Article(id=1222543594016198666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202304044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682179200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406706574, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406706574, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406706574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406706574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543594280439840, articleId=1222543594016198666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Creep rupture residual life prediction method of 2.25Cr-1Mo considering reliability evaluation, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Creep rupture is one of the most common failure modes of pipelines used in thermal power plants. Residual life prediction is an effective guarantee to ensure the safety, utilization and benefit maximization of equipment. Based on the creep rupture test data of 2.25Cr-lMo heat-resistant steel in actual service for over 200 000 hours, the selection principle of TTP parameters and its influence on the accuracy of life prediction are analyzed by comprehensively considering the working stress and TTP parameters. The relationship curve family of Z-parameter method is used to characterize the vertical dispersion of pipeline durability data in different power plants. The stress-TTP-reliability curve for evaluating the reliability of life prediction is established, and the relationship between the predicted life of different power plant pipelines and the working state of the unit is obtained. The creep residual life of different power plant samples at 540 ℃/45.26 MPa is 1.725 6×105 h and 3.378 8×105 h respectively, and the predicted reliability reaches 99%, which provide maintenance suggestions for the operation reliability of power plant equipment.

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蠕变损伤是火电厂管道最常见失效形式之一,对其进行剩余寿命预测是确保设备使用安全性、利用率和效益最大化的有效保障。基于实际服役超20万h 2.25Cr-lMo耐热钢蠕变持久试验数据,综合考虑工作应力与时间-温度热强参数(TTP),分析了TTP选择原则及对寿命预测精度的影响,利用Z参数法的关系曲线族表征了不同电厂管道持久性能数据的垂直分散性,建立了评估寿命预测可靠性的应力-TTP-可靠度曲线,得出不同电厂管道预测寿命与机组工作状态的关系,获得不同电厂试样在540 ℃/45.26 MPa环境下运行的蠕变剩余寿命分别为1.725 6×105 h和3.378 8×105 h,且预测可靠度达到99%。研究结果可为电厂设备运行可靠性提供检修建议。

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吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
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安艳峰(1973),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂设备评估与管理,

