Article(id=1222543591818387842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679760000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406706050, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406706050, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406706050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406706050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543593361891741, articleId=1222543591818387842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress of carbon dioxide compressor in energy storage system, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the global climate continues to warm, capturing carbon dioxide in the air has become one of the most effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas pollution. Carbon dioxide storage systems not only store carbon dioxide in the air, but also consume excess electricity to fill the shortage of electricity supply during peak periods. As the core equipment of CO2 storage system, the performance of the compressor directly affects the overall performance of the system. This paper summarizes the application scope and performance characteristics of seven different forms of carbon dioxide compressors and the current status of research at home and abroad. The potential problems that may exist in the application of piston, centrifugal and axial flow compressors in CO2 energy storage systems are discussed, and corresponding suggestions and improvement ideas are given. The results of the study can provide a reference for the design and optimization of CO2 compressors in the future.

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随着全球气候的不断变暖,对空气中的CO2进行捕获利用已经成为可以减少温室气体污染的有效措施之一。CO2储能系统不仅可以对空气中的CO2进行储存利用,而且还可以用来消耗过量的电力以填补用电高峰期电力供应匮乏。压缩机作为CO2储能系统中的核心设备,其性能的优劣直接影响着系统的整体性能。总结了7种不同形式的CO2压缩机的应用范围、性能特点以及国内外的研究现状;论述了活塞式、离心式、轴流式3种压缩机在CO2储能系统应用时可能存在的潜在问题;并给出了相应建议及改进思路。研究结果可为设计优化CO2压缩机提供参考。

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李红(1974),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为动力机械,

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Applied Sciences, 2018, 8(4): 595., articleTitle=Preliminary design and model assessment of a supercritical CO2 compressor, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240938915465580948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938915473969557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, companyId=1240938915465580948, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938915482358166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, companyId=1240938915465580948, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240938917357212149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Carbon dioxide energy storage system schematic, figureFileSmall=t/HEkKjB93HKZRxWmGEKpg==, figureFileBig=hHZILU1PMEkQpQ7alMtQSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938917457875453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CO2储能系统原理, figureFileSmall=t/HEkKjB93HKZRxWmGEKpg==, figureFileBig=hHZILU1PMEkQpQ7alMtQSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938917709533710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scope of application for each type of compressor, figureFileSmall=Xx8MNcgnOTqAzfKOpt6H9w==, figureFileBig=HoXfapbzat8DexgoEs2+eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938917780836882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各类压缩机适用范围, figureFileSmall=Xx8MNcgnOTqAzfKOpt6H9w==, figureFileBig=HoXfapbzat8DexgoEs2+eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938917873111577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=CO2 piston compressor, figureFileSmall=2lOlXbXEzw/kqlqI5MGqGg==, figureFileBig=8VRyqeBYlOkJAMF9/NRYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938917948609056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CO2活塞式压缩机, figureFileSmall=2lOlXbXEzw/kqlqI5MGqGg==, figureFileBig=8VRyqeBYlOkJAMF9/NRYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918032495139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structure of screw compressor, figureFileSmall=hwhpSBSW9ldsw+qOWt19tA==, figureFileBig=wxKoEEpi+5DYk250dbw4Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918107992616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图4, caption=螺杆式压缩机结构, figureFileSmall=hwhpSBSW9ldsw+qOWt19tA==, figureFileBig=wxKoEEpi+5DYk250dbw4Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918179295792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The centrifugal compressor impeller in American Sandia laboratory, figureFileSmall=yPMruPlF/Y6fkKPjzUxhPg==, figureFileBig=7tmVm/7Ts20XhXx9NROiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918242210359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图5, caption=美国Sandia实验室离心式压缩机叶轮, figureFileSmall=yPMruPlF/Y6fkKPjzUxhPg==, figureFileBig=7tmVm/7Ts20XhXx9NROiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918334485054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Structure of automatic valve, figureFileSmall=H5W7kbCJj1057afUw8LXKA==, figureFileBig=de1Gww76tUWNkwWa+SXiDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918426759749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=图6, caption=自动气阀结构

