Article(id=1222543590685925696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683734400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705781, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705781, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543590983721296, articleId=1222543590685925696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermal characteristics and air leakage numerical simulation of four-compartment rotary air preheater, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem of excessive air leakage from the four-compartment air preheater, a four-compartment rotary air preheater of a 1 000 MW power plant is used as the study object to investigate the thermal characteristics, rotor thermal deformation and air leakage of the air preheater, by combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulation. The numerical simulation results show that, for every 1% increase in air leakage rate of the 1 000 MW unit, the heat transfer efficiency of air preheater will be reduced by 1.13%, and the power plant will consume 3 604 tons of standard coal more on average per year. There are large temperature gradients in the axial and circumferential directions inside the air preheater, and most of the corrosion and deposition areas are distributed in the low temperature section. There are large differences in rotor thermal deformation during different operating conditions of the air preheater, and the maximum thermal deformation occurs on the secondary air side. It is necessary to make corresponding adjustments according to the thermal deformation characteristics of different positions of the rotor when setting the sealing system.

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针对机组四分仓空气预热器(空预器)漏风过大的问题,以某电厂1 000 MW机组的四分仓回转式空预器为研究对象,通过理论分析和数值模拟相结合,对空预器热力特性、转子热变形以及漏风等问题进行研究。数值模拟结果表明:1 000 MW机组漏风率每增加1%,空预器换热效率降低1.13%,电厂年平均多消耗3 604 t标准煤;空预器内部在轴向和周向上有较大的温度梯度,而腐蚀和沉积区域大部分分布在低温段;空预器在不同工况运行时转子热变形存在较大的差异,最大热变形都发生在二次风侧,在设置密封系统时需根据转子不同位置热变形特点做出相应调整。

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美合日阿依·穆太力普(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二氧化碳地质封存与资源化利用相关领域,
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木巴来克·都尕买提(1993),男,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为锅炉烟气余热利用技术和空气预热器节能技术,

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木巴来克·都尕买提(1993),男,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为锅炉烟气余热利用技术和空气预热器节能技术,

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木巴来克·都尕买提(1993),男,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为锅炉烟气余热利用技术和空气预热器节能技术,

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Electric Power, 2009, 42(8): 75-79., articleTitle=Application of selective catalytic reduction flue gas denitrification technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240938927331275034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, awardId=TCBS202006, language=EN, fundingSource=Tianchi Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(TCBS202006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938927419355425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, awardId=TCBS202006, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区“天池”博士计划(TCBS202006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938927633264932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, awardId=2021D01C089, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938927738122539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Basic parameters of four-compartment rotary air preheater

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项目数值项目数值项目数值
一次风分仓名义角度/(°)50冷端传热元件高度H3/m1.15进口一次风量/(kg·h–1)652 180
二次风分仓名义角度/(°)130热膨胀系数α1.2×10–5进口二次风量/(kg·h–1)2 322 151
烟气仓名义角度/(°)180弹性模量E/Pa2×1011进口一次风温/℃27
转子转速/(r·min–1)1.07隔板密度ρ/(kg·m–3)7.9×103进口二次风温/℃23
热端传热元件高度H1/m1.00泊松比/λ0.25转子半径R/m8.66
中温端传热元件高度H2/m0.75最大连续负荷工况下转子隔板长度Lp/m7.66
进口烟气量/(kg·h–1)3 439 843烟气进口温度T/℃375转子隔板高度Hp/m2.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925540307130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四分仓回转式空预器基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值项目数值
一次风分仓名义角度/(°)50冷端传热元件高度H3/m1.15进口一次风量/(kg·h–1)652 180
二次风分仓名义角度/(°)130热膨胀系数α1.2×10–5进口二次风量/(kg·h–1)2 322 151
烟气仓名义角度/(°)180弹性模量E/Pa2×1011进口一次风温/℃27
转子转速/(r·min–1)1.07隔板密度ρ/(kg·m–3)7.9×103进口二次风温/℃23
热端传热元件高度H1/m1.00泊松比/λ0.25转子半径R/m8.66
中温端传热元件高度H2/m0.75最大连续负荷工况下转子隔板长度Lp/m7.66
进口烟气量/(kg·h–1)3 439 843烟气进口温度T/℃375转子隔板高度Hp/m2.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925619998907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Verification of the grid independence of thermal model

