 1.华能吉林发电有限公司九台电厂，吉林　长春　130500
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 3.国电南瑞科技股份有限公司电气控制分公司，江苏　南京　211106
  • 4.中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所，湖北　武汉　430070

    • 常青松（1983），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为发电机励磁系统理论分析，。

Overview and application of large thermal power excitation localization
Qingsong CHANG1 , Xinlin HE2, Hongchao ZHU3, Baoming LI4
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiutai Power Plant, Huaneng Jilin Power Generation Co., Ltd., Changchun 130500, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.NanjingNanrui Group Company Electrical Control Branch, Nanjing 211106, China
  • 4.The 712th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304010
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摘要
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大型火电机组励磁系统进行国产化替代，要打破技术壁垒，从信息系统、控制系统和电子器件等多方面实现突破。首先，对现代励磁技术的控制与指令子系统、通信子系统、整流子系统及灭磁子系统等关键技术进行了系统地总结归纳，针对各技术所涉及的研究现状、存在问题及难点进行了分析与概述；其次，叙述了大型超临界670 MW火电机组HN-i6200励磁系统的国产化替代历程，对于火电机组励磁系统运行的特殊要求，开展针对性设计，研制高可靠性的国产直流开关，并通过试验研究攻克火电机组励磁系统的运行策略，成功研制出全国产化HN-i6200型励磁系统。现场测试与系统建模验证了全国产化励磁系统工作性能，为电力工业励磁技术的国产化提供了技术与实践参考。

励磁系统  /  全国产化  /  励磁调节器  /  直流开关  /  HN-i6200

It is necessary to break the technical barrier and make breakthroughs in information system, control system, device and other aspects when reforming large thermal power excitation system domestically. The article first systematically concludes and summarizes the key technologies of modern excitation technology, including control and command subsystems, communication subsystems, rectifier subsystems, and excitation subsystems. It analyzes and summarizes the research status, existing problems, and difficulties involved in each technology at home and abroad. Secondly, the localization and replacement process of the HN-i6200 excitation system for large-scale supercritical 670 MW thermal power units was described. Targeted design was carried out to meet the special requirements of the excitation system operation for thermal power units, and highly reliable domestic DC breakers were developed. Through experimental research, the operation strategy of the excitation system for thermal power