Article(id=1222543591923245451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679587200000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406706076, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406706076, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406706076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406706076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543593328337305, articleId=1222543591923245451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on intelligent fault diagnosis of wind turbine based on WOA-KELM algorithm, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The typical faults of wind turbines are summarized. The fault data and non-fault data of converter system, generator system, variable propeller system and auxiliary power system with high fault frequency of wind turbines in a wind farm are selected for fault diagnosis research. The fault diagnosis model is established by ELM, SVM, KELM and WOA-KELM algorithms respectively. At the same time, Laplacian scores are used to sort and select the importance degree of model characteristic variables. WOA-KELM algorithm achieves better diagnostic effect by optimizing the regularization parameter C and kernel parameter γof KELM algorithm. The results show that, the diagnostic accuracy of the four algorithms for non-fault types is 100% under different sample numbers. The average diagnostic accuracy of WOA-KELM algorithm improves from 88.0% to 93.2% after feature screening by using Laplace scores. In the range of 250~500 samples, the diagnostic accuracy of WOA-KELM algorithm reaches the maximum of 96.0% after feature screening. It is proved that this model can effectively realize the fault diagnosis of wind turbine, and provide guidance and reference for field operation and maintenance personnel.

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针对风电机组存在的典型故障进行了归纳,选取某风场风电机组故障频次较高的变流系统、发电机系统、变桨系统、辅助电源系统故障数据和非故障数据进行故障诊断研究,分别采用极限学习机(ELM)、最小二乘支持向量机(SVM)、核极限学习机(KELM)和鲸鱼群优化算法(WOA)的WOA-KELM算法建立了故障诊断模型,同时采用拉普拉斯分数对模型特征变量重要程度进行排序和选取,WOA-KELM算法通过优化KELM算法的正则化参数C与核参数γσ取得了更好的诊断效果。研究表明:不同样本数量下4种算法4对非故障类型的诊断准确率均为100%;采用拉普拉斯分数对WOA-KELM算法进行特征筛选后测试样本的平均诊断准确率从88.0%提高到93.2%;WOA-KELM算法在样本数量为250~500内进行特征筛选后的诊断准确率达到最大值96.0%。这证明该模型可以有效实现风电机组的故障诊断,为现场运维人员提供指导与参考。

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安留明(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组状态监测与故障诊断,

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安留明(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组状态监测与故障诊断,

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安留明(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组状态监测与故障诊断,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WOA-KELM算法有特征筛选的适应度迭代曲线, figureFileSmall=llGy9bSNgKY+h5PRBv2cXQ==, figureFileBig=1kLx6wGwSGIUVpdyzbY/FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938927226409115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Confusion matrix graph of WOA-KELM algorithms, figureFileSmall=C6jvmDRtrtv4ynK2gK6Mnw==, figureFileBig=L8uQjCavKuDxTnZgmDsAFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938927318683805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=CN, label=图7, caption=WOA-KELM算法的混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=C6jvmDRtrtv4ynK2gK6Mnw==, figureFileBig=L8uQjCavKuDxTnZgmDsAFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938927423541410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main state parameters of fan SCADA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机系统参数单位