1—阀座;2—阀片;3—升程限制器;4—弹簧。

, figureFileSmall=H5W7kbCJj1057afUw8LXKA==, figureFileBig=de1Gww76tUWNkwWa+SXiDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938918514840140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Application scenarios for CCES systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用场景具体说明
园区分布式供能参与园区用户侧电能质量调节,同时提供冷能、热能、结晶空气等多种能源
备用能源可以用作备用能源,减少电力系统投资,提高电力系统安全性和可靠性
调峰、调频可用于电网调峰、调频,削减电网符合峰谷差,平衡电力负荷,提高电网输送能力与稳定性
与可再生能源结合与可再生能源结合,有利于改善新能源的输出特性,优化各类电源估摸配比,提高可再生能源消纳和发电品质
峰谷差价在低谷电价时段储电,在高峰电价时段放电,基于峰谷电价用电成本管理稳定收益
), ArticleFig(id=1240938918602920533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CCES系统适用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用场景具体说明
园区分布式供能参与园区用户侧电能质量调节,同时提供冷能、热能、结晶空气等多种能源
备用能源可以用作备用能源,减少电力系统投资,提高电力系统安全性和可靠性
调峰、调频可用于电网调峰、调频,削减电网符合峰谷差,平衡电力负荷,提高电网输送能力与稳定性
与可再生能源结合与可再生能源结合,有利于改善新能源的输出特性,优化各类电源估摸配比,提高可再生能源消纳和发电品质
峰谷差价在低谷电价时段储电,在高峰电价时段放电,基于峰谷电价用电成本管理稳定收益
), ArticleFig(id=1240938918657446488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of conversion efficiency between CCES and CAES systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能系统转换效率/%
压缩CO2储能系统60.0~70.0
河北廊坊1.5 MW超临界压缩空气储能示范54.0
山东肥城10 MW压缩空气储能示范60.2
中盐金坛60 MW盐穴压缩空气储能示范58.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240938918728749663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CCES与CAES系统转换效率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储能系统转换效率/%
压缩CO2储能系统60.0~70.0
河北廊坊1.5 MW超临界压缩空气储能示范54.0
山东肥城10 MW压缩空气储能示范60.2
中盐金坛60 MW盐穴压缩空气储能示范58.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240938918833607271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Characteristics and applications of each type of compressor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型优点缺点应用情况
容积式压缩机往复式活塞式从低压到高压,适用压力范围广;热效率高;排气压力稳定,几乎不受气量调节影响结构复杂制造麻烦,易损件多,维修工作量大;转速低,大型时仅300~500 r/min;排气不连续,气流脉动大商用冰机、超市冷柜、汽车空调;医药、食品加工等行业的制冷设备;超临界CO2萃取、CO2储存
回转式螺杆式结构简单,维修方便,无故障连续运转时间长;排气连续,运转平稳且无气流脉动;比较能耐气体中杂质、油、水等(杂质<100 μg/m3型线加工精度要求高;密封困难;效率低,噪声大;对润滑油要求高高温熔体的制冷、金属处理等工业领域;商用冷柜、家用空调
涡旋式无气阀,阻力小;进、排气连续,无气流脉动;多个腔可同时工作,转速均匀型线加工精度要求高;密封困难;流量小,排气压力低;工作腔难以实现外冷却汽车空调、家用柜式空调;热泵热水器;生产碳酸饮料等食品加工领域
滑片式可靠性较高并可以长时间连续工作;无单独吸气阀,容积效率较高;运转平稳,噪声低,振动小且气动冲击小泄漏摩擦损失较大,机械效率较低;排气压力受限。超临界CO2萃取;超临界CO2发泡技术;石油增产回收
滚动转子式无吸气阀,吸气压损小,活塞与气缸接触为滚动摩擦,摩擦损失少;功耗小,振动小,运转平稳;结构紧凑,零件数少;能适应变工况运行制造精度要求高;高转速、大功率时,压缩机的震动与磨损增大超临界CO2萃取;超临界CO2干燥;汽车空调;热泵热水器
透平式压缩机离心式结构简单,制造方便,转速高,尺寸小,重量轻;适应温度范围广(100~350 ℃);排气平稳,无气流脉动排气压力会随流量改变而改变;热效率低;流量小制造有困难,目前工业上最小为10 m3/min;不耐杂质与液滴超临界CO2发电循环系统;超临界CO2制冷系统;尿素、化肥等生产领域
轴流式气流流动摩擦损耗较小,效率较高;流量大,且易于调节稳定工作范围小;对气体中灰尘污染敏感;气体动力引起的振动易于造成叶片的损坏超临界CO2制冷系统;太阳能可逆热泵
), ArticleFig(id=1240938918934270574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各类压缩机特点及应用情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型优点缺点应用情况
容积式压缩机往复式活塞式从低压到高压,适用压力范围广;热效率高;排气压力稳定,几乎不受气量调节影响结构复杂制造麻烦,易损件多,维修工作量大;转速低,大型时仅300~500 r/min;排气不连续,气流脉动大商用冰机、超市冷柜、汽车空调;医药、食品加工等行业的制冷设备;超临界CO2萃取、CO2储存
回转式螺杆式结构简单,维修方便,无故障连续运转时间长;排气连续,运转平稳且无气流脉动;比较能耐气体中杂质、油、水等(杂质<100 μg/m3型线加工精度要求高;密封困难;效率低,噪声大;对润滑油要求高高温熔体的制冷、金属处理等工业领域;商用冷柜、家用空调
涡旋式无气阀,阻力小;进、排气连续,无气流脉动;多个腔可同时工作,转速均匀型线加工精度要求高;密封困难;流量小,排气压力低;工作腔难以实现外冷却汽车空调、家用柜式空调;热泵热水器;生产碳酸饮料等食品加工领域
滑片式可靠性较高并可以长时间连续工作;无单独吸气阀,容积效率较高;运转平稳,噪声低,振动小且气动冲击小泄漏摩擦损失较大,机械效率较低;排气压力受限。超临界CO2萃取;超临界CO2发泡技术;石油增产回收
滚动转子式无吸气阀,吸气压损小,活塞与气缸接触为滚动摩擦,摩擦损失少;功耗小,振动小,运转平稳;结构紧凑,零件数少;能适应变工况运行制造精度要求高;高转速、大功率时,压缩机的震动与磨损增大超临界CO2萃取;超临界CO2干燥;汽车空调;热泵热水器
透平式压缩机离心式结构简单,制造方便,转速高,尺寸小,重量轻;适应温度范围广(100~350 ℃);排气平稳,无气流脉动排气压力会随流量改变而改变;热效率低;流量小制造有困难,目前工业上最小为10 m3/min;不耐杂质与液滴超临界CO2发电循环系统;超临界CO2制冷系统;尿素、化肥等生产领域
轴流式气流流动摩擦损耗较小,效率较高;流量大,且易于调节稳定工作范围小;对气体中灰尘污染敏感;气体动力引起的振动易于造成叶片的损坏超临界CO2制冷系统;太阳能可逆热泵
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919018156661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Manufacturers and product features of CO2 piston compressor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商产品系列适用范围排气量/(m3·h–1)
DorinCD跨临界1.12~59.53
CDS亚临界1.90~48.80
BizerECOLINE跨临界3.30~38.20
ECOLINE+跨临界4.50~39.50
FrascoldSL亚临界1.30~46.90
SK亚临界1.70~19.80
TK跨临界1.90~25.30
RefcompSPS亚临界1.50~48.50
SPT跨临界4.40~25.50
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919097848441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CO2活塞式压缩机制造商及产品特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商产品系列适用范围排气量/(m3·h–1)
DorinCD跨临界1.12~59.53
CDS亚临界1.90~48.80
BizerECOLINE跨临界3.30~38.20
ECOLINE+跨临界4.50~39.50
FrascoldSL亚临界1.30~46.90
SK亚临界1.70~19.80
TK跨临界1.90~25.30
RefcompSPS亚临界1.50~48.50
SPT跨临界4.40~25.50
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919173345920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