units was overcome, and a nationally produced HN-i6200 excitation system was successfully developed. The on-site testing and system modeling have verified the working performance of the nationwide production excitation system, providing technical and practical references for the localization of excitation technology in the power industry.

excitation system  /  to tally domestic  /  excitation regulator  /  DC breaker  /  HN-i6200
常青松, 何信林, 朱宏超, 李宝明. 大型火电励磁国产化技术概述与应用. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304010
Qingsong CHANG, Xinlin HE, Hongchao ZHU, Baoming LI. Overview and application of large thermal power excitation localization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304010
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随着国家发展战略和“十四五”电力发展规划对电厂设备智能化、国产化展开宏观布局[1]，国内多家电力企业对电力设备的智能化、国产化展开了前瞻研究与示范应用。例如，国电南瑞研制的自主可控全国产化继电保护成套装置已挂网运行，中国华能集团研制了全国产化DCS“华能睿渥”，智深公司研制了自主可控智能控制系统EDPF-iSol系统等[2]，华电自主研发了“华电睿蓝”DCS、“华电睿信”水电监控系统。各领域电力装置智能化、国产化的示范应用项目百花齐放。其中，励磁作为发电单元的关键系统，其可靠性尤其重要，取代进口设备获得完全自主知识产权的国产化励磁系统，具有极其重要的意义。
励磁系统在工业控制过程中，不仅要在芯片级保证连续高速的脉冲调制稳定性，还应确保例如可控硅整流单元、大容量磁场断路器等一次设备的综合安全性能，协同同步发电机转子建压、调节以及可靠灭磁停机的全过程[3]。励磁系统涵盖供电、控制与指令、通信、整流、灭磁等五大子系统，各环节及元器件均需实现国产化，才可达到整体自主可控，完全意义上摆脱励磁技术“卡脖子”问题。
本文旨在探讨励磁系统及其国产化的关键技术问题，介绍了已应用于华能九台电厂的超临界670 MW大型火电机组全国产化励磁系统的“HN-i6200系列”。该技术已实现芯片级的全国产化软、硬件替代，重点研究了国产芯片及其指令集、可控硅材料和大容量直流断路器等部件，研制高可靠性的国产直流开关，并通过试验研究攻克火电机组励磁系统的运行策略，成功研发HN-i6200型励磁调节器替代进口励磁调节器。该成果的成功应用表明全国产化励磁系统具有可持续、友好推广与升级的优势。它不仅可以有效地缩减技术服务和备件采购成本，还可进一步激发民族产业链的创新升级，为励磁技术的国产化推广应用提供技术支持与方案参考。
1　励磁国产化关键技术
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现代励磁技术的典型原理框架如图1所示.励磁系统以成套柜体布置，输出铜排与发电机转子连接，励磁电源经励磁变压器接入整流柜。控制电源还需配置双路直流电，用于励磁调节器与灭磁开关等的供电；配置交流电源用于工控机、柜体照明、冷却风机和启励单元等器件供电[4-5]。无论是设备级的供电还是芯片级的微型电源系统，国产化替代技术已有成熟方案。本节着重综述控制与指令、通信、整流、灭磁4部分关键技术。
1.1　控制与指令子系统
控制与指令子系统对应励磁调节器的硬件平台与指令，典型的指令控制原理如图2所示。励磁控制需要高速可靠地实时交互模拟量总线数据流、开关量总线数据流，进行数字式微机控制，主要任务是将不同上位控制信息转换为脉冲触发信号输出至功率整流单元，正常启停确保发电机安全运行。常规励磁调节器的主要指令控制硬件平台架构配置DSP（digital signal processing）板+CPU（central processing unit）板，DSP部分完成模拟采集、运算及控制，CPU部分完成管理、通信以及开入/开出处理；亦或是纯DSP处理器完成控制与采集任务，典型如南瑞电控SAVR2000系列产品[6]。
现有微机控制有四大CPU体系结构—ARM、X86/Atom、MIPS、PowerPC，比较电力工业励磁用CPU体系调研结果，励磁系统板控制器架构见表1。还有一种精简指令集计算机（reduced instruction set computer，RISC），RISC是一种执行较少类型计算机指令微处理器，起源于80年代的MIPS主机。该计算机因执行每个指令类型都需要额外晶体管和电路元件，计算机指令集越大就会使微处理器更复杂，执行操作也会更慢，目前还在发展起步中[7]。