变流系统机舱变频(电源)柜温度
网(机)侧电抗温度
网(机)侧半导体温度
滤波板温度
有功功率kW
无功功率kVA
最大故障电流A
变桨系统变桨电机温度
变桨电机扭矩Nm
叶片角度(°)
偏航系统偏航变频器温度
偏航功率kW
机舱位置(°)
传动系统齿轮箱轴承温度
齿轮箱油池温度
发电机系统驱动端发电机轴承温度
非驱动端发电机轴承温度
最大发电机绕组温度
机舱及塔架系统机舱内温度
机舱电池电压V
机舱电池温度
平均风速m/s
风向(°)
环境温度
), ArticleFig(id=1240938927553564841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风机SCADA主要状态参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机系统参数单位
变流系统机舱变频(电源)柜温度
网(机)侧电抗温度
网(机)侧半导体温度
滤波板温度
有功功率kW
无功功率kVA
最大故障电流A
变桨系统变桨电机温度
变桨电机扭矩Nm
叶片角度(°)
偏航系统偏航变频器温度
偏航功率kW
机舱位置(°)
传动系统齿轮箱轴承温度
齿轮箱油池温度
发电机系统驱动端发电机轴承温度
非驱动端发电机轴承温度
最大发电机绕组温度
机舱及塔架系统机舱内温度
机舱电池电压V
机舱电池温度
平均风速m/s
风向(°)
环境温度
), ArticleFig(id=1240938927641645228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Sample selection for fan fault shutdown

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障部位故障现象故障原因机组编号
变流系统变频器一般性故障线路松动39
变频器一般性故障线路松动41
变频器一般性故障线路松动44
变频器一般性故障线路松动67
变频器检测脱网接线松动49
发电机系统发电机无转速发电机编码器损坏24
变频器一般性故障发电机损坏27
变频器故障发电机损坏59
发电机转子B相开路发电机损坏35
发电机转速过小超速继电器损坏55
变桨系统叶片1顺桨位置超时轮毂接线松动50
叶轮转速信号不同滑环编码器接线松动21
叶片2驱动错误变桨柜接线松动28
叶片开裂变桨轴承损坏54
叶轮超速刹车支撑杆松动40
辅助电源系统400 V电源故障PLC误动作32
箱变400 V电源断开变压器温度过高,超温保护50
电池电压低电池接线松动65
400 V电源故障电池馈电47
400 V电池接触器故障PLC误报43
), ArticleFig(id=1240938927742308525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591923245451, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风机故障停机样本选取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障部位故障现象故障原因机组编号
变流系统变频器一般性故障线路松动39
变频器一般性故障线路松动41
变频器一般性故障线路松动44
变频器一般性故障线路松动67
变频器检测脱网接线松动49
发电机系统发电机无转速发电机编码器损坏24
变频器一般性故障发电机损坏27
变频器故障发电机损坏59
发电机转子B相开路发电机损坏35
发电机转速过小超速继电器损坏55
变桨系统叶片1顺桨位置超时轮毂接线松动50
叶轮转速信号不同滑环编码器接线松动21
叶片2驱动错误变桨柜接线松动28
叶片开裂变桨轴承损坏54
叶轮超速刹车支撑杆松动40
辅助电源系统400 V电源故障PLC误动作32
箱变400 V电源断开变压器温度过高,超温保护50
电池电压低电池接线松动65
400 V电源故障电池馈电47
400 V电池接触器故障PLC误报43
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Diagnostic accuracy of each algorithm with different sample numbers

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样本数故障类型ELMSVMKELMWOA-KELM
125变流系统故障60100100100
发电机系统故障6060100100
变桨系统故障40606060
辅助电源系统故障6010060100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率64.084.084.092.0
250变流系统故障10010010080
发电机系统故障206090100
变桨系统故障0607080
辅助电源系统故障10010070100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率64.084.086.092.0
375变流系统故障100808060
发电机系统故障06793100
变桨系统故障8702780
辅助电源系统故障7310080100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率72.069.076.088.0
500变流系统故障95908595
发电机系统故障952585100
变桨系统故障4501585
辅助电源系统故障3010090100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率73.063.075.096.0
1 000变流系统故障9010045100
发电机系统故障0236835
变桨系统故障0253320
辅助电源系统故障100100100100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率58706971
不同样本平均故障诊断准确率66.074.078.088.0
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各算法不同样本数下的诊断准确率

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样本数故障类型ELMSVMKELMWOA-KELM
125变流系统故障60100100100
发电机系统故障6060100100
变桨系统故障40606060
辅助电源系统故障6010060100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率64.084.084.092.0
250变流系统故障10010010080
发电机系统故障206090100
变桨系统故障0607080
辅助电源系统故障10010070100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率64.084.086.092.0
375变流系统故障100808060
发电机系统故障06793100
变桨系统故障8702780
辅助电源系统故障7310080100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率72.069.076.088.0
500变流系统故障95908595
发电机系统故障952585100
变桨系统故障4501585