CO2 screw compressor manufacturers and product applicability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商压缩机类型特性
冰轮集团CO2螺杆式压缩机适用于NH3/CO2复叠式系统,与传统氨双级压缩机相比,制冷效率提高了8.8%
雪人集团开启式喷油螺杆压缩机可用CO2为制冷剂,排气量范围为161~10 000 m3/h
汉钟精机半封闭式螺杆压缩机适用于亚临界CO2系统
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919269814919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

CO2螺杆式压缩机制造商及产品特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商压缩机类型特性
冰轮集团CO2螺杆式压缩机适用于NH3/CO2复叠式系统,与传统氨双级压缩机相比,制冷效率提高了8.8%
雪人集团开启式喷油螺杆压缩机可用CO2为制冷剂,排气量范围为161~10 000 m3/h
汉钟精机半封闭式螺杆压缩机适用于亚临界CO2系统
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919357895311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

CO2 centrifugal compressor manufacturers and product applicability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商产品系列特性适用性
DanfossTurbocor磁悬浮轴承技术,提高效率并降低了振动和噪声适用于商业和工业制冷应用
MitsubishiCO2NX采用经济冷却功能,降低损耗
Atlas CopcoCD+可变频驱动,能够适应不同的负荷条件
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919433392787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

CO2离心式压缩机制造商及产品特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商产品系列特性适用性
DanfossTurbocor磁悬浮轴承技术,提高效率并降低了振动和噪声适用于商业和工业制冷应用
MitsubishiCO2NX采用经济冷却功能,降低损耗
Atlas CopcoCD+可变频驱动,能够适应不同的负荷条件
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919513084571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

CO2 compressor operating conditions characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CO2压缩机绝热效率/%最低工作温度范围/℃排气温度的限制范围/℃
活塞式压缩机65~80–50左右50~120
离心式压缩机75~85–40~–6040~100
轴流式压缩机82~90–30~–5050~110
), ArticleFig(id=1240938919584387750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543591818387842, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

CO2压缩机运行工况特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CO2压缩机绝热效率/%最低工作温度范围/℃排气温度的限制范围/℃
活塞式压缩机65~80–50左右50~120
离心式压缩机75~85–40~–6040~100
轴流式压缩机82~90–30~–5050~110
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储能系统中二氧化碳压缩机的研究进展
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李红 , 刘超 , 何青
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023,52(12): 1-10
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023, 52(12): 1-10
储能系统中二氧化碳压缩机的研究进展
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李红 , 刘超, 何青
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 李红(1974),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为动力机械,

Research progress of carbon dioxide compressor in energy storage system
Hong LI , Chao LIU, Qing HE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303046
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随着全球气候的不断变暖,对空气中的CO2进行捕获利用已经成为可以减少温室气体污染的有效措施之一。CO2储能系统不仅可以对空气中的CO2进行储存利用,而且还可以用来消耗过量的电力以填补用电高峰期电力供应匮乏。压缩机作为CO2储能系统中的核心设备,其性能的优劣直接影响着系统的整体性能。总结了7种不同形式的CO2压缩机的应用范围、性能特点以及国内外的研究现状;论述了活塞式、离心式、轴流式3种压缩机在CO2储能系统应用时可能存在的潜在问题;并给出了相应建议及改进思路。研究结果可为设计优化CO2压缩机提供参考。

二氧化碳  /  储能系统  /  压缩机  /  改进思路

As the global climate continues to warm, capturing carbon dioxide in the air has become one of the most effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas pollution. Carbon dioxide storage systems not only store carbon dioxide in the air, but also consume excess electricity to fill the shortage of electricity supply during peak periods. As the core equipment of CO2 storage system, the performance of the compressor directly affects the overall performance of the system. This paper summarizes the application scope and performance characteristics of seven different forms of carbon dioxide compressors and the current status of research at home and abroad. The potential problems that may exist in the application of piston, centrifugal and axial flow compressors in CO2 energy storage systems are discussed, and corresponding suggestions and improvement ideas are given. The results of the study can provide a reference for the design and optimization of CO2 compressors in the future.