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Fulalji Power Plant, Qiqihar 161041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938920179987299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, companyId=1240938920163210080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华电能源股份有限公司富拉尔基发电厂,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔 161041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240938920289039211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938920293233516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, companyId=1240938920289039211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938920301622126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, companyId=1240938920289039211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)]), AuthorCompany(id=1240938920385508211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938920393896821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, companyId=1240938920385508211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938920402285431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, companyId=1240938920385508211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院,陕西 西安 710048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240938924558839940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Creep endurance test sample (mm), figureFileSmall=QIp1SdX74i8SMdDwHJ6ibA==, figureFileBig=jrHruK0mUWQ/WXRmTMNleQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938924630143111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蠕变持久试验试样(mm), figureFileSmall=QIp1SdX74i8SMdDwHJ6ibA==, figureFileBig=jrHruK0mUWQ/WXRmTMNleQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938924835664019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The fitting comparison between exponential method and logarithmic method, figureFileSmall=0VqiAEiEroI0aJQ7p0S6gw==, figureFileBig=AqyT+0ERuvQfr/9+FPfXgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938924932133019, 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figureFileSmall=109HT2qmtSJdRJJei1bRJg==, figureFileBig=GGBRqUSOmCQbhMpNkBK5Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925619998908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of pipeline data of different power plants with the main curve, figureFileSmall=7FB90BQ41gJcMooFHTeKQQ==, figureFileBig=t1IwN/FYud3s0lUkMsVWow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925724856514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同电厂管道数据与主曲线对比情况, figureFileSmall=7FB90BQ41gJcMooFHTeKQQ==, figureFileBig=t1IwN/FYud3s0lUkMsVWow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925821325511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=2.25Cr-lMo steel stress-TTP-reliability curve, figureFileSmall=0PKUl69ca8fsIHF1eF4BRg==, figureFileBig=Ksa9KiBwXEmAEzAsMtCb5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925909405902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2.25Cr-lMo钢应力-TTP-可靠度曲线, figureFileSmall=0PKUl69ca8fsIHF1eF4BRg==, figureFileBig=Ksa9KiBwXEmAEzAsMtCb5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938926010069204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Creep endurance test data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h