辅助电源系统故障3010090100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率73.063.075.096.0
1 000变流系统故障9010045100
发电机系统故障0236835
变桨系统故障0253320
辅助电源系统故障100100100100
非故障100100100100
故障诊断准确率58706971
不同样本平均故障诊断准确率66.074.078.088.0
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Diagnostic accuracy of WOA-KELM algorithm under different sample numbers

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样本数量1252503755001 000
变流系统故障/%1001001009593
发电机系统故障/%100100100100100
变桨系统故障/%6080808535
辅助电源系统故障/%100100100100100
非故障/%100100100100100
平均诊断准确率/%92.096.096.096.086.0
最佳特征个数2438182426
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不同样本数下WOA-KELM算法的诊断准确率

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样本数量1252503755001 000
变流系统故障/%1001001009593
发电机系统故障/%100100100100100
变桨系统故障/%6080808535
辅助电源系统故障/%100100100100100
非故障/%100100100100100
平均诊断准确率/%92.096.096.096.086.0
最佳特征个数2438182426
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基于WOA-KELM算法的风电机组智能故障诊断研究
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安留明 , 沙德生 , 张庆 , 李芊 , 刘潇波 , 张鑫赟
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(12): 131-139
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(12): 131-139
基于WOA-KELM算法的风电机组智能故障诊断研究
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安留明 , 沙德生, 张庆, 李芊, 刘潇波, 张鑫赟
作者信息
  • 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 安留明(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电机组状态监测与故障诊断,

Research on intelligent fault diagnosis of wind turbine based on WOA-KELM algorithm
Liuming AN , Desheng SHA, Qing ZHANG, Qian LI, Xiaobo LIU, Xinyun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • China Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute Co, Ltd, Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303091
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针对风电机组存在的典型故障进行了归纳,选取某风场风电机组故障频次较高的变流系统、发电机系统、变桨系统、辅助电源系统故障数据和非故障数据进行故障诊断研究,分别采用极限学习机(ELM)、最小二乘支持向量机(SVM)、核极限学习机(KELM)和鲸鱼群优化算法(WOA)的WOA-KELM算法建立了故障诊断模型,同时采用拉普拉斯分数对模型特征变量重要程度进行排序和选取,WOA-KELM算法通过优化KELM算法的正则化参数C与核参数γσ取得了更好的诊断效果。研究表明:不同样本数量下4种算法4对非故障类型的诊断准确率均为100%;采用拉普拉斯分数对WOA-KELM算法进行特征筛选后测试样本的平均诊断准确率从88.0%提高到93.2%;WOA-KELM算法在样本数量为250~500内进行特征筛选后的诊断准确率达到最大值96.0%。这证明该模型可以有效实现风电机组的故障诊断,为现场运维人员提供指导与参考。

风电机组  /  故障诊断  /  WOA-KELM算法  /  拉普拉斯分数

The typical faults of wind turbines are summarized. The fault data and non-fault data of converter system, generator system, variable propeller system and auxiliary power system with high fault frequency of wind turbines in a wind farm are selected for fault diagnosis research. The fault diagnosis model is established by ELM, SVM, KELM and WOA-KELM algorithms respectively. At the same time, Laplacian scores are used to sort and select the importance degree of model characteristic variables. WOA-KELM algorithm achieves better diagnostic effect by optimizing the regularization parameter C and kernel parameter γof KELM algorithm. The results show that, the diagnostic accuracy of the four algorithms for non-fault types is 100% under different sample numbers. The average diagnostic accuracy of WOA-KELM algorithm improves from 88.0% to 93.2% after feature screening by using Laplace scores. In the range of 250~500 samples, the diagnostic accuracy of WOA-KELM algorithm reaches the maximum of 96.0% after feature screening. It is proved that this model can effectively realize the fault diagnosis of wind turbine, and provide guidance and reference for field operation and maintenance personnel.