carbon dioxide  /  energy storage system  /  compressor  /  improvement ideas
李红, 刘超, 何青. 储能系统中二氧化碳压缩机的研究进展. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303046
Hong LI, Chao LIU, Qing HE. Research progress of carbon dioxide compressor in energy storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303046
CO2是世界公认温室气体的主要来源,对大气中的CO2进行回收利用已经成为可以减少CO2污染的有效措施之一。与空气相比CO2具有诸多优点,如CO2的热力性能好,气流密度高,液体黏度低,临界参数低(7.38 MPa,31.4 ℃),易于存储,做功能力强,传热性能好,安全无毒等。因此,CO2被广泛应用于跨临界和超临界功率循环、热泵循环、布雷顿循环以及储能系统中[1]
目前因压缩CO2储能(compressed carbon dioxide energy storage,CCES)示范及实验系统缺乏,针对CCES系统中压缩机选型问题方面的研究较少。同时,由于CO2物性的特殊性,目前CO2压缩机还存在着部分问题。压缩机作为CCES系统中一个重要组成部分,对其进行深入研究和优化,将有助于提高整个系统的性能和效率。
本文首先对CCES系统的发展历程、工作原理及工作特点进行了介绍;然后对不同类型CO2压缩机的应用范围、性能特点及国内外研究现状进行了总结;最后对CCES系统中压缩机应用的潜在问题进行了分析,并给出相应建议及改进思路。
洛桑联邦理工学院的Morandin教授等人[2]最早于2012年提出了将跨临界CO2循环与电热储能系统(thermo-electrical energy storage,TEES)相结合的想法,并首次将CO2作为工质应用于储能系统。杨科等[3]以压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)技术为基础提出了以CO2为工质的CCES系统。CCES系统可依据系统中膨胀机出口处CO2的状态,区分为跨临界CO2储能系统(trans-critical carbon dioxide energy storage,TC-CES)和超临界CO2储能系统(supercritical carbon dioxide energy storage,SC-CES),即膨胀机出口处压力与温度低于CO2临界点(7.38 MPa, 31.4 ℃)为TC-CES系统,高于临界点为SC-CES系统[4]。然而,部分学者针对TC-CES、SC-CES系统对容器材料要求较高且储能密度相对较低的问题,提出了液态CO2储能(liquid carbon dioxide energy storage,LCES)系统,即高压侧与低压侧CO2均以低压液态(0.5~1.0 MPa,–56~–40 ℃)形式储存,极大程度上降低了存储压力,提高了储能密度。近年来研究者提出将CCES系统与风电、光电、火电等其他能源系统进行耦合,以提高整体能源转换效率[5]。但是,目前对CCES系统的研究还主要停留在系统理论设计及分析阶段,示范应用方面较为缺乏。
图1为CCES系统的工作原理。该系统主要由高、低压储罐、压缩机、透平以及蓄热蓄冷单元组成。依据能量转换方向的不同,CCES系统的工作过程可分为储能与释能2个工作阶段。在储能阶段,CCES系统利用富余的电能或风能等可再生能源驱动压缩机对经过蓄冷换热器的气态CO2进行压缩,压缩后的CO2再经过再冷器吸收压缩热后变为液态存储在高压储气罐内。在释能阶段,高压储罐内的液态CO2经过再热器加热后进入膨胀机,驱动透平膨胀机做功并对外输出电能,输出的电能可以用来消除用电高峰期电力供应的匮乏隐患,从而起到削峰填谷的作用[5]
由于CO2在释放储存能量时膨胀速度较快,因此与CAES系统相比CCES系统的响应速度较快,通常其可用分钟级来衡量。同时,CCES系统规模可以为几十千瓦到几百兆瓦,灵活性较高。基于CCES系统响应速度快、灵活性高的特点通常适用于以下应用场景(表1)。
CCES系统的转换效率通常为60%~70%,比起目前示范应用的CAES系统(表2),CCES系统的转换效率相对较高。由于对设备的耐高温、耐高压性要求较高,相比于CAES系统,CCES系统的成本相对较高。随着技术的发展和规模化应用,未来CCES系统成本有望降低。
压缩机作为CCES系统储能阶段中的关键设备,其性能的优劣直接影响着系统的转换效率,因此对CO2压缩机性能研究对提升CCES系统的转换效率来说意义重大。