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网格数烟气出口温度/K一次风出口温度/K二次风出口温度/K
115 260401.34633.96628.50
485 316400.74635.20629.80
828 568400.66635.60630.20
102 820400.66635.70630.30
1 553 972400.69635.90630.60
设计值391.00629.00627.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925729050817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

热力模型网格独立性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数烟气出口温度/K一次风出口温度/K二次风出口温度/K
115 260401.34633.96628.50
485 316400.74635.20629.80
828 568400.66635.60630.20
102 820400.66635.70630.30
1 553 972400.69635.90630.60
设计值391.00629.00627.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925901017291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of simulation results with design parameters of air preheater under six conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况烟气出口温度一次风出口温度二次风出口温度
BMCR工况数值模拟结果/K400.70635.60630.20
设计参数值/K389.00629.00627.00
相对误差/%3.001.050.51
BRL工况数值模拟结果/K400.40630.30625.70
设计参数值/K389.00626.00625.00
相对误差/%2.930.690.11
THA工况数值模拟结果/K399.80629.30625.16
设计参数值/K388.00626.00625.00
相对误差/%3.040.530.03
75%THA工况数值模拟结果/K385.70613.40611.30
设计参数值/K381.00608.00607.00
相对误差/%1.230.890.71
50%THA工况数值模拟结果/K370.70590.90589.90
设计参数值/K373.00586.00585.00
相对误差/%-0.620.840.84
30%THA工况数值模拟结果/K357.80568.40568.30
设计参数值/K367.00564.00564.00
相对误差/%-2.510.780.76
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空预器6种工况下运行模拟结果与设计参数对比

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工况烟气出口温度一次风出口温度二次风出口温度
BMCR工况数值模拟结果/K400.70635.60630.20
设计参数值/K389.00629.00627.00
相对误差/%3.001.050.51
BRL工况数值模拟结果/K400.40630.30625.70
设计参数值/K389.00626.00625.00
相对误差/%2.930.690.11
THA工况数值模拟结果/K399.80629.30625.16
设计参数值/K388.00626.00625.00
相对误差/%3.040.530.03
75%THA工况数值模拟结果/K385.70613.40611.30
设计参数值/K381.00608.00607.00
相对误差/%1.230.890.71
50%THA工况数值模拟结果/K370.70590.90589.90
设计参数值/K373.00586.00585.00
相对误差/%-0.620.840.84
30%THA工况数值模拟结果/K357.80568.40568.30
设计参数值/K367.00564.00564.00
相对误差/%-2.510.780.76
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926102343895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Grid independence verification

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网格数最大变形量/mm最小变形量/mm平均变形量/mm经验公式计算值/mm偏差/%
98 92141.7830.7436.5334.984.43
3 360 23140.2726.8033.8034.98–3.37
5 031 42540.2526.7733.7834.98–3.43
7 939 23940.3326.6933.7834.98–3.43
1 045 31840.3126.6833.7634.98–3.49
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926207201503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

网格独立性验证

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网格数最大变形量/mm最小变形量/mm平均变形量/mm经验公式计算值/mm偏差/%
98 92141.7830.7436.5334.984.43
3 360 23140.2726.8033.8034.98–3.37
5 031 42540.2526.7733.7834.98–3.43
7 939 23940.3326.6933.7834.98–3.43
1 045 31840.3126.6833.7634.98–3.49
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926303670498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of simulation results of thermal deformation of air preheater rotor with empirical equations

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工况最大变形量/mm最小变形量/mm平均变形量/mm经验公式计算值/mm偏差/%
BMCR40.2526.7733.7834.98-3.43
TRL40.1226.6433.6334.80-3.36
BRL40.0526.5533.5334.68-3.31
75%THA39.7826.5833.4133.390.06
50%THA36.6325.0430.9431.41-1.50
30%THA33.6923.2428.6629.36-2.38
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926358196453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

