Article(id=1222543593399636968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678982400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406706428, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406706428, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406706428, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406706428, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543593865203714, articleId=1222543593399636968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on fault early warning of coal mill based on WPT and Transformer, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fault early warning of the coal mill is of great significance to the safe operation of thermal power unit, but the operation of the coal mill has many interference noises and a high degree of coupling, which makes the fault early warning more difficult. Based on this, this paper proposes a fault warning method based on wavelet packet transform (WPT) and Transformer. Firstly, the signal is denoised by the wavelet packet analysis method with adaptive threshold value. Then, the characteristic parameters related to the fault measurement point are selected as input to establish a Transformer coal pulverized prediction model based on the self-attention mechanism. Finally, the kernel density estimation method is used to analyze the prediction deviation and determine the warning threshold. Taking a 660 MW medium-speed coal mill as the research object and using actual data for verification, the experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is higher than that of CNN, LSTM, and CNN+LSTM models, and it can provide early warning of coal mill failures.

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磨煤机运行干扰噪声多、耦合程度高的特点加大了火电机组安全运行故障预警难度。提出了基于小波包变换(wavelet packet transform,WPT)和Transformer的故障预警方法WPT-Transformer。首先,通过自适应阈值的小波包分析方法,对信号进行降噪处理;接着,选取与故障测点相关的特征参数作为输入,建立基于自注意力机制的Transformer磨煤机预测模型;最后,利用核密度估计法分析预测偏差,确定预警阈值。以某660 MW机组中速磨煤机为研究对象,采用实际数据做验证,结果表明,所提方法预测精度高于CNN、LSTM、CNN+LSTM模型,能够对磨煤机早期故障进行预警。

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李浩千(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组状态监测,
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杨婷婷(1981),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发电机组节能优化控制,

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Feature parameters

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序号参数
1给煤量/t
2磨煤机电流/A
3入口一次风压力/kPa
4入口一次风温度/℃
5入口一次风量/(t·h–1)
6出口混合物压力/kPa
7出口混合物温度/℃
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特征参数

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序号参数
1给煤量/t
2磨煤机电流/A
3入口一次风压力/kPa
4入口一次风温度/℃
5入口一次风量/(t·h–1)
6出口混合物压力/kPa
7出口混合物温度/℃
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Model superparameters

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项目数值
学习率0.002
预测步长3
批处理数量512
迭代次数200
注意力头数3
编码器数量3
解码器数量3
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模型超参数

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项目数值
学习率0.002
预测步长3
批处理数量512
迭代次数200
注意力头数3
编码器数量3
解码器数量3
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Wavelet packet denoising parameters

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项目分解层数降噪阈值
磨煤机电流510.250 0
给煤量45.482 0
入口一次风压力10.008 9
入口一次风温度10.465 4
出口混合物压力10.002 7
出口混合物温度40.004 8
入口一次风量54.479 0
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小波包降噪参数

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项目分解层数降噪阈值
磨煤机电流510.250 0
给煤量45.482 0
入口一次风压力10.008 9
入口一次风温度10.465 4
出口混合物压力10.002 7
出口混合物温度40.004 8
入口一次风量54.479 0
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Evaluation metrics and model computation time

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模型δMSEδMAEδMAPER2计算时间/s
CNN0.7260.4010.0050.97138.289
LSTM0.8150.5080.0060.95739.707
CNN+LSTM0.6840.4480.0060.97638.436
Transformer0.3620.2890.0040.9858.361
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评价指标与模型计算时间

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模型δMSEδMAEδMAPER2计算时间/s
CNN0.7260.4010.0050.97138.289
LSTM0.8150.5080.0060.95739.707
CNN+LSTM0.6840.4480.0060.97638.436
Transformer0.3620.2890.0040.9858.361
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基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警研究
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杨婷婷 1 , 李浩千 1 , 陈晓峰 2 , 罗海玉 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(12): 180-189
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(12): 180-189
基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警研究
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杨婷婷1 , 李浩千1 , 陈晓峰2, 罗海玉1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045
  • 杨婷婷(1981),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为发电机组节能优化控制,

通讯作者:

李浩千(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组状态监测,
Research on fault early warning of coal mill based on WPT and Transformer
Tingting YANG1 , Haoqian LI1 , Xiaofeng CHEN2, Haiyu LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.North China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303041
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磨煤机运行干扰噪声多、耦合程度高的特点加大了火电机组安全运行故障预警难度。提出了基于小波包变换(wavelet packet transform,WPT)和Transformer的故障预警方法WPT-Transformer。首先,通过自适应阈值的小波包分析方法,对信号进行降噪处理;接着,选取与故障测点相关的特征参数作为输入,建立基于自注意力机制的Transformer磨煤机预测模型;最后,利用核密度估计法分析预测偏差,确定预警阈值。以某660 MW机组中速磨煤机为研究对象,采用实际数据做验证,结果表明,所提方法预测精度高于CNN、LSTM、CNN+LSTM模型,能够对磨煤机早期故障进行预警。

故障预警  /  磨煤机  /  小波包降噪  /  自注意力机制  /  时间序列预测

The fault early warning of the coal mill is of great significance to the safe operation of thermal power unit, but the operation of the coal mill has many interference noises and a high degree of coupling, which makes the fault early warning more difficult. Based on this, this paper proposes a fault warning method based on wavelet packet transform (WPT) and Transformer. Firstly, the signal is denoised by the wavelet packet analysis method with adaptive threshold value. Then, the characteristic parameters related to the fault measurement point are selected as input to establish a Transformer coal pulverized prediction model based on the self-attention mechanism. Finally, the kernel density estimation method is used to analyze the prediction deviation and determine the warning threshold. Taking a 660 MW medium-speed coal mill as the research object and using actual data for verification, the experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is higher than that of CNN, LSTM, and CNN+LSTM models, and it can provide early warning of coal mill failures.