按照压缩工质方式的不同,压缩机通常可以分为容积式压缩机、透平式压缩机2大类。容积式压缩机是通过改变压缩机工作腔内有效工作体积的方式提高工质的压力,即工质压力的提升是通过压缩工质体积实现的。透平式压缩机工质压力的提升则是通过使工质随着压缩机叶轮高速旋转的方式实现的。这种高速旋转可以让工质流动速度迅速增加,随之而来的高速流动的工质会通过静止的扩压元件减速,从而达到增加压力的效果。
依据容积式压缩机工作容积改变方式的不同,可以将其分为往复式压缩机与回转式压缩机2类。其中活塞式压缩机是应用最广泛的往复式压缩机;回转式压缩机则包括螺杆式压缩机、涡旋式压缩机、滑片式压缩机以及滚动转子式压缩机等。透平式压缩机可以依据气体流动方向的不同,将之区分为离心式压缩机与轴流式压缩机2类。
由于各类压缩机结构及运行机理的不同,其适用的环境以及其本身所表现出的优缺点也不相同。图2为7类压缩机排气量及压力的适用范围[6-7]表3总结了这7类压缩机的工作特点及应用情况。对比各类压缩机的特点与适用范围可以得出以下结论:活塞式压缩机适用于高压力、中小流量以及较小排气量的压缩需求;回转式压缩机通常适用于低压、中小流量的压缩需求;透平式压缩机则通常被用于高流量需求的场合。因此,在选取压缩机过程中,需要根据实际需求来选择合适的类型和规格。
由于活塞式压缩机能够适应较广的压力范围,早在19世纪便开始使用。随着活塞式压缩机制造技术和维修技术的日益成熟,至今其仍在冰箱、空调制冷以及储能系统领域中被广泛应用。
针对CO2活塞式压缩机工作过程的数学模拟方面。Tuhovcak等人[8]对比分析了Disconzi、Adair、Annand、Woschni、Aigner 5种常用的传热模型[9-13]。这5种传热模型的共同点在于都使用了无量纲努塞特数作为无量纲传热系数,并使用雷诺数表现气体的速度特性。在分别改变气缸表面温度、吸气温度以及曲轴转速的条件下,得出了以下结论:Adair模型对气缸表面温度变化的敏感性最弱;Disconzi模型中的热通量值及压缩阶段开始时气体温度值最大,气缸与气体之间传递的总热量不会随着曲轴转速的降低而发生显著变化。Wang等人[14]针对CO2活塞式压缩机内部传质的过程,提出了一种测量气缸内CO2质量的新方法。该方法可以有效地分析气缸内CO2质量的变化过程,通过该方法计算得到的CO2的质量流量的值与实际测量的结果进行对比,其误差小于5.2%。
Liu等人[15]采用数值方法研究了阀门参数对跨临界CO2活塞式压缩机性能的影响,经过模拟研究得出了阀门处的压力损失随弹簧刚度变化的规律及弹簧刚度过小会产生阀门回流的结论,同时也得出了随着阀片质量的变化,缸内气体质量的变化规律以及缸内气体压力随着进、排气口面积变化的规律。Tao等人[16]通动建立三维流固耦合(FSI)模型研究了压缩机的转速及阀门参数对阀门振荡和阀门延迟关闭的影响,并最终得到了可以预测特征转速的经验关系式。
Ma等人[17]开发了一种可以应用于跨临界CO2制冷循环的半封闭式活塞式压缩机(图3)。通过改变压缩比、气阀参数及转速等设计参数,利用活塞式压缩机在跨临界CO2制冷循环中进行实验,首次对活塞式压缩机排气阀的运动进行了测量,并研究了影响排气阀运动的主要因素。这项研究为今后活塞式压缩机的研究提供了有益参考,同时也为跨临界CO2制冷循环的优化提供了实验基础。
对于CO2活塞式压缩机来说,目前世界上占据重要市场的生产制造商主要包括意大利Dorin压缩机公司、Frascold压缩机公司、Refcomp压缩机公司以及德国Bizer制冷技术有限公司等。表4总结了这4个制造商代表性的CO2压缩机产品系列。因Bizer压缩机适配变频器的特点,2022年北京冬奥会采用了20台Bizer ECOLINE+系列的CO2压缩机,与传统制冷压缩机相比,可节能40%以上[18]
西安交通大学的Wang等人[19]通过采用多元回归的分析方法得出了CO2双螺杆压缩机容积效率与等熵效率随吸入压力和压比变化的函数表达式,且该表达式的结果与实验数据的最大偏差小于8%。同时,该团队还研究了喷油压力对压缩机性能的影响,得出了在保证压缩机工作的前提下,为提高压缩机效率,喷油压力不宜取过高的结论。
曲宏伟等[20]针对CO2工质对螺杆式压缩机进行了优化设计,该CO2螺杆式压缩机转子型线采用新型双边非对称全圆弧包络线,转子齿数采用5/8齿,压缩机的轴承采用滚动轴承与滑动轴承结合的方式,这大大提高了压缩机的使用寿命,具体如图4所示。
剧成成等[21]通过对螺杆式压缩机进行试验,发现螺杆式压缩机具有排气连续、运行稳定无气流脉动、维护方便且成本低等优点,非常适用于亚临界CO2制冷系统。同时,该团队指出,CO2螺杆式压缩机在运行过程中会受到多种因素的影响,导致工作条件多变,为了提高螺杆式压缩机的性能和稳定性,未来需要对其转子、型线、密封、油路等方面进行改进和优化。
目前,生产CO2螺杆式压缩机的厂商主要包括烟台冰轮集团有限公司、福建雪人集团有限公司以及上海汉钟精机股份有限公司等[22]表5总结了3个公司生产的CO2压缩机产品的特性。
涡旋式压缩机是由1个固定渐开线的涡旋盘和1个呈偏心回旋平动的渐开线的运动涡旋盘组成,其工作原理是通过使运动涡旋盘不断转动改变压缩腔的体积,进而改变气体的压力。Hao等人[23]建立了可以预测CO2涡旋式压缩机性能的模拟程序,并分析了压比及压缩机转速对压缩机效率的影响,程序模拟结果与实验结果进行对比误差在5%以内。