空预器转子热变形模拟结果与经验公式比较

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工况最大变形量/mm最小变形量/mm平均变形量/mm经验公式计算值/mm偏差/%
BMCR40.2526.7733.7834.98-3.43
TRL40.1226.6433.6334.80-3.36
BRL40.0526.5533.5334.68-3.31
75%THA39.7826.5833.4133.390.06
50%THA36.6325.0430.9431.41-1.50
30%THA33.6923.2428.6629.36-2.38
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Comparison between the simulation results and design parameters

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出口模拟计算温度/K设计温度/K误差/%
烟气出口398.7391.02.0
一次风出口634.3629.00.8
二次风出口630.1627.00.5
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模拟结果与设计参数对比

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出口模拟计算温度/K设计温度/K误差/%
烟气出口398.7391.02.0
一次风出口634.3629.00.8
二次风出口630.1627.00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926567911667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Simulation results of air preheater in different air leakage cases

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漏风量/(kg·s–1)漏风率/%烟气出口温度/K一次风出口温度/K二次风出口1温度/K二次风出口2温度/K余热有效利用率/%
00398.72634.27637.83622.4594.3
38.55.12407.33635.99638.66624.8489.5
68.57.90413.39636.48639.00625.9785.7
98.511.50418.41636.80639.23626.7882.3
128.514.29422.61637.01639.38627.3779.0
158.517.00426.21637.17639.50627.8475.9
188.519.81429.32637.29639.58628.1973.0
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空预器在不同漏风率情况下热损失模拟结果

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漏风量/(kg·s–1)漏风率/%烟气出口温度/K一次风出口温度/K二次风出口1温度/K二次风出口2温度/K余热有效利用率/%
00398.72634.27637.83622.4594.3
38.55.12407.33635.99638.66624.8489.5
68.57.90413.39636.48639.00625.9785.7
98.511.50418.41636.80639.23626.7882.3
128.514.29422.61637.01639.38627.3779.0
158.517.00426.21637.17639.50627.8475.9
188.519.81429.32637.29639.58628.1973.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926777626879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Heat loss of air preheater at different air leakage rates

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漏风量/(kg·s–1)漏风率/%烟气出口温度/K干烟气热损失/%每年多消耗标准煤/t
00398.73.881 351.8
38.55.1407.34.1016 875.4
68.57.9413.44.2528 734.1
98.511.5418.44.3939 744.0
128.514.3422.64.5250 073.0
158.517.0426.24.6559 919.5
188.519.8429.34.7769 366.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926869901571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

空预器在不同漏风率下热损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漏风量/(kg·s–1)漏风率/%烟气出口温度/K干烟气热损失/%每年多消耗标准煤/t
00398.73.881 351.8
38.55.1407.34.1016 875.4
68.57.9413.44.2528 734.1
98.511.5418.44.3939 744.0
128.514.3422.64.5250 073.0
158.517.0426.24.6559 919.5
188.519.8429.34.7769 366.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926995730693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Energy consumption change of air preheater fan

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项目数值项目数值
漏风率每增加1%空预器漏风量/(m3·h–1)27 842.23引风机额定功率/kW4 500
送风机额定功率/kW928引风机额定流量/(m3·h–1)1 789 200
送风机额定流量/(m3·h–1)664 920增加引风机功率/kW55.58
增加送风机功率/kW30.85降低总功率/kW86.43
电厂用电单价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.41每年增加的电机用电/(kW·h)475 351.60
电厂每年用电时间/h5 500每年增加电机用电费用/万元64.59
), ArticleFig(id=1240938927096393996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590685925696, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

空预器风机能耗变化

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项目数值项目数值
漏风率每增加1%空预器漏风量/(m3·h–1)27 842.23引风机额定功率/kW4 500
送风机额定功率/kW928引风机额定流量/(m3·h–1)1 789 200
送风机额定流量/(m3·h–1)664 920增加引风机功率/kW55.58
增加送风机功率/kW30.85降低总功率/kW86.43
电厂用电单价/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.41每年增加的电机用电/(kW·h)475 351.60
电厂每年用电时间/h5 500每年增加电机用电费用/万元64.59
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四分仓回转式空气预热器热力特性及漏风数值模拟
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木巴来克·都尕买提 , 王刚 , 王琪 , 美合日阿依·穆太力普
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(12): 147-156
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(12): 147-156
四分仓回转式空气预热器热力特性及漏风数值模拟
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木巴来克·都尕买提 , 王刚, 王琪, 美合日阿依·穆太力普
作者信息
  • 新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 木巴来克·都尕买提(1993),男,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为锅炉烟气余热利用技术和空气预热器节能技术,