fault early warning  /  coal mill  /  wavelet packet de-noising  /  self-attention mechanism  /  time series prediction
杨婷婷, 李浩千, 陈晓峰, 罗海玉. 基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 180 -189 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303041
Tingting YANG, Haoqian LI, Xiaofeng CHEN, Haiyu LUO. Research on fault early warning of coal mill based on WPT and Transformer[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 180 -189 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303041
随着我国电力结构的持续优化和新能源的大规模并网,电网对火电等传统机组的调峰调频能力提出了更高要求,火电机组长期偏离额定状态运行。机组工况的频繁变化,导致设备更易发生故障。磨煤机作为火力发电的重要设备,其运行状况直接关系炉内燃烧的稳定性。因此,监测磨煤机设备状态,在设备故障发生前,及时进行预警,对机组安全运行具有重要意义。
电厂设备故障的预警方法可以分为机理建模、信号分析和数据驱动3类。基于机理建模的方法主要通过建立设备物理特性的微分方程,并应用于设备故障的预警中。其中,Odgaard等人[1]建立了磨煤机简化的能量平衡方程,并对磨煤机的异常能量流进行监测及诊断。Guo[2]、Wei[3]等人建立了多段磨煤机机理模型,监测模型变量的异常变化,实现对磨煤机设备状态的监测。基于信号分析的方法主要通过收集设备可靠性评价指标及故障案例,制定合适的信号分析手段,定量评估设备状态及可靠性。Su等人[4]设计了磨煤机振动信号采集系统,并提出了基于小波包变换的磨煤机运行模式辨识方法。上述2类方法一定程度上实现了机组设备故障的预警,但仍然存在一定局限性。机理建模方法受限于工业过程的耦合程度高、干扰因素多,难以建立高精度的数学模型;基于信号分析的方法依赖样本数量,且各个辅机运行状态的评估属于个体问题,不同设备运行工况、年限存在差异,相同的信号分析方法难以满足不同个体设备进行精确诊断的要求。
近年来,基于数据驱动的工业设备故障预警方法得到了广泛应用。符杨等[5]采用CycleGAN对故障数据进行扩充,并建立了基于径向基神经网络的风电机组预警模型。Xie等人[6]采用主成分分析(PCA)进行多源数据融合,并利用卷积神经网络挖掘主成分间的深层特征,并对轴承状态进行监测。韩万里等[7]利用PCA和小波变换对数据进行降噪、降维,然后通过多元状态估计MSET对引风机进行建模,监测设备状态。Hu等人[8]提出并建立了磨煤机机理改进模型,模拟故障数据,并利用堆叠自编码器对磨煤机状态进行判断。由于工业设备动态响应具有迟延特性,不同变量间存在时空耦合关系,为了充分挖掘其深层特征,LSTM[9-17]、XGboost+LightGBM+ LSTM[18]、CNN+LSTM[19]、CAE+LSTM[20]、GRU[21]、GRU+LightGBM[22]等模型被应用在电力、交通、石油开采等领域的设备状态监测中。
深度学习在工业设备状态监测领域已经得到广泛应用,但由于磨煤机运行在振动大、噪音强等复杂工况,采集的数据中包含大量干扰噪声,不同变量间的耦合程度高,传统深度学习模型的预警效果并不理想。针对原始数据存在的噪声信号和模型拟合能力不足的问题,本文提出了一种基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警方法。首先,采用自适应阈值的小波包降噪方法对特征参数进行分析,降低干扰噪声对模型预测的影响;然后,引入仅基于注意力机制的Transformer预测模型,建立更高精度的磨煤机多输入多输出系统;最后,融合多变量预测误差作为预测偏离度,使用核密度估计方法设定预警阈值,对磨煤机早期故障进行预警。
磨煤机系统存在大量干扰噪声,特征信号在其作用下会在短时间内大幅波动,导致模型挖掘深层特征的能力下降。若能够寻找合适的方法将噪声剔除,即可提升模型精度。
小波变换是一种时频分析方法,能够在几乎不损失能量的情况下将信号分解为携带不同频带信息的一系列子信号,其已被广泛用于负荷预测、数据压缩、电机故障诊断中。
小波包降噪通过可伸缩、平移的一系列小波基函数对原始信号进行多次滤波,将信号分解为由低频到高频的多频段子信号,通过保留低频段信息,对高频段信号进行选择性剔除,达到信号降噪的效果,使模型更好地挖掘参数间的特征。
对于一个能量有限函数f(t),其连续小波变换为:
W(a,τ)=1af(t)×ψ(tτa)dt
式中:f为原始信号;Ψ为小波基函数;τ为小波基函数平移量;a为小波基函数伸缩比例。
由于采集特征参数的传感器位置存在空间差异,所包含的高频干扰噪声处于不同频段。若分解层数过多,数据处理所需的计算量增大,且容易导致信息丢失。分解层数过少,高频噪声与低频信息不能完全分离,滤波降噪效果差。本文以Shannon熵为评价准则,计算各参数的最优分解层数:
Hik(X)=xPik(x)log2[Pik(x)]
Hik(X)Hi+1k(X)+Hi+1k+1(X)
式中:Pik为第i层第k个节点的小波系数;Hik为第i层第k个节点小波系数的Shannon熵。
由于不同参数包含噪声能量不同,为避免信息丢失及噪声残留问题,计算各参数的自适应阈值[23]