wind turbine  /  fault diagnosis  /  WOA-KELM algorithm  /  Laplace fraction
安留明, 沙德生, 张庆, 李芊, 刘潇波, 张鑫赟. 基于WOA-KELM算法的风电机组智能故障诊断研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303091
Liuming AN, Desheng SHA, Qing ZHANG, Qian LI, Xiaobo LIU, Xinyun ZHANG. Research on intelligent fault diagnosis of wind turbine based on WOA-KELM algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303091
近年来,我国可再生能源发展迅猛,截至2022年底,我国可再生能源装机占比历史性超过煤电装机,达到12.13亿kW,占全国发电装机的47.3%[1]。风电作为一种清洁低碳的可再生能源,其装机容量和单机容量呈逐年递增趋势。国家能源局统计数据显示,到2022年末,我国风电机组累计装机容量突破3.1亿kW,同比增长11.2%[2]。统计数据显示2021年我国新增风电机组中3.0~5.0 MW风电机组占比达到56.4%,同比增长22.0%[3]。值得注意的是,由于风电机组“抢装潮”导致我国目前存在大量的单机容量较小的老旧风电机组。据统计2020年我国运行时间10年以上的风电机组装机容量已经达到815万kW,其中小机组占比超过90%,且每年平均以44%的速度增长[4]。由于技术、管理等经验积累还未形成体系等客观原因,部分早期投运机组出质保期后,设备故障率大幅度提高,严重降低了风机的可利用时长,造成了严重的发电量损失,极大地影响了风电场的盈利能力[5]。通过故障诊断技术发现机组存在安全隐患以进行早期的故障治理,进而提高风场运行可靠性及经济效益已经成为了行业内的共识[6]
目前,风电机组故障诊断方面的研究方法主要包括时域频域分析方法、知识规则挖掘法和人工智能方法。时域频域分析方法主要对风电机组的振动信号进行计算与分析,通过计算相应时域波形指标、峰值指标和脉冲指标结合频谱变换方法提取故障特征频率,可以实现定性的故障诊断[7-9]。知识规则挖掘法主要采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)、故障树分析法(FTA)等方法提取故障异常特征,经过故障模式识别和故障原因推理后建立故障知识库以实现对设备的故障诊断[10-12]。人工智能诊断方法针对风电机组数据采集与监视控制系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)和状态监控系统(condition monitoring system,CMS)监测的风速、转速、功率、电流、电压、温度、压力、振动以及提取的各种时域频域特征等多种类型的数据进行挖掘分析,尤其是难以在监测参数有直观表现的大部件异常,采用机器学习的方法可以建立目标变量与各输入变量的映射模型,机组部件出现异常前一段时间内相关参数会发生变化,反映到模型上表现为预测目标变量与真实目标变量间残差值会增大,通过合理方法设置故障的判别阈值,可以实现故障的提前诊断预警。韩万里等[13]采用Relief算法筛选了风电变桨系统故障特征参数,采用数据融合MEST算法建立了变桨系统故障预测模型,实现了风电变桨系统的故障预警。邓子豪等[14]采用Rlief算法结合核密度-均值法提取了反映偏航齿轮箱运行状态的SCADA参数和故障特征指标,实现了偏航齿轮箱故障正常、磨损、断齿故障的诊断。张萍等[15]针对滚动轴承振动故障信号提取精度低的问题,采用鲸鱼群优化算法(WOA)优化的变分模态分解能量熵算法提取了故障特征,采用改进的支持向量机对滚动轴承进行诊断,准确率高达99.2%。