通讯作者:

美合日阿依·穆太力普(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二氧化碳地质封存与资源化利用相关领域,
Thermal characteristics and air leakage numerical simulation of four-compartment rotary air preheater
Mubalaike DUGAMAITI , Gang WANG, Qi WANG, Meiheriayi MUTAILIPU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305078
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针对机组四分仓空气预热器(空预器)漏风过大的问题,以某电厂1 000 MW机组的四分仓回转式空预器为研究对象,通过理论分析和数值模拟相结合,对空预器热力特性、转子热变形以及漏风等问题进行研究。数值模拟结果表明:1 000 MW机组漏风率每增加1%,空预器换热效率降低1.13%,电厂年平均多消耗3 604 t标准煤;空预器内部在轴向和周向上有较大的温度梯度,而腐蚀和沉积区域大部分分布在低温段;空预器在不同工况运行时转子热变形存在较大的差异,最大热变形都发生在二次风侧,在设置密封系统时需根据转子不同位置热变形特点做出相应调整。

四分仓回转式空气预热器  /  热力特性  /  转子热变形  /  漏风控制  /  数值模拟

To solve the problem of excessive air leakage from the four-compartment air preheater, a four-compartment rotary air preheater of a 1 000 MW power plant is used as the study object to investigate the thermal characteristics, rotor thermal deformation and air leakage of the air preheater, by combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulation. The numerical simulation results show that, for every 1% increase in air leakage rate of the 1 000 MW unit, the heat transfer efficiency of air preheater will be reduced by 1.13%, and the power plant will consume 3 604 tons of standard coal more on average per year. There are large temperature gradients in the axial and circumferential directions inside the air preheater, and most of the corrosion and deposition areas are distributed in the low temperature section. There are large differences in rotor thermal deformation during different operating conditions of the air preheater, and the maximum thermal deformation occurs on the secondary air side. It is necessary to make corresponding adjustments according to the thermal deformation characteristics of different positions of the rotor when setting the sealing system.