切向泄漏是CO2涡旋式压缩机普遍存在的问题,Rak等人[24]针对这一问题进行了深入的研究。研究发现当面临高体积气体损失时,流入和流出工作腔的泄漏流会显著影响工作腔内的传热。因而Rak等人提出了一种包括切向泄漏流修正因子的新的努塞尔数关系式,并将计算的结果与数值模型对比误差小于15%。北京理工大学的Zheng等人[25]研究了径向间隙和侧壁粗糙度对切向泄漏的影响规律。研究发现由于超临界CO2高密度,切向泄漏对径向间隙的变化会变得非常敏感。与径向间隙为16 μ的模型相比,径向间隙为20 μm和24 μm模型的容积效率分别降低了5.48%和16.35%。由于侧壁粗糙度的增大会有效地增大CO2的流动阻力,模型的容积效率和等熵效率随着侧壁粗糙度逐渐增加而不断增大。
Zheng等人[26]针对CO2涡旋式压缩机径向泄漏的问题,讨论了涡旋齿顶部微槽的几何参数对径向泄漏的影响。结果表明,增加槽数和隔板能有效地降低镜像泄漏量,但随着微槽深度的不断增加,径向泄漏量会先减小后增大。Oh等人[27]对CO2涡旋式压缩机中定涡盘与动涡盘之间的摩擦磨损特性进行了研究。结果表明,磨损量会随法向载荷和转速的增加而增加,随表面粗糙度的减小而减小,在该压缩机中使用PAG(多元醇酯)润滑剂比使用POE(聚亚烷基二醇)润滑剂更具优势。
日本的DENSO公司、松下(MATSUSHITA)公司、三菱重工(MITSUBISHI)公司分别研制并生产了CO2涡旋式压缩机,该种压缩机被广泛应用于CO2热水器中[28]
滑片式压缩机属于容积式压缩机的一种。由于其转子表面与划片端部表面存在间隙,因此在工作过程中会存在气体泄漏现象,特别是对于CO2压缩机,泄露相对更大。由于泄漏损失受压缩机转速影响,转速越高压缩机的泄露损失越小,因此CO2滑片式压缩机更适合在高转速条件下工作[29]
日本静冈大学的Fukuta与美国马里兰大学的Radermacher[30]合作进行了CO2跨临界制冷循环中滑片式压缩机的应用研究。研究发现,相对于R134a滑片式压缩机,CO2滑片式压缩机存在更大的泄漏损失和相对较低的容积效率。如果要保持与R134a滑片式压缩机相同的容积效率,CO2滑片式压缩机的总余隙必须减少到R134a滑片式压缩机总余隙的2/3。此外,CO2跨临界制冷循环中的滑片式压缩机还可以设计成2级压缩。相比于单级压缩,2级压缩可以减小滑片上的压差,从而提高阀门的强度可靠性和压缩机的机械效率。
滚动转子式压缩机作为回转容积式压缩机的一种,其主要依靠气缸中偏心圆筒形转子的运动对工质进行有效压缩,主要基本部件包括气缸、转子、弹簧等。
上海交通大学的Yang等人[31]开发了一种可用于跨临界CO2循环的新型2级滚动转子式压缩机,该压缩机的特点为壳体内背压高、润滑性好、油流量低。该团队对该压缩机进行了详尽的实验研究,最终发现2级的排气通道损失要远远高于压缩机的其他损失。
在数学模型方面,新加坡南洋理工大学的Ooi[32]建立了滚动转子式压缩机的数学模型,用来评估跨临界CO2循环中压缩机的性能。结果表明:摩擦损失会随排气压力线性增加;机械效率在给定排气压力范围内(7~12 MPa),变化小于1%;在给定压缩机的容量下,该压缩机在较高速度和较低气缸高度下运行压缩效率更高。
日本大金(Daikin)公司分别对4.5、6.0、7.2 kW的CO2滚动转子式压缩机的滑片覆盖了一定厚度的DLH-SI涂层,增加了压缩机的耐磨性,并于2005年10月起批量生产。该压缩机被广泛应用于CO2热泵热水器中[33]
美国Sandia实验室率先设计并搭建了发电功率250 kW的分流再压缩实验循环[34-35]图5为Sandia实验室离心式压缩机叶轮。由图5可以直观地看出,超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)离心式压缩机的叶轮直径略大于硬币尺寸,结构更加紧凑。美国Sandia实验室的实验循环包括主压缩机和再压压缩机,实验最高转速为65 000 r/min,为设计转速的92.8%,压缩机的气动效率为60%~70%,与设计值基本一致,气动效率低的原因主要是采用半开式叶轮且叶轮叶顶间隙与出口叶片高度比达到12%,压缩机内部存在严重的流动损失[36]
国内西安热工研究院有限公司建设了一套发电功率为5 MW S-CO2实验测试循环,压缩机采用3级串联的结构方式,叶轮采用闭式叶轮。在初步设计中,压缩机转速为8 500 r/min,设计压比为2.682 5,由于压缩机级数较多且转速较低,使得压缩机设计效率仅达到72%[37]。中科院工程热物理研究所自主设计并建成了兆瓦级S-CO2压缩机实验测试平台,并完成了质量流量13 kg/s、实验最高转速32 000 r/min的多进口工况S-CO2离心式压缩机全载实验,总压比接近2.0,等熵效率为82%[38]