本文建立了基于WOA-KELM算法的风电机组故障诊断模型,采用拉普拉斯分数对模型输入特征进行重要性排序和选取,实现了风电机组变流系统、发电机系统、变桨系统、辅助电源系统4种不同部位早期故障的诊断识别,可以为运维人员提供指导,对于降低设备故障率、保障风电机组安全稳定运行具有重要意义。
目前我国广泛使用的双馈异步水平轴风电机组(图1)主要由叶轮系统、传动系统、液压与制动系统、发电机系统、变流系统、变桨系统、偏航系统、控制和保护系统等组成[16-17]。各子系统的组成与工作原理为:叶轮系统由3个叶片和轮毂组成,主要功能是实现风能到机械能转换,自然风流经叶片产生压力差驱动叶片转动,轮毂把叶片作用力传递到传动系统。传动系统主要包括主轴、齿轮箱、主轴承和联轴器,主要作用是能量传递和转速提升。叶片传来的机械能经过传动系统传递给发电机,齿轮箱用于提升主轴转速以达到发电机所需转速。液压与制动系统主要包含油泵、油箱、过滤器、输油管路、液压阀门和制动执行机构等装置,液压系统提供高速轴制动、偏航制动所需的液压动力,配合制动装置共同完成制动动作。发电机系统主要由发电机及前后轴承组成,主要实现机械能到电能的能量转换。齿轮箱高速端传来的力矩带动发电机旋转切割磁力线产生电流,经过整流、逆变和变压后并入电网。变流系统主要由变频柜与各种电力电子器件组成,通过对发电机转子进行励磁,使得发电机定子侧输出电压的幅值、频率和相位满足并网要求,此外变流系统还能起到雷击、过流、过压、过温的保护功能。变桨系统主要由变桨电机、滑环、超级电容柜等组成,通过改变桨距角的大小可以调节风轮捕获风能的功率,同时当桨距角为90°时,叶片处于顺桨状态,叶片实现了空气动力学刹车。偏航系统主要由偏航驱动器、偏航电机、凸轮开关及旋转编码器等组成。测风系统风速风向仪测得风向发生改变时将电信号传递给控制系统,经过比较处理后偏航电机驱动机舱旋转,使得叶轮对准风向。控制和保护系统主要由各种传感器、控制器以及各种执行机构等组成,主要功能包括机组的启停、变速恒频控制、变桨距控制、偏航控制等。当传感器传来的信号与设定值不一致,经过PLC的运算和处理,控制器发出指令,调整系统到相应的运行状态。
随着单机容量越来越大,风电机组的传动链结构越来越复杂和紧凑。同时由于机组长期处于变转速变载荷工况下运行,气候环境非常恶劣,又处于高空运行,这给机组运行维护造成很大困难,因而风电机组的故障率较高。一旦风机发生故障,相应的停机时间较长,维修成本很高。针对我国广泛采用的变桨双馈异步风电机组常见的故障类型进行总结对于合理安排维修策略、降低运维成本具有重要意义。
风电机组齿轮箱常见的故障类型包括齿轮损伤、轴承损坏、断轴等。其中,齿轮损伤又具体包括:齿形误差、齿面磨损、疲劳点蚀、齿面胶合、齿面偏心、断齿等典型故障。发电机中最常见的故障部件是轴承、定子和转子。定子转子故障的主要形式有绕组断路、绕组短路、绕组连接异常、转子条及端环断裂、气隙偏心等。风电机组的叶片作为吸收风能关键部件长期处于恶劣的环境中运行,在湿气侵蚀、强风、雷击等破坏性因素影响下容易产生偏斜、弯曲、疲劳裂纹、叶片断裂等故障形式。风电机组偏航系统常见故障模式包括偏航位置不准确、偏航传感器损坏、偏航计数器故障和偏航电机故障等。变桨系统的典型故障包括变桨驱动器故障、备用电源蓄电池故障、变桨电机故障、角度编码器故障、变桨限位开关故障等。
极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)是一种基于单隐层前馈神经网络的机器学习方法,与传统神经网络使用梯度下降法更新模型参数不同,它随机确定输入层与隐含层间的网络权值,直接计算隐含层到输出层的权值矩阵得到输出值。核极限学习机(kernel based extreme learning machine,KELM)是基于极限学习机并结合核函数所提出的改进算法,KELM有效利用了ELM训练速度快且训练过程简单的优点,有效避免了传统梯度下降法容易陷入局部最优值和迭代次数过大的缺点,将在低维空间不可分割的数据集映射到高维空间实现线性可分,模型预测准确度进一步提升,在分类与建模领域得到了广泛应用[18-20]
ELM是一种单隐含层前馈神经网络(图2),其学习目标函数F(x)可用矩阵表示为:
F(x)=h(x)×β=H×β=L