four-compartment rotary air preheater  /  thermal characteristics  /  rotor thermal deformation  /  air leakage control  /  numerical simulation
木巴来克·都尕买提, 王刚, 王琪, 美合日阿依·穆太力普. 四分仓回转式空气预热器热力特性及漏风数值模拟. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 147 -156 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305078
Mubalaike DUGAMAITI, Gang WANG, Qi WANG, Meiheriayi MUTAILIPU. Thermal characteristics and air leakage numerical simulation of four-compartment rotary air preheater[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 147 -156 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305078
电厂锅炉机组回转式空气预热器(空预器)的研究源自对电厂节能减排需求。在“双碳”目标背景下,对回转式空预器进行优化改进、节能改造等,将有助于推动发电向低碳、绿色方向发展。
四分仓回转式空预器漏风问题是一个复杂且难以解决的问题,国内外学者通过不同方法[1-2]对空预器漏风问题进行了研究,取得了一定进展[3-4],但仍需进一步完善和改进。国外学者在回转式空预器漏风问题方面的研究重点是漏风机理和漏风控制技术。Cox等人[5]对回转式空预器漏风做了研究并建立了漏风有关的理论方法。Drobnic等人[6]利用流体动力学开发出三维数值模型,对空预器及其相连管道的流体流动开展研究,提出了通过确定烟气中CO2份额和排烟温度判断密封布置是否合理的方法。Heidari-Kaydan等人[7]利用三维方法对空预器性能进行了研究,分析了转子旋转速度、转子材料、烟气流量等因素对空预器转子温度场影响,获得了部分基本参数对漏风量的影响。国内学者从机理探究、技术改进、实验验证等方面对回转式空预器漏风问题进行了广泛研究,取得了一些成果。如李扬等[8]提出了空预器热力计算的一种简化方法,以空预器实际运行状况为前提,以回转式空预器的计算标准方法为基础,得到空预器出口烟气温度和空气温度的变化量。丁有成等[9]从设计、工艺、制造及安装等方面入手,分析非接触自补偿式的性能特点,提出一种非接触式的、综合转子热态变形量的、具有热态自补偿功能的密封结构型式。
目前也有学者利用数值模拟软件分析三分仓回转式空预器转子热变形。如文献[10]以三分仓回转式空预器转子隔板为研究对象,采用数值模拟研究了空预器转子的热变形情况,通过设置不同运行参数,分析了空预器烟气进口温度对转子隔板热变形的影响。但对四分仓回转式空预器转子热变形及内部温度场的分析较少。本文以某电厂1 000 MW机组锅炉四分仓回转式空预器为研究对象,通过理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,采用数值模拟依次对空预器热力特性、转子热变形以及漏风等进行系统研究,并提出漏风控制措施,阐明漏风量大小变化对锅炉机组热效率的影响规律。
回转式空预器是一种广泛应用于燃煤电厂的换热设备,其主要作用是预热进入锅炉的空气,提高锅炉燃烧效率,实现煤粉充分燃烧[11-14]。四分仓回转式空预器与其他空预器相比,具有体积小、结构简单、热效率高、运行稳定等优点,因此被广泛应用于电力行业[15-18]。四分仓回转式空预器结构如图1所示[19]
在电力生产中,四分仓回转式空预器广泛应用于大型燃煤电厂锅炉机组。但该空预器在运行中存在漏风过大、发生腐蚀和积灰等问题[20]。根据电厂提供的运行参数和现场调研发现,某电厂1 000 MW机组回转式空预器同样存在严重的腐蚀、积灰和漏风问题。该四分仓回转式空预器相关参数见表1
本文通过理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法对四分仓回转式空预器低温腐蚀、积灰和漏风现象进行研究,旨在为电厂四分仓回转式空预器的抗腐蚀、抗积灰和漏风控制技术提供参考,提高电厂机组的整体效率。
