Article(id=1222543591424119736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679932800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705957, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=124, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543591692555207, articleId=1222543591424119736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Soot formation in low oxygen concentration volatile combustion flame of single particle coal measured by light scattering method, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the formation and evolution of soot during the combustion of coal, this paper uses Pingdingshan coal as combustion material, and uses the light scattering method coupled with the thermophoretic sampling article diagnostic method to measure the soot mass in flame. A light scattering measurement system capable of precise vertical movement is constructed to measure the light scattering intensity at different heights of the flame. The particle size distribution is obtained by the thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic method, and the soot mass at different heights when the flame is calculated by Mie scattering theory. The results show that as the flame rises, the median mass diameter of soot firstly increases and then decreases. When the flame burns stably, a large amount of soot is formed at a height of H=10 mm. As the flame rises, the mass of soot decreases rapidly in the H=10~30 mm range. In the range of 10~20 mm, the soot mass of Pingdingshan coal decreases by 58.62%. When H>40 mm, the soot mass of Pingdingshan coal slowly decreases.

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以平顶山煤单颗粒做燃烧材料,运用光散射法耦合热泳探针取样技术,测量了平顶山煤火焰不同高度碳烟的质量,研究了煤单颗粒燃烧过程中碳烟的生成和演变。构建了一个能够精确垂直移动的光散射测量系统,测量火焰不同高度处的光散射强度。通过热泳探针取样法获得碳烟颗粒尺寸分布,并结合Mie散射理论,计算得到火焰稳定时不同高度的碳烟颗粒质量。结果表明,随着火焰高度升高,碳烟颗粒质量中值粒径先增大后减小。当火焰稳定燃烧时,在火焰高度H=10 mm处形成大量碳烟,随着火焰高度的升高,碳烟颗粒质量在H=10~30 mm处迅速下降,在H=10~20 mm处平顶山煤火焰中的碳烟颗粒质量下降了58.62%,当H>40 mm时,碳烟颗粒质量缓慢下降。

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刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
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钱志永(1976),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉技术,

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钱志永(1976),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉技术,

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基于光散射法测量低氧浓度下单颗粒煤挥发分燃烧火焰中碳烟生成过程的研究
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钱志永 1 , 吴英 1 , 王潜 1 , 谈紫星 2 , 黄宇波 3 , 刘小伟 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(12): 124-130
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(12): 124-130
基于光散射法测量低氧浓度下单颗粒煤挥发分燃烧火焰中碳烟生成过程的研究
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钱志永1 , 吴英1, 王潜1, 谈紫星2, 黄宇波3, 刘小伟3
作者信息
  • 1.国网江西电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江西 南昌 330096
  • 2.南昌科晨电力试验研究有限公司,江西 南昌 330096
  • 3.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 钱志永(1976),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电站锅炉技术,

通讯作者:

刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
Soot formation in low oxygen concentration volatile combustion flame of single particle coal measured by light scattering method
Zhiyong QIAN1 , Ying WU1, Qian WANG1, Zixing TAN2, Yubo HUANG3, Xiaowei LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.JiangXi Electric Power Research Institute, Nanchang 330096, China
  • 2.Nanchang Kechen Electric Power Test and Research Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303043
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以平顶山煤单颗粒做燃烧材料,运用光散射法耦合热泳探针取样技术,测量了平顶山煤火焰不同高度碳烟的质量,研究了煤单颗粒燃烧过程中碳烟的生成和演变。构建了一个能够精确垂直移动的光散射测量系统,测量火焰不同高度处的光散射强度。通过热泳探针取样法获得碳烟颗粒尺寸分布,并结合Mie散射理论,计算得到火焰稳定时不同高度的碳烟颗粒质量。结果表明,随着火焰高度升高,碳烟颗粒质量中值粒径先增大后减小。当火焰稳定燃烧时,在火焰高度H=10 mm处形成大量碳烟,随着火焰高度的升高,碳烟颗粒质量在H=10~30 mm处迅速下降,在H=10~20 mm处平顶山煤火焰中的碳烟颗粒质量下降了58.62%,当H>40 mm时,碳烟颗粒质量缓慢下降。

碳烟颗粒  /  光散射测量  /  热泳探针取样  /  Mie散射

In order to explore the formation and evolution of soot during the combustion of coal, this paper uses Pingdingshan coal as combustion material, and uses the light scattering method coupled with the thermophoretic sampling article diagnostic method to measure the soot mass in flame. A light scattering measurement system capable of precise vertical movement is constructed to measure the light scattering intensity at different heights of the flame. The particle size distribution is obtained by the thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic method, and the soot mass at different heights when the flame is calculated by Mie scattering theory. The results show that as the flame rises, the median mass diameter of soot firstly increases and then decreases. When the flame burns stably, a large amount of soot is formed at a height of H=10 mm. As the flame rises, the mass of soot decreases rapidly in the H=10~30 mm range. In the range of 10~20 mm, the soot mass of Pingdingshan coal decreases by 58.62%. When H>40 mm, the soot mass of Pingdingshan coal slowly decreases.