当前工业技术态势下，国产化励磁系统在处理器架构可选方案只有ARM体系和MIPS体系2种。其中ARM公司已被芯片开发商收购，自主可控度极度不稳定；MIPS体系无硬核授权，可开发用户自己的处理器产品，因此MIPS体系的处理器是目前国产化励磁技术的优先方案。
励磁系统控制用的处理器架构下，需依靠串行总线连接CPU芯片和FPGA（field programmable gate array），CPU串行连接如图3所示。由FPGA负责数模采样、双套切换、频率测量、脉冲生成等重要功能[8]。
因此，励磁调节器的国产化硬件平台关键技术主要围绕DSP+CPU板的替代实现。
文献[9]中李鹏团队依托国家重点研发计划课题“电力专用CPU芯片和内嵌入式操作系统研发及应用”、南方电网公司科技项目“芯片化保护测控装置关键技术研究与应用”等项目，突破了新一代继电保护技术，在创新架构、高效集成、全面国产和安全可控等方面建立了完整的芯片保护技术体系，取得了一系列重大技术突破。
从硬件性能、接口、功耗水平、工业应用场景、量产出货量等5个维度综合分析来看，国产CPU芯片厂家有全志科技、瑞芯微、龙芯、飞腾等；国产FPGA芯片厂家有广东高云、紫光同创等；ADC（analog-to-digital converter）芯片厂家有上海贝岭、芯云、核心互联等。在核心操作系统软件技术可控性方面，国内企业大都基于开源技术，掌握所有核心技术资料。如中兴、银河麒麟等企业均拥有源代码和代码仓库，具有100%的产品定制权限，可以根据客户需要进行全层级定制开发。
1.2　通信子系统
励磁调节器在主从套装置之间的信息交互一般采用CAN（controller area network）总线高速串行通信网络。调节器与上位机或人机交互系统的外部通信一般有Modbus/TCP、IEC103协议、IEC61850、OPC等通信方式。
励磁调节器板件内部通信方式在现代励磁技术中主要体现在总线协议和数据流接口形式的配合，在调研国内代表性励磁厂家的通信配置方式后，将励磁系统板间通信方案总结见表2。
综上，在数字通信协议簇中，用于系统内各芯片间的通信可选用如CAN、SPI（serial peripheral interface）等“小”协议；系统间通信则需要选用传输速度每秒达数百上千兆字节的“大”协议总线系统，如PCI-E（peripheral component interconnect express）协议。再由励磁技术应用场景配置对应的接口，组合传输可靠、性价最优的方案即可[10]。
通信子系统的国产化关键技术在于：1）依照选取确定的国产化控制器架构选取内部板件间通信方式与各类型接口；2）高可靠的双套冗余通信配置方案；3）通信器件国产厂商性能比选；4）重点数据流传输与缓存的自校验；5）友好人机交互的多种外部通信接口预留。
1.3　整流子系统
大型火电励磁系统整流子系统的功率柜设计需要遵循标准[11-14]，确保N–1和N–2模式下同步发电机的所有工况安全运行。功率柜内配置的核心元器件为可控硅，或称晶闸管，辅助器件有快速熔断器、冷却风机、测温传感器等。
在提高功率柜的均流系数、解决交流侧过电压限制及功率柜优化散热方式等问题方面，目前有多个国产化示范应用项目[15-18]。有的通过采用动态均流技术，功率柜间的均流系数达到97%以上；有的采用南瑞特有的阻容吸收选型计算方法，能够将交流侧过电压限制到1.8倍以下，有效抑制交流侧换相过电压；还有创新性地提出铝材散热器加强迫风冷的可控硅散热方式。
晶闸管是励磁系统中承担功率转换的基本单元，直流输电制造业是电力用晶闸管的发展源，两大跨国公司ABB和SIMENS的成套设备占据了高压直流领域的主要市场。大容量国产晶闸管换流阀制造商在晶闸管器件的研制、设计、试验全过程中已有工程应用，例如西电集团完成的舟山直流工程、西北-华中背靠背联网工程，许继集团完成的云广±800 kV直流工程等。诸如株洲中车集团轨道交通牵引系统用的中型晶闸管、功率半导体产业公司西安派瑞等，为励磁系统整流子系统器件的国产化带来多选方案。
保证整流系统可靠、稳定运行的国产化关键技术还在于：1）晶闸管性能选择的指标计算；2）配置晶闸管配套运行的过压抑制系统方案；3）晶闸管国产器件的深度测试；4）晶闸管器件的一致性与柜间均流设计。
1.4　灭磁子系统
灭磁系统核心元器件包括磁场断路器、灭磁电阻以及转子过电压保护装置。其技术条件依照标准[19-21]，分别确定磁场断路器额定电压、额定电流、额定最大分断电压、灭磁容量及转子过电压保护装置电压整定。
灭磁系统的作用是当机组故障时迅速切断发电机的励磁，并将存储在励磁绕组中的磁场能量快速消耗在灭磁回路耗能元件中。由于耗能型灭磁装置要将磁能消耗在磁场断路器中，易造成其开关损坏，所以目前广泛使用通过灭磁电阻耗能的移能型灭磁装置。火电机组鉴于转子本体具有很强的阻尼作用，快速灭磁只能加速纵轴励磁绕组回路中的转子励磁电流衰减，而不能使存储在发电机转子本体及横轴阻尼绕组中的能量迅速消失，因此汽轮发电机组通常采用线性电阻进行移能灭磁[19-22]。