12005.34231103 17445140181.0
218021.00241054 55746140140.0
316048.302512064447120740.0
4140297.90261151 02648120632.0
5130469.28271101 820491102 407.0
61004 004.00281052 457501101 834.0
79010 655.00291004 229519013 565.6
81141 396.803012078352957 093.0
91122 072.8931115660531003 393.4
10120888.70321101 858541101 504.0
111101 611.00331101 666551101 117.1
1215058.00341052 89656120352.0
13140112.00351052 487579011 571.0
14130158.00361003 91858984 731.0
15130240.00371004 667591043 213.0
161101 240.0038959 018601101 701.0
171101 084.0039140125611201 129.8
18953 744.004014012062130619.0
19954 596.004112065463140263.0
20130535.004212059064150170.0
211201 547.00431101 904
221152 211.00441101 580
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926102343899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蠕变持久试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h序号试验应力σ/MPa断裂时间t/h
12005.34231103 17445140181.0
218021.00241054 55746140140.0
316048.302512064447120740.0
4140297.90261151 02648120632.0
5130469.28271101 820491102 407.0
61004 004.00281052 457501101 834.0
79010 655.00291004 229519013 565.6
81141 396.803012078352957 093.0
91122 072.8931115660531003 393.4
10120888.70321101 858541101 504.0
111101 611.00331101 666551101 117.1
1215058.00341052 89656120352.0
13140112.00351052 487579011 571.0
14130158.00361003 91858984 731.0
15130240.00371004 667591043 213.0
161101 240.0038959 018601101 701.0
171101 084.0039140125611201 129.8
18953 744.004014012062130619.0
19954 596.004112065463140263.0
20130535.004212059064150170.0
211201 547.00431101 904
221152 211.00441101 580
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926211395808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Analysis results of normality test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目样本量平均值标准差偏度峰度Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验
统计量Dnp1
Z参数64–0.0010.037–0.078–0.1900.0960.155
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926307864803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543594016198666, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正态性检验分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目样本量平均值标准差偏度峰度Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验
统计量Dnp1
Z参数64–0.0010.037–0.078–0.1900.0960.155
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考虑评估可靠性的2.25Cr-lMo钢蠕变损伤剩余寿命预测方法
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安艳峰 1 , 刘伟 1 , 梁宝山 1 , 梁志刚 1 , 鞠东利 1 , 崔雄华 2 , 杨哲一 2 , 吕延军 3 , 石瑞 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(12): 157-163
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(12): 157-163
考虑评估可靠性的2.25Cr-lMo钢蠕变损伤剩余寿命预测方法