T(j,n)=σ2σx
式中:T(j, n)为自适应阈值;σx为原始信号方差;σ为高频子带小波系数方差。
分别对不同频段小波系数进行降噪滤波:
d^ij,n={|dij,n|T(j,n),|dij,n|T(j,n)0,                         |dij,n|T(j,n)
式中:dij,n为第i层第j个节点第n个未降噪小波系数;d^ij,n为降噪后小波系数。
Transformer是一种区别于CNN、RNN的新型神经网络,采用注意力机制作为模型主要模块[24]。该模型解决了RNN固有计算顺序(前一时刻计算的状态作为下一时刻的输入)限制了并行性,以及CNN由于卷积核的感受野有限,当特征间的空间距离增加,操作数随之增加等问题。使其可以更好地学习复杂模式及动态时间序列中的潜在信息,并建立更高精度的预测模型,图1为模型结构。
该模型主要由多个编码器、解码器堆叠组成。输入矩阵经过信号编码、注意力模块计算、归一化、前向传播,对当前时刻运行数据做出预测。
时序预测中,时间信息十分重要,由于模型不包含RNN结构,为了使模型能够感知输入数据的时间信息,引入了信号编码:
{P(p,2i)=sin(p10 0002id)P(p,2i+1)=cos(p10 0002id),i=1,...,d/2
式中:p为时序信号位置信息;d为输入向量维度;P为信号编码矩阵,与原始信号叠加作为输入。
注意力模块计算公式为:
Q=WQ·X
K=WK·X
V=WV·X
Ai(X)=f[Q·KTdk]V
式中:X为注意力模块输入;WQWKWV为全连接层权重;Q为查询映射矩阵;K为键映射矩阵;V为值映射矩阵;Ai(X)为注意力函数;f(·)为softmax函数;dk为缩放系数。
采用多头注意力机制并行计算,提取多变量间不同尺度的时空关联特征。该模块包含多个独立的全连接层和注意力模块,根据式(7)—式(10)将输入线性映射至不同的空间,分别计算注意力函数值,然后融合各个注意力模块的信息为:
M(X)=Concat[A1(X),...,An(X)]Wo
式中:M(X)为多头注意力函数;Ai(X)为第i个注意力函数;Concat(·)为拼接函数;Wo为融合矩阵。
基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警流程如图2所示。
在制粉系统中,磨煤机作为关键辅助设备,常需在恶劣环境下持续运作。然而,研究发现,实际应用中的煤种与设计阶段预期的煤种存在显著差异。这种现象不可避免地对磨煤机的整体性能产生负面影响,导致设备无法达到理想的运行状态,并易出现堵煤、断煤等故障。根据故障对监测参数的影响分为3种类型:1)无参数可测故障,如过大的振动;2)单点或多点可测故障,如加载油压异常;3)多参数可测的耦合故障,如堵煤和自燃等。在设备出现故障时,系统内参数耦合关系会发生变化,这种变化表现为监测参数异常。故障预警的关键任务在于研究如何精确量化这些参数异常,从而实现早期预警。为实现此目标,应根据磨煤机的工作特点和关键故障测点进行数据提取,以进行大数据建模和监测。
本文所建立的模型用来解决多参数耦合故障,为了避免大量监测参数导致的数据冗杂情况,需要挑选出最能表征磨煤机运行状态的参数,根据文献[25-26]对磨煤机原理及其典型故障的分析,关联的特征参数主要有:
1)给煤量 磨煤机最重要的参数,给煤量的增减将对磨煤机的状态产生显著影响;
2)磨煤机电流 表征磨煤机研磨出力的关键参数,当发生堵煤故障时,原煤、煤粉在输煤管道中堆积,研磨部件出力增加,导致电流异常升高;
3)磨煤机出入口温度 表征磨煤机内部煤粉状态的重要参数,当发生煤自燃故障时,煤粉释放大量热能,导致磨煤机出入口温度差异显著增大;
4)磨煤机出入口压力 表征磨煤机内部气流和煤粉细度的重要参数,当磨煤机磨损严重时,煤粉细度变粗,流动阻力减小,出入口压力相应减小;当发生堵煤故障时,由于管道内部空气流动阻力增加,出入口压力差会增大。
在一定程度上,磨煤机入口的一次风量也可以作为评估磨煤机运行状态的一个重要指标,综上,本文选择的特征参数见表1
利用灰色关联分析(grey relational analysis,GRA)对特征参数间的相关性进行分析。图3为特征参数之间的关联度热力图。由图3可以看出,本文选取的特征参数间存在较强关联性,作为模型输入是合理的。
通过上述分析,本文采用7个特征参数组成的时间序列作为模型输入,未来时刻的特征参数预测值作为输出。
多元时间输入矩阵根据式(6)进行信号编码,保留输入数据中蕴含的时间信息,经过全连接层线性映射为QKV矩阵。注意力模块提取矩阵间的关联信息,挖掘各参数间的耦合特征,经过多头注意力模块并行计算,提高特征挖掘能力。融合与归一化模块将输入矩阵与注意力评分矩阵进行拼接,避免梯度弥散,加快模型收敛,并通过前向传播模块融合不同源的信息,全连接层激活函数选择Relu函数。
通过多层编码器、解码器的堆叠,加深网络深度,全面挖掘数据间的时空耦合信息。解码器最终与全连接层相连,神经元个数为7,激活函数选择Sigmoid,模型超参数见表2
本文通过正常历史运行数据训练模型,然后对实时运行数据进行预测,当磨煤机发生故障时,由于系统内部特征参数的映射关系发生变化,导致实际监测参数偏离模型预测,通过量化实际运行数据偏离程度,表征设备运行状态。为了定量反应偏差程度,计算真实与预测向量的距离,作为模型预测偏差:
e=yy^22
式中:e为模型预测偏差;y为模型预测值;y^为真实值。
由于实际工况中存在多种扰动,为了避免扰动导致模型误报警,本文通过滑动窗口对偏差序列进行处理,抑制序列因偶然异常出现的误报警。
预警阈值的选择对预警的准确性有很大影响,由于模型预测偏差序列分布规律未知,因此3σ准则不适用于本模型。核密度估计法[27]是非参数估计方法,本文采用高斯核来计算预测偏差的概率密度函数f^(t)