式中:x为输入向量;F(x)为神经网络的输出;h(x)和H均为隐含层节点输出;β为隐含层与输出层之间的权值;L为期望输出。
神经网络学习过程可以看做线性方程组求解问题,引入正则化系数C和单位矩阵I,则输出权值β的最小二乘解为式(2)。
β=HT(HHT+IC)1L
引入核函数到ELM中,核矩阵为:
ΩELM=HHT=h(xi)h(xj)=K(xi,xj)
式中:xixj为试验输入向量。则可将式(1)改写为:
F(x)=HHT(HHT+IC)1L=[K(x,x1)K(x,xn)](ΩELM+IC)1L
式中:(x1, x2, …, xn)为给定训练样本;n为样本数量;K(·)为核函数。
在核函数中,选用常用的径向基函数(RBF)作为核函数。RBF内核可以定义为:
K(x,y)=exp(γ||xy||2)
式中:γ为内核参数,由于KELM模型的结果高度依赖于正则化参数C和核参数γ的选择,因此需要对2个参数进行有效优化。
Mirjalili Seyedali等人于2016年首次提出了基于元启发式的鲸鱼群优化算法(WOA),该方法能够快速求解,所需参数较少,且具有较好的全局收敛性。这种方法模拟了座头鲸的围捕、捕食和搜索3种捕食行为。该算法使用螺旋结构来对座头鲸的气泡网捕食机制进行模拟,座头鲸首先潜入海底深处,然后以螺旋形向上游动,吐出许多大小不一的气泡,最后在猎物周围形成一个圆柱形或管状的气泡网,迫使猎物进入气泡网的中心,它便在气泡圈内直立地张开大嘴,吞下网集的猎物[21-23]
该算法的具体步骤如下:
1)参数初始化 首先初始化鲸鱼数量、最大迭代次数和鲸鱼位置。第i个鲸鱼的位置初始化为:
Xi=r×(bubblb)+blb
式中:r为[0,1]之间的随机数;Xi的取值范围为[blb, bub];blb为取值下界;bub为取值上界。
2)围捕猎物 座头鲸能够识别猎物位置并逐步向猎物位置逼近包围猎物,座头鲸按照以下方程组进行下一步的位置更新:
{D=|CX*(t)X(t)|X(t+1)=X*(t)ADA=2ar1aC=2r2a=22t/tmax
式中:AC为系数向量;X*(t)为当前最优解位置向量;X(t)为当前解位置向量;r1r2为随机数,取值范围为[0,1];t为当前迭代次数;tmax为最大迭代次数;a为收缩因子,在迭代过程中线性下降至0。
3)捕食搜索 座头鲸的捕食方式包括收缩包围捕食和螺旋气泡网捕食。当|A|≤1时,此时鲸鱼按照式(7)靠近食物觅食。螺旋气泡网捕食按照对数螺旋方程表示为:
{X(t+1)=Deblcos(2πl)+X*(t)D=|X*(t)X(t)|
式中:D′为模拟鲸群与猎物之间的距离;b为对数螺旋形状参数;l为随机数,取值范围为[–1,1]。
当|A|>1时,鲸鱼群将移动远离猎物,搜索寻找一个更加适合的猎物,其对应的位置更新数学模型为:
{D=|CXrand(t)X(t)|X(t+1)=Xrand(t)ADA=2ar1aC=2r2a=22t/tmax
4)迭代终止 当迭代次数达到最大迭代次数tmax时,收缩因子a也线性减小到0,迭代终止。反之,则继续迭代直至满足迭代终止条件为止。
以核极限学习机方法为主线,采用WOA优化核极限学习机的正则化参数C和核参数γ的选取。图3为采用WOA优化KELM参数流程。由图3可以看出,首先初始化鲸群种群数量N、最大迭代次数tmax、鲸群位置向量,其中,正则化参数C和核参数γ映射为鲸鱼群位置(C,γ)。然后以风机故障诊断分类准确率为适应度函数,计算每个鲸鱼位置对应的适应度,通过判断鲸鱼位置更新概率值p和系数向量A,选择对应的迭代公式进行鲸鱼位置更新,直到满足最大迭代次数条件,输出最优的KELM的正则化参数C和核参数γ。针对原始的样本数据,划分训练集和测试集后进行数据归一化处理,然后使用训练集数据训练得到故障诊断模型,将测试集数据代入训练好的模型中进行故障预测分类。
风机SCADA主要参数见表1