soot particle  /  light scattering measurement  /  thermophoretic sampling  /  Mie scattering
钱志永, 吴英, 王潜, 谈紫星, 黄宇波, 刘小伟. 基于光散射法测量低氧浓度下单颗粒煤挥发分燃烧火焰中碳烟生成过程的研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 124 -130 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303043
Zhiyong QIAN, Ying WU, Qian WANG, Zixing TAN, Yubo HUANG, Xiaowei LIU. Soot formation in low oxygen concentration volatile combustion flame of single particle coal measured by light scattering method[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 124 -130 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303043
煤炭不完全燃烧时会产生碳烟[1],对自然环境、人体健康有很大危害[2-3]。碳烟具有较大的比表面积,在燃煤锅炉中会显著加强炉膛的辐射换热,对燃烧火焰中碳烟的测量有利于炉膛辐射传热的建模[4]。碳烟是不完全燃烧的产物,其存在会导致不完全燃烧损失加大,降低锅炉燃烧效率[5]。对火焰中碳烟的在线测量,有利于研究碳烟的生成机理,获得火焰中碳烟颗粒的粒径、浓度等信息,对控制碳烟排放、炉膛辐射传热建模、提高燃烧效率等有重要意义。
火焰中碳烟颗粒的典型尺寸从几纳米到几微米不等。这些颗粒的形态特殊,尺寸小,受布朗运动影响,在气相中对其进行在线表征是一项困难的任务。为测量火焰中碳烟,研究人员提出了多种测量方法。广泛采用的方法是采样法,如稀释采样法[6]、纤维沉积法[7]、热电偶颗粒密度法[8]、多孔阳极氧化铝采样法[9]和热泳探针取样法[10]等。其中热泳探针取样法应用最为广泛,该方法通过将金属薄片固定的铜网送至火焰中来收集颗粒[11]。采样方法可以直观地观察碳烟的形态与粒径,但会改变火焰结构。
在燃烧过程中,当碳烟的大小、形状和其他性质发生变化时,其光学性质也会发生变化。光学方法可以在不改变火焰流场的情况下测量火焰中碳烟的大小和浓度。光学方法中,Santoro等人[12]采用消光法和基于吸收粒子瑞利散射理论的光散射法对扩散火焰中的碳烟进行了测量,证明散射法可以提供碳烟的尺寸信息。此后,光散射法引起了研究者的关注,并在理论基础、反演算法和实验设计等方面得到了广泛的发展。Gronarz等人[13]的研究表明,Mie理论可用于煤燃烧中散射和吸收特性的预测。Lin等人[14]开发了基于“表面积-体积组合响应”的燃烧气溶胶粒径分布的低复杂度Mie散射嵌入式计算。Oltmann等人[15]使用广角光散射方法,实现碳烟颗粒的高时间分辨率测量。Kempema等人[16]使用二维多角度光散射与热泳探针取样法相结合来确定扩散火焰中碳烟的有效回转半径。Zhang等人[17]提出了一种多波长角度分辨光散射相对强度测量方法,该方法可以同时反演碳烟颗粒的分形维数和尺寸分布。Bouvier等人[18]提出了一种基于弹性光散射光谱分辨率检测的原位光学方法,该方法利用2个角度的光散射来确定碳烟聚集体对数正态分布的2个参数。Bouvier等人[19]进一步通过45°和135° 2个散射角的相机,评估了湍流火焰中碳烟颗粒的数浓度。De等人[20]通过三角度散射和消光技术结合热泳探针取样研究了预混火焰中碳烟的形成和演化。Yon等人[21]使用平面角散射来表征在层流轴对称共流乙烯扩散火焰中的碳烟。
这些研究中大多使用气体作为燃料,如乙烯。与气体燃料火焰稳定不同,固体燃料燃烧不稳定,测量更为困难。在固体燃料燃烧过程中,由于挥发物的参与,碳烟的形成随时间而变化,不同高度碳烟的形成也值得关注。测量沿时间和轴向的光散射强度有利于研究燃料燃烧时碳烟的生成情况。目前尚不清楚固体燃料火焰中碳烟形成过程的稳定性是否满足光散射测量的需要,以及碳烟在固体燃料火焰中如何随时间和轴向变化。本研究中,将光散射法与热泳探针采样相结合,在这方面做一些补充探究。