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安艳峰1 , 刘伟1, 梁宝山1, 梁志刚1, 鞠东利1, 崔雄华2, 杨哲一2, 吕延军3 , 石瑞3
作者信息
  • 1.华电能源股份有限公司富拉尔基发电厂,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔 161041
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 安艳峰(1973),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂设备评估与管理,

通讯作者:

吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
Creep rupture residual life prediction method of 2.25Cr-1Mo considering reliability evaluation
Yanfeng AN1 , Wei LIU1, Baoshan LIANG1, Zhigang LIANG1, Dongli JU1, Xionghua CUI2, Zheyi YANG2, Yanjun LYU3 , Rui SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Huadian Energy Co. Ltd. Fulalji Power Plant, Qiqihar 161041, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304044
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蠕变损伤是火电厂管道最常见失效形式之一,对其进行剩余寿命预测是确保设备使用安全性、利用率和效益最大化的有效保障。基于实际服役超20万h 2.25Cr-lMo耐热钢蠕变持久试验数据,综合考虑工作应力与时间-温度热强参数(TTP),分析了TTP选择原则及对寿命预测精度的影响,利用Z参数法的关系曲线族表征了不同电厂管道持久性能数据的垂直分散性,建立了评估寿命预测可靠性的应力-TTP-可靠度曲线,得出不同电厂管道预测寿命与机组工作状态的关系,获得不同电厂试样在540 ℃/45.26 MPa环境下运行的蠕变剩余寿命分别为1.725 6×105 h和3.378 8×105 h,且预测可靠度达到99%。研究结果可为电厂设备运行可靠性提供检修建议。

2.25Cr-lMo耐热钢  /  可靠性评估  /  Z参数法  /  剩余寿命

Creep rupture is one of the most common failure modes of pipelines used in thermal power plants. Residual life prediction is an effective guarantee to ensure the safety, utilization and benefit maximization of equipment. Based on the creep rupture test data of 2.25Cr-lMo heat-resistant steel in actual service for over 200 000 hours, the selection principle of TTP parameters and its influence on the accuracy of life prediction are analyzed by comprehensively considering the working stress and TTP parameters. The relationship curve family of Z-parameter method is used to characterize the vertical dispersion of pipeline durability data in different power plants. The stress-TTP-reliability curve for evaluating the reliability of life prediction is established, and the relationship between the predicted life of different power plant pipelines and the working state of the unit is obtained. The creep residual life of different power plant samples at 540 ℃/45.26 MPa is 1.725 6×105 h and 3.378 8×105 h respectively, and the predicted reliability reaches 99%, which provide maintenance suggestions for the operation reliability of power plant equipment.

2.25Cr-lMo heat-resistant steel  /  reliability evaluation  /  Z-parameter method  /  residual life prediction
安艳峰, 刘伟, 梁宝山, 梁志刚, 鞠东利, 崔雄华, 杨哲一, 吕延军, 石瑞. 考虑评估可靠性的2.25Cr-lMo钢蠕变损伤剩余寿命预测方法. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 157 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304044
Yanfeng AN, Wei LIU, Baoshan LIANG, Zhigang LIANG, Dongli JU, Xionghua CUI, Zheyi YANG, Yanjun LYU, Rui SHI. Creep rupture residual life prediction method of 2.25Cr-1Mo considering reliability evaluation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 157 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304044