本文以辽宁某装机容量100.5 MW风场为研究对象,该风场共装机67台,风机单机容量1.5 MW,风机类型为变桨双馈型机组,风机的切入风速为3 m/s,切出风速为20 m/s,额定风速11 m/s,额定转速17.4 r/min。采集了该风场67台风电机组2019—2021年3年SCADA运行数据,每台风机样本共143 549条。该风场SCADA系统每10 min采样进行数据存储,主要包括温度、功率、电流、电压、风速、转速、扭矩、叶片角度、机舱位置等50个风电机组实时运行状态参数的平均值。
根据辽宁某风场的运行台账,选取该风场2019—2021年风电机组发生频次较高的变流系统故障、发电机系统故障、变桨系统故障、辅助电源系统故障4种故障数据和非故障数据共5种数据类型构成1组样本数据。分别选取了每种故障停机前50、100、150、200、400 min时间范围内的SCADA数据作为样本数据,各时间范围对应的样本数据量依次为125、250、375、500、1 000,非故障数据选取和每种故障数据相同数据量大小的无停机记录的正常运行数据作为样本数据。每种故障数据选取了5条发生频次最高的故障停机记录,风机停机样本选取结果见表2。针对5种类型的样本数据进行训练集和测试集的划分,训练集占比80%,测试集占比20%。风机故障诊断流程如图4所示。
为了降低由于SCADA各个状态参数间量纲的差异造成模型误差与模型训练时长,加快模型的收敛速度,对样本数据进行归一化处理。然后选择是否采用拉普拉斯分数对模型输入特征个数进行打分和筛选,分别采用ELM、SVM、KELM、WOA-KELM 4种算法建立风机故障诊断模型,对5种类型的风机样本数据进行模型训练,随后将测试集数据代入训练好的模型中进行故障类型预测,计算故障类型预测正确的个数与样本故障类型总数的比值得到故障诊断准确率。通过绘制混淆矩阵可以进一步观察各个故障类型的诊断准确率。
由于故障诊断模型中样本数据集的输入变量多达50个,造成了模型计算量较大且数据冗余度很高。为了提高模型故障分类的准确率,降低输入特征的维度,减少模型数据的冗余度,本文引入拉普拉斯分数对模型的输入参数进行选取优化。拉普拉斯分数通过对1个训练集样本的特征进行打分,计算得到各个样本特征的分数,从中选取分数最低的k个特征作为模型的输入特征,拉普拉斯分数的具体计算步骤如下[24-25]
设样本数据集有m个样本,构建一个具有m个节点的最邻近图G,第i个节点对应xi,若xixj是连通的,则构建权重矩阵S
Sij=e||xixj||2ti,j=1,2,,m
式中:Sij为权重矩阵S中各个元素;t为常数;||·||为欧氏距离。
根据矩阵S计算得到拉普拉斯矩阵L=DS,其中D为由S生成的对角矩阵Dii=j=1nSij,定义第r个特征的拉普拉斯分数为:
Lr=i=1nj=1n(xirxjr)2Siji=1n(xirfr)2Dii
式中:fr为样本集所有特征中的第r个特征的平均值。当式(11)的分子值较小时,表示样本数据此特征的差异较小,保留了更多的局部信息;当分母值较大时,表示此特征的差异较大,具有更好的判别性,所以拉普拉斯分数愈小,则此特征愈重要。
分别采用ELM、SVM、KELM、WOA-KELM 4种算法在样本数据集分别为125、250、375、500、1 000条时依次建立和评估故障诊断模型,选取每种样本数据集的80%作为训练集以建立故障诊断模型,样本数据集中剩余20%数据作为测试集以对诊断模型进行准确性评估。根据诊断模型预测4种故障类型和非故障类型的诊断正确个数累加和与总样本个数作商得到模型故障诊断准确率P,相应的计算公式为:
P=T11+T22+T33+T44+T55Tij×100%
式中:P为模型故障诊断准确率;Tij为第i种故障类别被预测为第j种故障类别的个数,ij的取值范围为1、2、3、4、5。各算法不同样本数下的模型诊断准确率见表3
表3可知,不同算法、不同样本数据量非故障数据的诊断准确率都是100%。4种故障类型的诊断准确率随着样本数据量和算法种类的不同而有所差异,其中ELM算法发电机系统和变桨系统故障识别效果较差,诊断准确率稳定性最差。WOA-KELM算法不同样本数量的平均故障诊断准确率达到88.0%,在样本数为500条时达到最大的故障诊断准确率(96.0%),效果最佳。