四分仓回转式空预器内部换热元件尺度远小于烟风道尺度,直接建立几何模型较困难,因此建立模型时采用多孔介质与多重参考系的方法,建立空预器模型。四分仓回转式空预器几何模型如图2所示。
为便于模拟研究,对四分仓回转式空预器模型做以下假设和简化[19]
1)因换热元件本身是波纹状,故忽略其沿径向和周向的导热,忽略空预器对周围环境的散热。
2)空预器携带漏风对换热影响较小,故忽略携带漏风的影响。
3)空预器内部结构复杂,并对换热影响较小,因此忽略内部支撑结构。
4)假设空预器入口端面上,烟气和空气的温度及成分均匀分布。
5)假设在高、中、低温段内波纹板物性参数为常数,气体的物性参数只是温度的函数,可根据线性插值获得。
6)假设烟气和空气是可压缩牛顿流体,该流体在与固定壁面接触时流速为0。
7)空预器转子以一定速度转动,数值模型以金属温度最低的一侧开始计算。
因涉及换热计算,添加能量方程。考虑到Realizable k-ε模型相较于标准k-ε模型对边界层流动、流动分离、旋转流动、圆口射流等问题处理得很好[21],且Realizable k-ε模型解决局部低雷诺数问题时模型更容易收敛,故选取Realizable k-ε模型作为湍流计算模型并选择壁面函数法。对Realizable k-ε模型湍动黏度的计算式进行优化和改进,使其更适于空预器内流动的数值模拟[22-23],从而同时保障该模型的精确性和实用性[24]
空预器转子进行网格独立性验证,相关数据见表2。由表2可见,通过比较四分仓回转式空预器出口质量流量、温度、进出口压力模拟值,综合考虑计算精度和速度,发现网格数从115 260变化到1 553 972的过程中,网格数为828 568时,烟气出口、一次风出口和二次风出口温度与设计值的相对误差均小于3%。故选用网格数为828 568,且验证了该模型的可靠性。
四分仓回转式空预器转子旋转运动,而烟气与空气交错流动。因此在设置参考系时,将转子运动设置为旋转参考系,烟气与空气的流动设置为定参考系进行模型求解,此模拟方法不仅可以节省计算时间,而且可以获得可接受精度的结果[24]
连续性方程和动量方程为:
ρv=0
(ρvrv)+ρ[ω×(vvt)]=p+τr+F
(ρvrH+pμr)=(kT+τrv)+Sh
式中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3v为绝对速度,m/s;νr为相对速度,m/s;ω为旋转速度,r/min;νt为平移速度,m/s;p为压力,Pa;τr为相对应力张量;F为外力,N;H为相对总能量,J;k为导热系数,W/(m·℃);t为温度,℃;Sh为热源项。
在模型求解过程中,需要对流体和固体各区域进行能量方程计算,计算公式为:
[v(ρfEf+p)]=(γkfTf)+hfsAfs(TsTf)
[(1γ)ksTs]+hfsAfs(TfTs)=0
式中:ρf为流体密度,kg/m3Ef为流体总能量,J;γ为孔隙率;kf为流体导热系数,W/(m·℃);Tf为流体温度,℃;hfs为固体与流体表面对流换热系数;Afs为面积密度,m2/m3Ts为固体温度,℃;ks为固体导热系数,W/(m·℃)。
气-固两相的不同物性参数可能造成两相的局部温度差,多孔介质的局部热平衡条件是否合理取决于式(6)中定义的sp[25]
sp=hL2kerh
式中:h为传热系数,W/(K·m2);L为多孔介质高度,m;ke为热导率,W/(K·m);rh为水力半径,m。通常当介质中的sp>100时,可以采用局部热平衡条件。
在本文研究中,为了使模拟结果更接近实际做了以下设置:四分仓回转式空预器烟气、一次及二次风入口采用定质量流量的边界条件,出口采用压力出口条件。根据电厂提供的数据对所建立模型做计算准确性验证。空预器在6种工况下运行时,模拟结果与实际参数对比见表3。其中BMCR工况为锅炉最大连续负荷工况,TRL工况为汽轮机额定功率工况,BRL工况为锅炉额定负荷工况,75% THA工况为75%热耗率验收功率工况,50%THA工况为50%热耗率验收功率工况,30%THA工况为30%热耗率验收功率工况。
表3可见,模拟结果与实际参数的最大误差在3%以内。因此对空预器进行数值模拟有较高的准确性。而产生误差的原因有多种,其中模型未考虑漏风量的影响是主要原因之一,这也会使空预器换热效率的提高。