本文采用在线光散射法结合热泳探针取样法,测量平顶山煤燃烧过程中碳烟的生成和演化。构建了可精确垂直移动的光散射测量系统和热泳探针采样系统。首先,采用热泳探针取样法沿火焰轴线取样,得到火焰稳定时的轴向碳烟粒度分布;其次,结合Mie散射理论,计算了碳烟粒度分布下单位质量碳烟的理论散射光强度;最后,利用光散射系统测量燃烧初期散射光信号的强度,通过实际测得的散射光强度和计算出的单位质量理论光散射强度计算碳烟沿火焰轴的质量分布。
本实验选用的平顶山煤单颗粒由100 mg筛分粒径在58~75 µm内的平顶山煤粉末压制而成。压片机压制压力为2 MPa,使用的压片模具直径为6 mm,得到的成型颗粒为直径6 mm,厚度约3 mm的圆柱体。燃烧器选用McKenna型平面火焰燃烧器,该燃烧器主要由燃气混合腔、保护气腔、多孔烧结板和冷却系统组成,其加热速率接近电厂锅炉,可以产生稳定的平面火焰,获得稳定的温度场与流场,符合本实验的需要。实验时,平顶山煤单颗粒通过氧化铝陶瓷管放置在燃烧器中心上方,颗粒底部距离火焰盘表面的距离约为5 mm,具体如图1所示。
实验中,采用质量流量计控制气体流量,将CO、CH4、O2与N2的流量分别控制在1.174、0.426、1.653、8.000 L/min。进入燃烧器的气体主要提供2个方面的作用:一是在燃烧器出口燃烧,形成稳定的平面火焰,为平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧提供热量;二是气体燃料燃烧后,形成的烟气气氛作为单颗粒的燃烧氛围,其燃烧氛围为2%(体积分数,下同)的O2、15%的CO2、75%的N2与8%的H2O。
用相机拍摄平顶山煤单颗粒的燃烧火焰如图2所示。平顶山煤单颗粒稳定燃烧时火焰高度H约105 mm,其顶端部分存在火焰直径过小、燃烧不稳定的问题,这部分高度不设置测量点。采样时,以平顶山煤单颗粒上表面为起始点,每隔10 mm设置1个测量点,共设置8个测量点,分别设置在距单颗粒上表面0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70 mm处。
热泳探针取样系统主要由电动升降台、气动系统、取样探针以及控制单元组成,具体如图3所示[22]。其中,气动系统包括空气压缩机、双向气缸与电磁阀。电动升降平台上承载双向气缸,其本身可以升降,从而调节取样高度,而双向气缸也可在电动升降台上调节,从而确保取样点在火焰中心。双向气缸上承载探针,并在控制单元的控制下将探针送入火焰并收回。探针用于携带取样铜网,铜网为74 µm超薄微栅膜,其孔径为90 µm,厚度为25 µm,肋宽为35 µm。
该系统工作时,探针夹持取样铜网,在双向运动的气缸带动下,快速探入火焰取样并离开。铜网进入火焰后,附近的颗粒物在热泳力的作用下依附在铜网上,并被快速冷却,保持在火焰中的形貌不变。据Vander等人[23]研究,取样探针在火焰中停留时间在40~60 ms时,能取到适中数量的样品,同时铜网本身不易被烧坏。本实验中,设定单片机从接通电磁阀到断开电磁阀的时间为200 ms,这个时间包含了系统的准备时间与实际取样时间,其中实际取样时间在70 ms左右。实验表明,在该取样时间下,取样铜网上的碳膜不会被烧毁,且能取到足够的颗粒物数量,效果良好。取样工作完成后,将带有样品的铜网送往透射电子显微镜下分析。
散射光测量系统由激光发生器、光纤、激光准直器、光探测器、光谱仪以及电动升降台组成,具体如图4所示。其中,激光发生器根据实验需要,产生设定波长、温度与光强的激光,并通过光纤发出。光探测器固定在选定的角度上,探测散射光光强,传输至光谱仪并转化为电信号。
该系统工作时,激光发生器产生设定参数的激光,经过激光准直器准直后,成为平行激光束。该光束随后通过探测空间,被探测空间内的颗粒物散射,在空间各个方向产生散射光,散射光被固定角度的光谱仪探头接收测量。
不开激光发生器,打开光谱仪,分别在无火焰与有火焰条件下燃烧平顶山煤的单颗粒,观测光谱仪软件所显示的各个波段的信号强度。实验表明,在无火焰与有火焰条件下,405 nm左右波段(紫光)的信号波动很小,说明在实验室室内自然光中紫光强度波动较小、火焰自发光中紫光强度与强度波动很小。实验中选用该波段的激光,可以最大限度排除自然光与火焰自发光的干扰,确保光探测器所探测到的光信号为被探测空间颗粒物所散射得到的散射光,提高实验的准确性。激光器选用405 nm波长的激光,点燃平顶山煤单颗粒,通过光谱仪可以观测到光探测器接受到的散射光波长集中分布在405.94~409.12 nm,将其选作光谱仪探测波长范围。为能更好地反映测量时间点的散射光信号强度,光谱仪测量积分时间设置为100 ms,该积分时间下,探测到的散射光信号稳定。考虑实验台架的结构与设备参数,散射角选为60°,激光光束直径为5 mm。