对于CO2离心式压缩机理论研究方面,大连理工大学的邵文洋等[39]在S-CO2 离心式压缩机的设计过程中引入了“凝结裕量”的概念来评估叶轮进口处工质的状态,基于“凝结裕量”这一参数来确定压缩机进口的速度比,控制压缩机进口的物性状态,并通过建立出口宽度、叶片数及转速的函数来确定叶轮出口的几何参数及速度三角形。滕庚等[40]发现在偏离设计工况条件下传统的离心式压缩机预测模型存在较大误差,因而针对这一问题该团队提出引入流量系数作为修正因子,并将修正后的预测模型与实验数据对比最大误差小于3%。
对于CO2离心式压缩机数值模拟方面,王枭等[41]针对叶轮中出现冷凝现象的问题,通过对不同叶轮几何参数的比较分析,发现叶片进口角、前(后)掠角、轮毂进口半径在影响CO2冷凝程度以及冷凝区域大小方面具有明显的影响,而叶片包角对冷凝现象的影响相对较小。同时,王枭等[42]还研究了S-CO2离心式压缩机流场内密度、比热和黏度等物性参数以及冷凝区域的分布状况。研究表明,在S-CO2离心式压缩机中,CO2的物性特性对叶轮内流场有显著影响,并且冷凝现象的形成规律和原因也得到了深入的解析。但计算方法存在一些局限,如不能对液滴形成及其运动进行计算。Bao等人[43]对不同入口温度下压缩机的气动性能进行了研究,获得了各部件对进口温度的灵敏度特性。结果表明,当入口条件接近S-CO2临界点时,叶轮内两相区域增大,周向不均匀性加剧,在温度309 K时,两相区域会导致叶尖处产生焓上升的波动,叶片出口处会发生焓差。
CO2离心式压缩机制造厂商主要包括丹佛斯(Danfoss)、三菱重工(Mitsubishi)、阿特拉斯(Atlas Copco)等公司,其生产的CO2离心式压缩机的特性及适用性见表6
Gou等人[44]针对大功率超临界CO2布雷顿循环系统中压缩机的应用问题,设计了一台质量流量为1 000 kg/s的S-CO2轴流式压缩机,并针对该压缩机进行了数值模拟研究。研究发现,该压缩机设计点处的性能满足设计目标,但设计点非常接近失速条件。经详细的流场显示,轮毂附近出现小的拐角分离,压缩机的顶部存在流体泄漏,叶片前缘附近存在前临界区。
西安交通大学的李金星等[45]设计了一台4级S-CO2轴流式压缩机,并使用有限体积法对其气动性能进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,叶顶间隙泄漏流受到流动加速和引射作用的影响,可能导致叶尖吸力侧区域的流体温度和压力降低,从而产生冷凝现象。
中国科学院工程热物理研究所的Liu等人[46]针对100 MW超临界CO2布雷顿循环系统,设计了一台轴流式压缩机,并针对该压缩机进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,随着轴流式压缩机级数的增加,每一级的效率会严重下降,最后一级的效率比第一级低7.3%。然而,由于S-CO2密度大以及冷凝问题,进口轴向速度和圆周速度会受到严重限制,即轴流式压缩机需要相当多的级来达到目标压力比。据计算一台S-CO2再压压缩机大约需要20级,如此多的级会降低压缩机的效率及可靠性,并增加设备成本。
CO2轴流式压缩机的制造厂商相对较少,目前主要的生产厂商包括德国MAN Energy Solutions及英国Howden。
由于CO2储能系统高压侧压力较大(一般为10~25 MPa),回转式压缩机通常不适用于CO2储能系统。又因受流量的限制,活塞式压缩机通常适用在小流量的CO2储能系统,透平式压缩机适用于大规模的CO2储能系统。表7总结了CO2活塞式压缩机、CO2离心式压缩机、CO2轴流式压缩机工作温度要求以及运行时绝热效率范围。
由于CO2具有黏性小、密度大、临界点低(7.38 MPa,31.4 ℃)等独特性质,CO2储能系统中压缩机在工作时可能会存在部分潜在问题。
针对储能系统来说,对压缩机效率的评价指标主要采用压缩机的绝热效率。压缩机作为CO2储能系统中的重要部件之一,其绝热效率的大小很大程度上影响着整个储能系统的循环效率。据计算,压缩机效率每提高1.0%,CO2储能系统循环效率约提高0.5%。然而,CO2活塞式压缩机绝热效率通常在80%以下,因此未来有必要针对提高CO2活塞式压缩机的绝热效率进行研究。
压力损失对绝热效率有影响[15-17]。气体在进入或排出气缸前后,需经过滤清器、气阀、冷却器、管道等一系列阻力元件,从而产生流动阻力造成压力损失,其中产生的压力损失以经过气阀阻力元件为主。图6为自动气阀结构[5]。在气体进入和排出气缸时,气体需要克服气阀弹簧力及阀片惯性力,这会导致其实际进出气压力分别低于和高于名义进出气压力。这种情况会导致压缩机实际指示功率变大,从而影响其绝热效率。
气体泄漏对绝热效率有影响[6-7]。进、排气阀密封不好,活塞环、填函的密封性能不佳等都会引起气缸内气体向外泄漏或由相邻高压级向低压级气缸泄露。由于气体泄漏的影响,压缩机实际排出的气体量减小,气缸利用率降低,功率损耗增加,绝热效率减小。除此之外,气体的泄漏,对于多级压缩机来说,会改变级间压力分布,导致某级的压力比升高,排气温度增加,引起不安全因素。