我国自主研制了适用于不同容量、场景的灭磁方案如DM4、DMX、DDL等新型灭磁开关与氧化锌（ZnO）非线性灭磁电阻搭配组合的灭磁装置[23]，非线性电阻ZnO与其他换流方式的搭配组合[24]，交、直流双磁场断路器与SiC非线性电阻冗余组合的灭磁方案[25]，满足了发电机组的灭磁需要与安全要求。目前，应用较为成熟的国外磁场断路器还包括法国雷诺电气公司的CEX系列[26-28]、瑞士赛雪龙公司的HPB系列及UR系列、美国通用公司的Gerapid系列，对于火电机组磁场断路器国产化的主要难点在于增大其通流能力保证正常运行时温升合格。
保证灭磁系统稳定可靠运行的国产化关键技术还在于：1）大容量、高弧压灭磁环境下的磁场断路器研发；2）灭磁时序的优化设计。
2　HN-i6200励磁系统全国产化研发
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HN-i6200系列励磁系统重点研究了国产芯片及其指令集、可控硅材料和大容量直流断路器等部件，对于大型燃煤机组励磁系统运行的特殊要求，进行针对性设计，研制高可靠性的国产直流开关，并通过试验研究攻克火电机组励磁系统的运行策略，成功研发出全国产HN-i6200型励磁调节器替代进口励磁调节器，完成了励磁系统参数测试，并建立了电力系统稳定计算励磁系统数学模型。
2.1　MIPS架构下的龙芯系列处理器
HN-i6200型励磁调节器基于南瑞电控NES6100型励磁调节器架构进行二次研发，平台硬件彻底替代，操作系统层重新开发，依照MIPS体系下的芯片级、模块级、单板级和系统级优化设计适配开发平台中间件。
硬件架构保留经典励磁调节器的DSP板+CPU板模式，DSP板完成模拟采样、运算及控制，CPU板完成管理通信以及开入开出处理，均采用中央控制芯片+FPGA最小系统的硬件方案。选用的龙芯2K1000CPU为64位双核处理器，多CAN控制器及PCIE控制器，使CPU和FPGA之间的通信更加可靠、稳定。龙芯2K1000处理器片内数据缓存还配置硬件ECC（error correcting code）校验来提高了控制装置的可靠性。
配置RGMII（reduced gigabit media independent interface）高速模拟量通信通路，外部通信接口保留Modbus TCP，还全面支持IEC61850、IEC103的人机交互上位通信协议，兼容智能变电站运用接口技术；支持IRIG-B、NTP和PPS等多种对时方式。
软件国产化以NES6100型调节器为原型升级，各基础模块板件设计完成，底层代码编译以龙芯LSK2000+FPGA最小系统代码完成，CPU编译环境确定为“麒麟V10”环境编译，在自主可控软硬件平台基础上，完成从32位处理器到64位处理器的程序适配处理。
2.2　整流系统设计计算
整流系统的核心器件为可控硅，国产方案较成熟，设计选型为该系统国产化的关键。首先按照N–1方式计算单面整流柜额定输出电流：
ISR≥1.1×IfNKa×（N−1)
式中：ISR为单个功率整流桥额定输出电流；IfN为发电机额定负载励磁电流；Ka为均流系数；N为功率整流桥数量。
元件的通态平均电流计算公式为：
IT(AV)=KIISRπ2×3
式中：KI为电流裕度系数，一般取1.8~2.3。
计算可控硅反向重复峰值电压URRM：
URRM≥KbKu2U2N
式中：Kb为过电压倍数，Kb=K1×K2，K1为换相过电压倍数取1.6~1.8，K2为整流桥最大输入电压不小于1.5倍发电机额定机端电压，故Kb取2.4～2.7；Ku为电压裕度系数，取1.05～1.10；U2N为励磁变压器额定二次电压。
利用通态平均电流和晶闸管反向重复峰值电压完成可控硅的型号初选，还需校核可控硅结温发热，完成整流子系统中可控硅的选型。
2.3　灭磁与过压保护系统设计
大型火电机组灭磁宜采用线性电阻灭磁方式，根据1~3倍的发电机转子绕组直阻值初选灭磁电阻值，如为0.19 Ω。分别设置空载误强励、负载误强励和机端三相短路3种工况对灭磁过程进行仿真计算，3种工况下仿真结果如图4—图6所示。
1）工况1空载误强励灭磁　当发电机运行在额定空载工况时，突然失控误强励，在机端电压达到1.3倍额定电压后延时0.5 s跳磁场断路器，同时将灭磁电阻接入灭磁回路进行灭磁。
2）工况2负载误强励　当发电机运行在额定负载工况时，突然失控误强励，由于发电机并列在网上，故假设机端电压为额定电压。在发电机定子电流达到热稳定极限或转子电流达到热稳定极限或转子电流达到2.5倍额定电流后，延时0.5 s跳磁场断路器，同时将灭磁电阻接入灭磁回路进行灭磁。
3）工况3负载额定下发电机机端三相短路　当发电机运行在额定负载工况时，发电机端突然三相短路，延时0.3 s跳负荷开关，同时联跳磁场断路器进行灭磁，但是由于短路点在发电机机端和机端断路器之间，因此跳机端断路器不能使得发电机与短路点断开。
经仿真分析，负载额定下发电机机端三相短路工况灭磁容量最大，灭磁容量为3.33 MJ。保留一定裕度后，按照灭磁容量6.00 MJ的发热条件来确定线性电阻的布置工艺。