使用热泳探针取样法对所选采样点进行采样,并用透射电子显微镜进行观察。平顶山煤单颗粒稳定燃烧时火焰中颗粒物的电镜照片如图5所示。在H=0 mm处火焰中颗粒物主要为焦油,并有少量碳烟生成。在H≥10 mm时,火焰中颗粒物绝大部分为碳烟颗粒。碳烟间发生了碰撞和结块,团聚物的尺寸仍然很小。
通过分析透射电子显微镜拍摄的图像,可得到不同高度火焰的碳烟粒度分布。碳烟的最大和最小Feret直径由图像处理软件ImageJ获得。在本实验中,最大和最小Feret直径的平均值用于表征碳烟大小,表达式为:
D=(DMaxFeret+DMinFeret)/2
式中:D为颗粒直径;DMaxFeretDMinFeret分别为颗粒的最大与最小Feret直径。
对式(1)计算得到的单个颗粒的平均Feret直径加以统计,得到基于数目的单颗粒燃烧火焰粒径频度分布。由颗粒物数粒径分布,用式(2)可计算得到基于质量的平顶山煤颗粒燃烧火焰稳定时不同高度的颗粒物粒径分布,具体如图6所示。
M(D)=π6N(D)D3
式中:M(D)为基于质量的颗粒粒径频度分布;N(D)为基于数目的颗粒粒径频度分布。
图6可知,平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰的质量中值粒径有一个先增大后减小的过程。使用质量中值粒径D50来表示颗粒群的平均粒径,质量中值粒径表示小于该粒径的颗粒质量占总质量的50%。在H=10 mm处,碳烟粒径较小,其质量中值粒径为460 nm。此后随着碳烟颗粒的生长与团聚,质量中值粒径增长,在H=20、30与40 mm处,质量中值粒径分别为802、765、712 nm。之后随着高度增加,质量中值粒径开始下降,在H=50、60、70 mm处,颗粒的中值粒径分别为526、347、283 nm,这个过程中团聚作用降低,氧化作用占据主导地位。
通过光散射实验,记录下散射光信号的时序图,处理后得到平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰不同高度的散射光信号强度如图7所示。由图7可知:对于平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰,当高度较低时,如H=10 mm时,点燃火焰11 s左右接收到散射光信号,这也标志着碳烟的生成;随着高度的增加,接收到散射光信号的时间明显推后。对高度20 mm与30 mm处,光探测器分别在12、15 s左右接收到散射光信号,即分别在12、15 s时,这2个高度开始存在碳烟颗粒;对火焰更高处,即在高度40、50、60、70 mm处散射光信号仅在25 s附近接收到,该时间为火焰稳定燃烧的时间,即仅在火焰稳定燃烧时,该高度才存在碳烟颗粒。
散射光信号强度达到峰值的时间正处于火焰稳定燃烧时间范围,选择散射光信号强度达到峰值附近2 s的散射光信号强度平均值作为火焰稳定燃烧时的散射光信号强度。统计得到平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰稳定时散射光信号强度随高度分布如图8所示。由图8可知,平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰的散射光信号强度在高度10~30 mm逐渐增长,在高度30 mm附近取到最大值,此后逐渐下降。
在获得实际的光散射强度后,为获得碳烟质量,需要计算单位质量颗粒的光散射强度。颗粒物取样结果显示火焰中碳烟颗粒粒径为10~1 600 nm,与实验选取激光波长(405 nm)接近,Mie散射理论可以较好地描述其光散射特性[24]。当一束波长为λ、强度为I0的激光照射到颗粒物上时,颗粒物与激光发生相互作用在所有空间角度上产生散射光。实验中所用激光为非偏振光时,其散射光信号强度I(θ)可由式(3)描述[25]
I(θ)=λ2I08π2r2[i1(α,m,θ)+i2(α,m,θ)]
α=πDλ
式中:α与粒径D及入射光波长λ有关,用于表征粒径大小;r为颗粒与探测点的距离;θ为探测角,是探测点与粒子所在直线与入射光方向的夹角;i1(αmθ)为散射光分解后垂直于散射平面的强度函数;i2(αmθ)为散射光平行于散射平面的强度函数,强度函数与入射波长、颗粒粒径、颗粒折射率和散射角有关。
i1(αmθ)和i2(αmθ)与振幅函数S1(θ)和S2(θ)的关系如式(5)、式(6)所示,振幅函数S1(θ)和S2(θ)可以由Bessel函数和Legendre函数计算得到。
i1(α,m,θ)=|S1(θ)|2