对四分仓回转式空预器转子整体进行网格划分时采用MultiZone法,选择六面体网格并对局部进行加密处理,其网格划分及模型局部加密如图3所示。对空预器转子进行网格独立性验证结果见表4。通过比较空预器热形变量与经验公式计算结果,综合考虑计算精度和速度,发现网格数从98 921增至1 045 318过程中,发现网格数量为5 031 425时,相对误差均小于3.5%,验证了空预器转子数值模型的可靠性。
四分仓回转式空预器模型上端设置为烟气进口,故称为热端,下端设置为空气进口,故称为冷端。锅炉机组在最大负荷连续工况下运行时,热力特性最为显著,因此本模型以最大连续负荷工况下进行分析说明,空预器热变形模型温度场分布如图4所示。
空预器实际运行过程中,转子隔板的热变形是由多组件变形叠加的结果,主要的影响因素包括高温端向外增加的缝隙量、中心轴热态膨胀量、转子隔板外缘热态热变形量等[26]。在所有影响因素中转子隔板外缘热态热变形量占比最大,因此在计算分析时主要考虑Td的值[27]
Td=αΔTR22H
式中:α为平均温度下材质线膨胀系数,m/(m·℃);ΔT为平均温差,℃;R为转子半径,m;H为传热元件高度,m。
将四分仓回转式空预器在不同工况下温度分布信息代入转子热变形模型进行耦合分析,获得空预器转子热变形模拟结果与经验公式比较,结果见表5。由表5可见,形变量偏差在±3.43%以内,说明建立的转子热变形模型可以较好反映实际情况。
四分仓回转式空预器在6种不同工况下运行时,在BMCR工况下转子发生较大热变形,平均形变量可达40.25 mm;30%THA工况下转子发生较小热变形,平均形变量仅为33.69 mm。
空预器的漏风由直接漏风和携带漏风组成,而直接漏风量占总漏风量的81%左右,其中径向漏风量又占直接漏风量的84%[28]。四分仓回转式空预器漏风模拟同热力特性模拟一样运用有限体积法,是在离散化的过程中,对模型上的所求函数本身及其导数分布做了一些假设,从而提高计算效率。针对该电厂1 000 MW锅炉四分仓回转式空预器建立了直接漏风模型(图5)。
本文通过比较空预器出口质量流量、温度、进出口压力模拟值,综合考虑计算精度和速度,发现网格数由373 615到1 568 602变化过程中,网格数量为836 008网格时,烟气出口、一次风出口和二次风出口温度与设计值的相对误差均小于2.2%。
根据电厂提供的数据对所建立模型进行计算准确性验证。空预器在最大连续负荷工况下运行时,模拟结果与实际参数对比见表6
表6可知,模拟结果与设计参数的最大误差在2%以下。导致误差的原因有多种,主要原因是模型未考虑携带漏风量的影响,同时忽略了空预器与周围环境换热及其他附属结构的扰流、蓄热作用。
根据创建的温度场模型,对四分仓回转式空预器温度场进行了模拟和分析。图6为空预器在锅炉最大连续负荷工况下运行时热端和冷端的温度分布云图。四分仓回转式空预器腐蚀是因为流经空预器的烟气中含有一定SO3气体,其会和烟气中的水分结合生成的硫酸,在低温段会生成高黏性液态硫铵盐,加重对换热元件的腐蚀[29]。堵灰是因为液态硫酸氢氨极易和飞灰粒子结合,附着于换热元件上造成堵灰[30],堵灰导致空预器内部流体流动阻力增加,风机负荷增加,换热效率降低。
根据创建的温度场模型对四分仓回转式空预器在6种工况下温度场进行模拟。图7为6种工况下运行时易发生腐蚀区域温度云图,其中整体温度分布云图模型上端为空预器热端,下端为空预器冷端。由图7可见,四分仓回转式空预器在6种不同工况下运行时,在轴向沿烟气流动方向上温度快速降低,换热元件在中温段和低温段交界处都存在积灰,易发生腐蚀区域都在低温段。30%THA工况下运行时沉积区域最大且最靠近高温段,占换热元件总截面的35%以上,其他工况下沉积区域都占换热元件总截面的30%以上。其中30%THA工况下运行时腐蚀区域最大,腐蚀区域占总截面23%左右。
空预器在6种不同工况下运行换热元件均表现出离中心筒越远温度越高的趋势。换热元件在不同高度呈现不同温度分布,所以在换热元件冷段各位置存在不同程度的沉积或者腐蚀。
四分仓回转式空预器在BMCR工况下模拟时,转子隔板最外侧热变形量如图8所示,0°~90°和270°~360°为烟气侧,90°~155°和205°~270°为二次风侧,155°~205°为一次风侧。空预器在BMCR工况下运行时,转子最外侧热变形量随旋转方向不同而发生变化,其中最大变形量发生在二次风侧,这是转子由高温烟气侧旋转至低温空气侧产生较大温差所致。因此,在空预器设计过程中,需根据转子隔板的热力学特征,对横梁上不同风侧的密封系统进行有区别的布置,同时在电厂机组热负荷发生变化时,需根据高温测温度及空预器内部温度实时调节,减少空预器的漏风量。