灭磁断路器的额定工作电压按照不小于整流单元交流输入额定电压峰值选择，按照大于等于1.1倍转子额定负载电流选择断路器额定连续电流。灭磁断路器最大分断电流按照励磁系统最大短路电流计算结果选择，直流磁场断路器额定短路分断电流应不小于整流柜出口侧短路的最大电流值。额定最大分断电压应大于灭磁电阻两端最大灭磁电压和晶闸管整流桥输出的最大电压之和。针对空载误强励和负载机端短路2种恶劣工况的仿真结果与整流桥最大输出电压，确定最大分断电压为4 000 V。
过电压保护装置由非线性电阻、晶闸管跨接器组成，过压动作整定值需保证励磁绕组两端过电压时的瞬时值不超过出厂试验时绕组对地耐压试验电压幅值的70％。
2.4　大容量、高弧压国产磁场断路器研发
励磁全硬件设备进行了国产供货商比选，其中大型火电机组用磁场断路器首次应用了国产直流开关，机械锁扣式的合闸保持技术、高可靠性的合闸锁机构技术、合闸零弹跳与主弧触头电流转移技术和断路器机械寿命次数的突破，确保了国产磁场断路器使用的可靠性，进口与国产磁场断路器对比如图7所示。
研发技术难点主要集中额定电流和短路器弧压不满足条件。通过采用大弧室、抬高引弧角，改进燃狐触发位置、改进删片材料工艺及数量实现了弧压值的增强；通过改进触头材料工艺、外部增加主轴散热片、增大主轴导电回路截面材料实现了额定容量的提升。图8展示了5 200 A耐流下的国产磁场断路器温升测试曲线。由图8表明，国产磁场断路器满足大型火电机组转子应用的技术条件。
3　HN-i6200大型火电励磁工程示范
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HN-i6200系列实现了全套机柜的国产化替代，并在超临界670 MW燃煤机组上进行了工程示范。该工程利用最小边界调试技术，安全、高效地利用原有回路并优化新配设施，保证励磁系统稳定可靠运行。
国产化替代实施的关键在于：1）励磁系统原回路标记与不停电作业处理，来保障新柜敷设及接线作业效率；2）以“最小边界”的子单元划分，对国产化励磁系统各部分进行静态调试、传动模拟，启动后的联合传动与励磁系统各项试验测试；3）就地、远方的系统性控制逻辑优化，并网运行特性的记录与监视。
为加强对重点国产化元器件的运行特性监测，配置专用“HN-i6200励磁系统智慧哨兵”后台监控系统，对整流柜可控硅结温、开关柜视讯和红外成像进行实施监控，完善并采集器件运行特性便于产品的持续升级。
表3为发电机空载5%阶跃指标对比，图9展示了HN-i6200励磁系统在670 MW火电机组的空载建压过程，用时10.5 s，软启特性良好，功率输出稳定。大量实验室测试数据、现场调试结果及在线监控数据均表明HN-i6200励磁系统的控制稳定性强、器件可靠性高，系统运行特性优良。
4　结论与展望
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HN-i6200系列励磁系统的成功应用，表明在励磁现场服务、备品采购等方面相较进口设备，可有效缩减成本。同时，HN-i6200系列励磁产品各项性能达标，机组运行稳定，实现了大型火电机组励磁系统软、硬件100%国产化，解决了核心控制器非国产化的“卡脖子”难题，打破国外技术封锁，可激发民族产业链的进一步创新和升级，促进民族工业和大国制造的持续发展。
本文对国产化中的若干关键问题，包括控制与指令子系统、通信子系统、整流子系统及灭磁子系统等关键技术进行了系统性归纳，总结了目前励磁技术现状与进展，国产化励磁系统还需破除技术壁垒，突破多个系统的关键核心技术研发，未来的研究任重而道远。此外，大型火电机组励磁系统已取得摆脱“卡脖子”的技术突破，下一步还可进行“国产化”+“智能化”的持续升级，来深度保障电力设备信息安全、数字智能产业化迭代升级。
基金
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  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H36)
文献
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304010
  • 接收时间：2023-04-06
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-04-06
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H36)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H36)
作者信息
    1.华能吉林发电有限公司九台电厂，吉林　长春　130500
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    3.国电南瑞科技股份有限公司电气控制分公司，江苏　南京　211106
    4.中国船舶重工集团公司第七一二研究所，湖北　武汉　430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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