采用拉普拉斯分数公式计算得到样本数据中50种特征的拉普拉斯分数,并按照从小到大进行排序,取样本数量为250条,采用循环遍历法依次选取2、4、6……50个特征训练测试模型,WOA-KELM算法在不同特征数量下的诊断准确率如图5所示,WOA-KELM算法有特征筛选的适应度迭代曲线如图6所示。
图7为WOA-KELM算法取最佳特征数量时的混淆矩阵。图7中类别标签“1”“2”“3”“4”“5”分别对应于风电机组的“变流系统故障”“发电机系统故障”“变桨系统故障”“辅助电源系统故障”“无故障”5种类型。图7中行对应预测的类,列对应于真实的类,对角线上单元格对应正确分类的预测结果,非对角线上的单元格对应错误分类的观察结果。图7右下角单元格显示总体准确性。
图5图7可知,当特征数量为36时,WOA-KELM算法的诊断准确率达到最大值96.0%。由图7可知,特征筛选后的WOA-KELM算法对5种类型样本数据的诊断准确率依次为100%、100%、80%、100%、100%,模型的总体诊断准确为96.0%,相对特征筛选前诊断准确率提高了4百分点,变流系统的故障诊断准确率从表3特征筛选前的80%提高到了100%。
为进一步评估不同样本数据量下WOA-KELM算法采用拉普拉斯分数进行特征个数筛选后的诊断准确率,依次选取样本数据为125、250、375、500、1 000条,采用WOA-KELM算法进行特征筛选后建立风机故障诊断模型并进行诊断准确率评估,评估结果见表4
表4可知,WOA-KELM算法采用拉普拉斯分数进行特征筛选后在不同样本数量下的平均故障诊断准确率达到93.2%,相对不进行特征筛选故障诊断准确率提高了5.2百分点。同时,样本数量大小对模型精度有所影响,样本数量在250~500内,诊断准确率最高为96.0%,样本数量越少则各种故障越接近风机故障停机时间,存在越多的相似特征,不利于故障特征分类;样本数据过多则存在大量故障早期微弱特征数据,故障特征不明显,故障诊断准确性较低。
本文建立了一种基于WOA-KELM算法的风电机组故障诊断模型,采用拉普拉斯分数选取模型的输入特征个数,实现了风电机组不同系统下不同类型故障的诊断识别。
1)分别采用ELM、SVM、KELM、WOA-KELM 4种算法对风电机组5种故障类型的样本数据进行建模训练与测试评估,不同样本数量下4种算法的平均故障诊断准确率分别为66.0%、74.0%、78.0%、88.0%,非故障类型的诊断准确率均为100%。
2)采用拉普拉斯分数对WOA-KELM算法建模数据进行特征筛选后,有效降低了模型数据的冗余度,模型的故障诊断准确率得到了进一步提高,测试样本的平均诊断准确率从88.0%提高到93.2%。
3)样本数量过少或过多都会降低模型诊断精度,样本数量在250~500内,WOA-KELM算法进行特征筛选后诊断准确率达到最大值96.0%。
  • 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司研究与开发基金项目(QNYJJ22-18)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303091
  • 接收时间:2023-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-24
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Research and Development Fund Project of Huaneng Clean Energy Institute(QNYJJ22-18)
中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司研究与开发基金项目(QNYJJ22-18)
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    中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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