对发电厂延寿热电联产机组主要设备进行可靠性管理,开展未来性能的预测和评估,是确保设备使用安全性、利用率和效益最大化的有效保障。火电机组关键部件大多处于高温高压使用条件,常通过分析其损伤模式进行可靠性评估[1-2]。锅炉管道等承压部件材质为耐热钢[3],其常见的损伤失效模式有蠕变、疲劳、磨损、腐蚀等,其中起主导作用是蠕变损伤[4-9]。可靠性评估是进行寿命预测和安全性分析的基础,更是衡量产品可靠性是否达到预期设计目标的主要途径,其评估过程是根据承压部件的试验数据及统计分布规律,再利用概率统计方法对产品特征量进行统计推断分析[10-13]
2.25Cr-lMo系铁素体耐热钢,如ASME标准中钢号为SA-213 T22(管子)和SA-335 P22(管道)的材质,广泛应用于火电厂主蒸汽及再热蒸汽管道等[14]。影响其断裂时间的主要因素是温度和应力,常用温度、应力和时间的变化曲线来表征蠕变过程。席与珩等[15]通过测量管道内壁氧化层厚度和金属壁厚对某电厂的锅炉导汽管进行蠕变剩余寿命估算。蠕变寿命评估以持久强度试验为主,采用加速实验法可有效缩短试验时间。
近年来,用外推法预测不同使用条件下的剩余蠕变寿命,已从等温线外推法演化为Larson-Miller参数外推(L-M)法[16]、Manson-Harferd(M-H)法[17]和Orr-Sherby-Dorn(OSD)法[18]等。Roy等人[19]基于加速蠕变持久试验,用L-M法评估了2.25Cr-lMo钢不同应力、温度下的蠕变寿命,却未对剩余寿命结果进行分析评定。周立群等[20]对比了3种常用的TTP法,并用Z参数进行材料持久性能的可靠性评估,但研究对象是25Cr20NiNbN钢。Z参数法是利用材料的应力与L-M参数间不同Z值关系曲线族来分析持久性能劣化程度的方法。L-M法[21-22]是应用最为广泛的外推法,但在短时蠕变模拟试验预测长时剩余寿命时,难免出现外推过度的情况,在L-M法基础上结合Z参数法将预测结果与可靠度关联,可有效确保预测结果的可靠性。
本文以2.25Cr-lMo典型耐热钢为研究对象,综合考虑TTP参数预测方法,基于服役超20万h后管道持久强度试验数据进行统计分布规律研究,将L-M法与Z参数法结合来表征持久性能数据的垂直分散性,采用极大似然法估计其分布参数,开展不同可靠度下蠕变损伤评估和构件剩余寿命预测。
金属的蠕变极限是评定金属部件在高温及应力长期作用下的强度标准,也是评定管道材质使用寿命的主要参数。试验温度540 ℃为常用工作温度,通过提高试验应力来缩短蠕变断裂时间,从而外推持久服役的剩余寿命。
在ZST3/3型高温蠕变试验机上进行载荷不变的蠕变断裂试验,初始载荷从初步试验结果中进行选取,载荷精度小于1%,蠕变变形精度为0.001 mm。在试样的测算长度段绑上3根NiCr-NiSi热电偶,用来测定试样的温度波动和梯度值,保证控温精度≤3 ℃,温度梯度≤3 ℃。蠕变持久试验试样为圆形横截面标准蠕变试样,规格为D10 mm×100 mm,具体尺寸如图1所示。将试样加热至540 ℃,沿试样的轴线方向施加恒定载荷,直至试样断裂,并测定其蠕变时间。
为分析不同电厂机组运行工况,以上试验所用试样来源于不同电厂使用的P22钢管道,其组织为铁素体+贝氏体,老化3~4级,运行工况基本相同且服役时长均超过了20万h。本文所用持久蠕变试验数据中,最长蠕变时间为13 565.6 h,对应试验载荷为90 MPa,试验数据见表1
在上述持久蠕变试验基础上,运用L-M法将试验条件下蠕变断裂试验结果进行归纳,采用温度和时间可以互为补偿的PL-M参数用于外推高温材料的寿命,其表达式为[17]
PLM=103T(lgtr+C)
式中:C为材料常数;T为绝对温度,K;tr为断裂时间,h;PL-M为Larson-Miller参数。由于不同材料有不同的材料常数,利用各应力水平和温度下的2.25Cr-lMo钢试验数据,选定PL-M中材料常数C为20。
为建立参数PL-M和应力σ间的函数表达式lgσPL-M,采用参数拟合法对其进行判定,常用的参数拟合法有多项式拟合、对数拟合和指数拟合[23]。多项式拟合在预测条件超出数据区间时,拟合曲线趋势改变使得推算结果误差较大。为提高拟合优度,采用三次项对数拟合分析,表达式为:
lgσ=C1+C2lgPLM+C3lg2PLM+C4lg3PLM
若采用指数拟合分析,表达式为:
lgσ=C1C2exp[C3PLM]
为进一步确定拟合曲线符合原始数据点的分布趋势,运用决定系数r来判定拟合优度,其在[0,1]上取值,具体表达式为[9]
r2=SrSt=(y^iy¯)2(yiy¯)2
式中:总偏差平方和St反映yi的离散程度;回归平方和Sr反映回归值y^i的离散程度;决定系数r越接近于1,拟合曲线越符合原始数据点的分布趋势。
即使采用三次项对数拟合,通过对比计算,得到指数曲线拟合的决定系数为0.979 6,对数曲线拟合的决定系数为0.951 9。指数法与对数法拟合对比如图2所示。图2中试验数据点均分布在主曲线周围,但指数拟合效果更好,故本文选取指数曲线拟合。根据本文试验数据拟合得C1=4.387 00,C2=0.755 00,C3=0.060 01。根据2.25Cr-lMo钢持久性能数据得到的lgσPL-M关系主曲线为:
lgσ=4.387000.75500exp[0.060 01PL_M]
为分析构件持久性能的分散性,用Z参数来表征试验数据点偏离主曲线的程度:
Zi=lgσi4.387+0.755exp[0.060 01×103Ti(lgtri+20)]
式中:Zi为数据点i的偏离程度;σiTitri分别为数据点i的试验应力、试验温度和持久断裂时间。
基于式(6)计算2.25Cr-lMo钢64个数据的Z参数值,并假设Z参数服从正态分布。对Z参数分布进行K-S拟合优度检验,则经验累计概率Fn(Z)与理论累计概率F(Z)的最大差值,即检验统计量Dn的观察值为:
Dn=max{|Fn(Z)F(Z)|}
K-S检验的显性水平为0.05时,相应的临界值Dnα=1.36/64=0.17,即检验统计量Dn的拒绝域为(0.17,+∞),根据表2的分析结果,由于Dn<Dnα,故原假设成立。
通过对Z参数进行K-S检验得到2.25Cr-lMo钢的母体平均值μ为–0.001,Z参数分布的标准差σz为0.037的正态分布,其对应的概率密度函数为:
f(Zi)=10.0372π×exp[(Zi+0.001)22×0.0372]
虽然K-S检验获得了Z参数正态分布的均值与方差,但其取值误差较大,还需进行进一步的计算以获得更准确的取值,具体如图3所示。采用极大似然估计法得到正态分布下的参数均值及方差估计量的似然函数为[10]
L(Z|μ,σZ2)=(2πσZ2)N2exp[12σZ2Σi=1N(Ziμ)2]
则有:
lnL=N2ln(2π)N2lnσZ212σZ2Σi=1N(Ziμ)2
{μlnL=1σZ2[Σi=1N(ZiNμ)]=0σZ2lnL=N2σZ2+12(σZ2)2Σi=1N(Ziμ)2=0
求解式(11)第1式得到μ后,代入第2式得到正态分布参数的最大似然估计量为:
μ^=Z¯σ^Z2=1NΣi=1N(ZiZ¯)2
式中:N为数据量;Z¯为参数Z的平均值;Zi为第i个数据的Z值。
通过上述计算得到均值μ较小,这与主曲线代表材料持久性能的平均性能特性相对应,得到其概率密度函数为:
f(Zi)=12π×2.575×104×           exp((Zi+2.765×104)22× 2.575×104)
根据可靠性理论,由于Z参数的分布服从正态分布规律,将Z参数的概率密度进行曲线积分,从而得到关于可靠度R的计算公式为:
R(Z)=11σZ2πZpexp(Z22σZ2)dZ=Φ(ZpσZ)
式中:Φ(•)表示标准正态分布函数;Zp/σz为给定可靠度R下的正态分布值。
从正态分布表中可以查到R值,从而计算出特定可靠度R下的Z参数值,即可实现特定可靠度下材料的持久性能可靠性评估和剩余寿命预测。图4为根据以上计算、运用本文试验数据得到预测可靠度R为97.78%时不同应力下电厂管道的蠕变剩余寿命tr
图5显示了不同C值下同一钢管试验数据所得主曲线拟合结果。从图5可以观察到,C值越大,主曲线越靠右上方。不难发现,当基于L-M参数模型对耐热钢的持久性能进行剩余寿命预测时,对同一材料的参数模型,不同C值对剩余寿命预测结果影响较大。本文对2.25Cr-lMo钢的C值取20,但实际上为了获得更高精度的预测结果,则需要对持久性能数据进行优化处理,以得到适合此种材料的C[20]
事实上,由于材料持久性能数据具有分散性,C值不会集中到一固定点,而是在一定范围内分布[24]。研究发现C值是碳质量分数的函数[25],且其他合金元素对其无明显影响,其计算公式为:
C=21.2005.625(ωc)C=21.3005.800(ωc)
式中:ωc为碳质量分数。根据电厂提供的2.25Cr-lMo钢的碳质量分数为0.13%,算得C=20.469,以下分析均按此值进行。
图6为不同电厂服役超20万h的2.25Cr-lMo钢的lgσPL-M曲线,并与前面得到的主曲线进行对比。对于同一管道,虽然来自不同电厂管道的数据存在一定的分散性,通过对比不难发现数据间差异明显。从图6可以看出:a电厂管道数据在主曲线的左下方,整体数据平行于主曲线,这是由于a电厂管道服役时间最长,偏离主曲线的程度最大,故其蠕变断裂性能的恶化程度更严重;b电厂管道数据与主曲线重合度较高,但未平行于主曲线,说明其个别管道剩余寿命较低且该电厂管道数据分散性较高。设计应力为45.26 MPa、可靠度在99%时,通过分析计算得到a电厂管道的剩余寿命为1.725 6×105 h,b电厂管道的剩余寿命为3.378 8×105 h。因此,a电厂管道比b电厂管道应提前进行安全检查以确保运行可靠性。
以上数据特性与各电厂机组工作状态密切相关,也进一步验证了同一管道,不同电厂的寿命各不相同,在进行寿命预估时应该结合各电厂情况具体分析。
通过选取不同可靠度即可得到对应的Z参数值,进而可以得到不同可靠度下应力-TTP曲线,即应力-TTP-可靠度曲线,具体如图7所示。由图7可以看出,可靠度分别为99.99%、92.00%和70.00%时,可靠度越大,预测曲线越靠左下方,其分布趋势与材料持久性能数据的分布趋势相吻合。当可靠度在92.00%以上时,即可保证所有实验数据点均满足预测寿命。这一曲线明确了在各可靠度下的应力,以及预测曲线与试验数据良好的对应关系,表明本文所用方法对2.25Cr-lMo钢开展高温蠕变性能剩余寿命预测的高可靠性。
通过外推法设计温度和应力条件下的寿命,是目前具有高置信度及可靠性的寿命预测与评估方法。Z参数法则进一步证明了耐热钢材料的高温持久性能与持久蠕变损伤评估的可靠性。通过对实际工作工况下2.25Cr-lMo系耐热钢蠕变持久试验数据的积累,综合考虑应力与TTP预测方法,在L-M法基础上利用Z参数法的关系曲线族表征持久性能数据的垂直分散性。基于Z参数法建立了蠕变断裂剩余寿命评估可靠度思想,获得不同电厂试样在540 ℃/45.26 MPa环境下运行的蠕变剩余寿命分别为1.725 6×105 h和3.378 8×105 h,且预测可靠度达到99%,总结了TTP选择原则及对寿命预测精度的影响,在TTP法基础上得到了持久性能可靠性设计及寿命预测的应力-TTP-可靠度曲线,建立了考虑服役条件波动性及持久性能分散性下进行可靠性评估及持久剩余寿命预测的流程与方法,得到不同电厂管道在特定工作温度与应力下的剩余寿命,为电厂设备运行可靠性提供检修建议。
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304044
  • 接收时间:2023-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-23
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    1.华电能源股份有限公司富拉尔基发电厂,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔 161041
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院,陕西 西安 710048

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吕延军(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械可靠性、工业润滑与工程摩擦学,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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