针对压力损失的问题,未来可以从对压缩机的进、排气管道设计与气阀设计2方面进行研究分析。在进、排气管道设计过程中应尽量使得管道内壁光滑,同时保证压缩机在工作时管道不曲折,减少阻力损失。在气阀设计方面,应选择合适的气阀参数(气阀升程、弹簧刚度、气阀质量以及阀口面积等)与气体力相匹配。针对气体泄漏问题,未来可提高气缸、活塞环等元件的加工精度,合理优化活塞和缸体的几何结构,避免缸体和活塞间存在泄漏缝隙。除此之外,还应采用多道活塞环以起到多次节流的作用,增强压缩机的密封性,减少泄漏。
因受离心式压缩机流量工作范围的限制,通常5 MW级别以上的CO2储能系统可以采用离心式压缩机。因CO2具有黏性小、密度大、临界点低等特点,CO2离心式压缩机在工作过程中主要存在CO2冷凝、叶顶间隙两相流动等问题[41-43]
由于CO2的临界点较低,接近临界态的CO2在压缩机内部流动时,特别是在弯曲流道处,会出现加速减压现象,从而使得在压缩机叶轮的叶片前缘会出现冷凝区域。这种冷凝现象如果长期存在会严重影响压缩机的安全运行和运行效率。
叶顶间隙两相流动问题是由于在叶顶间隙内流体受到“引射”与“叶顶前缘脱落涡”的共同作用,导致在主、分流叶片前缘均会出现明显的低压、低温区域,CO2进入两相区。同时,叶顶前缘尖角位置工质状态低于临界点,会出现“凝结”的可能性。
为了应对冷凝问题和叶顶间隙两相流动问题,未来在CO2离心式压缩机叶轮设计的过程中,可以考虑以下几何参数:叶片进口角、前(后)掠角、轮毂进口半径、叶片包角以及叶顶间隙参数对这些现象的影响,并针对性地进行防冷凝设计,减少涡流对叶轮的影响,确保工质状态稳定,以增强压缩机的性能和可靠性。此外,还可以考虑在叶轮表面上喷涂特殊的涂层或采用特定的材料,以进一步提高耐腐蚀性和抗冷凝能力。
与离心式压缩机相比轴流式压缩机适用于更大流量要求的CO2储能系统,轴流式压缩机的优势在于其绝热效率较高可达到90%,但其缺点在于单级压比较低。为了满足CO2储能系统高压比的要求,轴流式压缩机的压缩工作级数必须设计较多。但是随着轴流式压缩机级数的增加,每一级的效率会严重下降[46]。除此之外,与离心式压缩机类似,轴流式压缩机同样存在由于流动加速及引射作用在叶顶间隙处流体的温度和压力下降的现象。
为了应对轴流式压缩机单级压比低、级间效率差别大的问题,未来在CO2储能系统中压缩机应用时可以考虑采用轴流式压缩机与离心式压缩机组合使用的方案。具体而言,可以在低压区采用轴流式压缩机,在高压区则采用离心式压缩机,兼顾2种类型压缩机的优势,达到更高的效率和更好的性能。对于轴流式压缩机叶顶间隙处流体温度、压力下降问题,与离心式压缩机类似,未来可以从压缩机叶片设计的角度进行深入研究分析。
本文通过总结国内外不同形式的CO2压缩机的研究现状,以及分析CO2储能系统中3种压缩机应用时可能存在的潜在问题,得出了以下结论并给出了相应建议。
1)不同形式的CO2压缩机,因排气量以及压力的适用范围不同,其工程适用性也不相同。通常活塞式压缩机适用于高压力、中小流量的场合以及较小排气量的各种压力范围;回转式压缩机适用在低压、中小流量的场合;透平式压缩机则适用于大流量的情况。CO2回转式与小型CO2活塞式压缩机因其结构特点,未来在商业制冷领域(商业空调、热泵热水器等)将有很好的应用潜力。大型CO2活塞式与CO2透平式压缩机因其运行工况的特点,未来更加适用于储能系统和工业制冷。
2)回转式CO2压缩机普遍都存在气体泄露问题,其中涡旋式压缩机中的泄漏以切向泄露为主。除泄漏问题外,滑片式压缩机与滚动转子式压缩机还因存在较多摩擦损失导致其机械效率不高的问题。针对回转式CO2压缩机,未来可从降低气体泄漏及减小摩擦损失的角度进行研究,优化压缩机型线的设计,加强型线加工精度,增强压缩机的密封性等。
3)活塞式压缩机应用于CO2储能系统中存在绝热效率低的问题。针对这一问题,未来可从减少活塞式压缩机压力损失与气体泄漏的角度出发,合理设计活塞式压缩机的气阀与进、排气管道的结构、增强气缸的密封性能,进而提高活塞式压缩机的绝热效率。
4)透平式压缩机在CO2储能系统中应用可能存在叶片处CO2冷凝现象。除此之外,轴流式压缩机在应用的过程中还存在因级数过多导致压缩机效率降低、增加设备成本等问题。针对冷凝问题未来可从对压缩机叶轮设计的角度出发,在设计过程中考虑CO2冷凝,针对性做出防冷凝设计,提高透平式压缩机抗冷凝性能。对于轴流式压缩机单级压比低的问题,未来可考虑轴流式压缩机与离心式压缩机组合使用。
5)由于目前CCES示范以及实验系统缺乏,本文仅分析了CO2压缩机在CCES系统中应用的潜在问题,并给出了相应建议。未来在CCES实验中压缩机工作时可能存在更多问题,应具体问题具体分析。
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303046
  • 接收时间:2023-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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