i2(α,m,θ)=|S2(θ)|2
S1(θ)=n=12n+1n(n+1)[anπn(cosθ)+bnτn(cosθ)]
S2(θ)=n=12n+1n(n+1)[anτn(cosθ)+bnπn(cosθ)]
式中:anbn均为Mie散射系数,由πnτn递推得到。
在火焰颗粒物均为均质球形颗粒的假设下,采用开源软件MiePlot对60°探测角度散射光信号强度进行理论近似计算。不同燃料在不同燃烧条件下所得到的碳烟理化性质有所差异,对于碳烟颗粒的折射率,本文选择Queery[26]的结果,即当波长为405 nm时,碳烟颗粒的折射率m=1.53+0.25i。以此计算得到测量得到的粒径分布下颗粒物的理论散射光信号强度。
已知粒径分布颗粒物后,颗粒物平均质量为:
mtheory=i=1nπDi36fiρsoot
式中:mtheory为由颗粒物粒径分布计算得到的颗粒物平均质量;Di为第i个粒径区间的中值粒径;fi为第i个粒径区间的数目频率;ρsoot为碳烟颗粒的密度,取1.77 g/cm3[27]
对成分相同、粒径分布相同的颗粒物,其质量与散射光光强正相关,即:
Itheorymtheory=kIactualmactual
式中:Itheory为由Mie散射理论计算得到的平顶山煤燃烧火焰中颗粒物理论散射光光强;Iactual为通过光散射实验测得的散射光信号强度;mactual为火焰中颗粒物实际质量;k为比例系数,与实验系统本身有关,实验系统不变时,可视为常数。
光谱仪测得的Iactual为相对值,算得的结果绝对值无实际意义,本实验只研究火焰中不同高度的相对质量,故可将k设为1。为方便比较,将算得的结果归一化,结果如图9所示。
图9可知:从H=10 mm开始,随火焰高度的上升,碳烟颗粒质量在H=10~30 mm迅速下降;在H=10~20 mm,平顶山煤火焰中的碳烟颗粒质量下降了58.62%;当H>40 mm时,碳烟颗粒质量缓慢下降。这说明碳烟的形成是一个非常迅速的过程,在火焰较低的位置就已经大量生成。此后火焰中颗粒物演变过程以团聚与氧化为主,在H=10~20 nm,碳烟颗粒以小颗粒为主,颗粒总表面积大,与氧气的接触面积大,氧化较快。随着高度增加,碳烟颗粒团聚与氧化,碳烟颗粒的总表面积减小,氧化速率变慢,质量下降速度减慢。
本文采用在线光散射法结合热泳探针取样法,测量平顶山煤单颗粒燃烧火焰中碳烟的生成和演化。根据实验测量结果,得到以下结论。
1)在颗粒物上表面附近,火焰中颗粒物为焦油液滴,随高度升高,焦油液滴很快分解碳化为碳烟颗粒。从火焰底部到火焰顶部,火焰中碳烟颗粒的质量中值粒径先增大后减小,对应颗粒物的演化过程中团聚与氧化分别占据主导地位。
2)碳烟的形成是一个非常迅速的过程,在火焰较低的位置就已经大量生成。随着火焰高度升高,碳烟颗粒团聚与氧化,碳烟颗粒的总表面积减小,氧化速率变慢,质量下降速度随高度增加逐渐降低。平顶山煤火焰中碳烟颗粒质量在H=10~30 mm处迅速下降,在H=10~20 mm处,碳烟颗粒质量下降了58.62%,当H>40 mm时,碳烟颗粒质量下降缓慢。
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303043
  • 接收时间:2023-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-28
基金
Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Foundation of China(U22A20211)
国家基金委联合基金重点项目(U22A20211)
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    1.国网江西电力有限公司电力科学研究院,江西 南昌 330096
    2.南昌科晨电力试验研究有限公司,江西 南昌 330096
    3.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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刘小伟(1981),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃煤污染物控制,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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