h=1.06σm0.2
f^(t)=1mhk=1m1h2πe((ttk)22h2)
式中:h为带宽;m为样本序列长度;σ为样本序列方差;t为样本序列中元素。
求解累计积分函数,计算99%置信度时,模型的预警阈值td
0tdf^(t)dt=0.99
当磨煤机正常运行时,模型能够准确地对变量进行预测,预测偏差低于预警阈值。当预测偏差持续超出预警阈值时,则认为磨煤机出现故障,需要工作人员对设备进行检查并维修。
为验证所提方法的有效性,本文选取某660 MW火电机组中速磨煤机为研究对象,从DCS中获取2019年5月1日到5月7日传感器数据,采样间隔为1 min,图4为磨煤机实际运行数据。
磨煤机在5月7日8点3分发生堵煤故障。划分5月1日到5月5日传感器数据作为训练集,5月6日传感器数据作为验证集,5月6日到5月7日数据进行在线预警试验。
利用式(1)—式(4)对数据进行降噪,各变量小波包最优分解层数、降噪阈值见表3
图5为小波包降噪效果。由图5可以看出,所提方法有效抑制了原始信号中的波动。
由于不同参数的取值范围不同,为消除数据间量纲不同对模型预测精度的影响,对数据进行归一化:
x=xxminxmaxxmin
式中:xmin为参数最小值;xmax为参数最大值;x′为归一化后参数值。
为了实现多时间步长对未来值的预测,通过滑窗方法,创造多时间步长输入向量:
Xinput=[Xt1,Xt2,Xt3]
式中:Xt–1Xt–2Xt–3为不同时刻传感器数据组成的向量,内部元素为特征参数测量值。
利用5月6日正常运行数据对模型预测效果进行验证。图6为模型预测与真实值对比。
为验证所提模型的效果,选取LSTM、CNN、LSTM+CNN作为基线模型,对磨煤机特征参数进行预测并对比,图7为各模型预测偏差箱型图。
图7可以看出,所提模型对正常工况时的预测偏差中位数更小,误差上限低于CNN、LSTM、CNN+LSTM模型。本文选择均方误差δMSE、平均绝对值误差δMAE、平均绝对百分比误差δMAPE、拟合优度R2作为评价指标,验证各模型效果,其定义为:
δMSE(y,y^)=1ni=1n(yiy^i)2
δMAE(y,y^)=1ni=1n|yiy^i|
δMAPE(y,y^)=100%ni=1n|yiy^iy^i|
R2(y,y^)=1i=1n(yiy^i)2i=1n(y¯y^i)2
式中:y^为真实值;y为模型预测值。
各模型评价指标与1 000次预测耗时见表4。由表4可以看出,Transformer模型的预测误差比CNN、LSTM、CNN+LSTM模型分别降低了50.1%、55.5%、47.1%,各模型计算耗时均为毫秒级,能够满足实时性要求,并且Transformer模型得益于全连接层组成的自注意力模块,前向计算速度具有更大优势。
利用5月6日至5月7日磨煤机数据验证模型预警能力。首先,模型根据5月6日正常运行数据做出预测,利用式(12)—式(15)计算预测偏差及其预警阈值,图8为预测偏差概率密度函数。
模型对5月7日数据做出预测,根据预警阈值对磨煤机设备状态进行监测,图9为各模型预测偏差和预警情况。由图9d)可知,磨煤机在1 923点发生早期堵煤故障,各类模型都能在堵煤故障早期阶段发出报警,其中Transformer模型能够在1 679点发出警报,CNN+LSTM模型在1 696点发出警报,CNN存在误报警情况。通过在线预警实验,验证了WPT-Transformer的故障预警方法能够在磨煤机故障早期及时发出警报。
为进一步提升磨煤机预测模型精度,提高故障预警能力,保障火电机组安全生产,本文提出了基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警方法,得到以下结论。
1)自适应阈值的小波包降噪方法能够有效去除磨煤机特征参数中的噪声信息,解决高频振动信号预测不准确的问题。
2)本文提出的基于Transformer的磨煤机预测模型对特征参数的时空耦合信息挖掘更充分,预测效果更好。实验证明,在同样使用小波包降噪的情况下,所提方法比传统深度学习模型预测精度更高。
3)本文采用某660 MW机组中速磨煤机实际数据,验证了所提出的基于WPT-Transformer的磨煤机故障预警方法的有效性,能够避免故障进一步发展所带来的严重后果。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H88)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303041
  • 接收时间:2023-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-17
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H88)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H88)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    2.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045

通讯作者:

李浩千(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组状态监测,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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