空预器二次风仓将压力最高的一次风与最低的烟气隔开,有效减小各仓之间的压差,从而降低了空预器的漏风。本文对四分仓回转式空预器的径向漏风情况进行了模拟。表7为空预器在不同漏风率下的烟气、空气出口温度和空预器余热利用效率。由表7可见,空预器损失热量随漏风率增加而逐渐增加,主要原因可能是漏风带走一部分热量,降低了传热效率。空预器漏风率每增加1%,换热器有效利用率降低约1.13%,可能原因是泄漏的空气降低了烟气余热传递效率。
四分仓回转式空预器在不同漏风率下热损失结果及其损失耗煤量见表8。由表8可见,2 717 t/h锅炉机组的1台四分仓回转式空预器漏风率每增加1%,每小时多损耗0.41 t标准煤。1台四分仓回转式空预器漏风率每增加1%,电厂每年平均多消耗3 604 t标准煤,多损失约356.8万元(煤价按2023年4月28日环渤海动力煤价格778元/t计)。锅炉机组干烟气热损失随空预器漏风率增加而增加,漏风率每增加5%锅炉机组干烟气热损失增加0.23%。
空预器漏风量增加还会增加各风机的用电量。而在计算送风机和引风机的用电量变化中,为了计算便捷,认为所有风机都在线性区工作,所有风机在额定负荷运行时效率、风机全压、压缩系数等不变。送风机用于提供二次风,送风机减少的功率计算公式[11]为:
Ns=GNs,b2Qs,bρa
式中:Ns为每台送风机减少的功率,kW;Ns,b为每台送风机额定功率,kW;Qs,b为每台送风机额定流量,m3/h;ρa为漏风平均密度,kg/m3。引风机起到将锅炉中的烟气抽出并维持锅炉内部负压的作用,引风机减少的功率计算公式为:
Ny=GNy,b2Qy,bρl
式中:Ny为每台引风机减少的功率,kW;Ny,b为每台引风机额定功率,kW;Qy,b为每台引风机额定流量,m3/h;G为减少烟气进口漏风量,kg/h;ρl为漏风平均密度,kg/m3。风机能耗变化计算公式为:
m=2H(Ns+Ny)
式中:m为每年降低的电机用电,kW·h;H为每年运行时间,h。四分仓回转式空预器在不同漏风率下的风机能耗见表9
通过计算可知,2 717 t/h锅炉机组的1台四分仓回转式空预器漏风率每增加1%,每年增加电机用电475 351.60 kW·h,电厂每年多损失约64.59万元。综合计算可得,1台四分仓回转式空预器漏风率每增加1%,电厂每年平均多损失约421.39万元。
根据创建漏风模型对四分仓回转式空预器在不同漏风率下运行时热力特性进行模拟分析,图9为空预器在5.1%、7.9%、11.5%、14.3%、17.0%和19.8%漏风率下运行时温度云图,其中整体温度分布云图上端为空预器热端,下端为空预器冷端。由图9可见,四分仓回转式空预器在不同漏风率下运行时轴向沿烟气流动方向温度快速降低,易积灰区域主要在换热元件低温段,易发生低温腐蚀区域也在低温段。漏风率在19.8%运行时沉积区域最小,占换热元件总截面的20%以上,漏风率在19.8%运行时腐蚀区域最小,腐蚀区域占总截面的10%左右。空预器在不同漏风率下运行时换热元件均表现出离中心筒越远温度越高的趋势。换热元件在冷段不同高度呈现不同温度分布,所以在换热元件冷段各位置存在不同程度的沉积或者腐蚀。
四分仓回转式空预器在有漏风发生时烟气出口平均温度远低于沉积点,即使低温段使用抗腐蚀板材且镀有搪瓷也会面临严重的低温腐蚀和沉积风险,在空预器设计制造和运行维护中需要对低温段的最低温度区域加以重视。
1)四分仓回转式空预器运行时,内部轴向和周向上存在很大的温度梯度,但腐蚀和沉积主要发生在冷段。空预器设计中应在靠近中心筒区域选用换热效率更高的换热元件盒,提高余热利用效率。在30%热耗率工况下运行时烟气出口温度最低,因此设计中温段换热元件盒时需要考虑防堵灰措施。
2)四分仓回转式空预器在不同工况下运行时,转子热变形情况各不相同。在最大负荷工况下转子发生较大热变形,平均形变量可达40.25 mm;30%热耗率工况下转子发生较小热变形,平均形变量仅为33.69 mm。空预器在不同工况下最大热变形均发生在二次风侧,需避免在扇形板区域存在较大温差,同时在扇形板上布置密封条时需分区对待。
3)计算得出1 000 MW机组的1台空预器漏风率每增加1%,其余热有效利用率降低1.13%,电厂每年平均多消耗3 604 t标准煤,每年平均增加电机用电费用64.59万元,综合计算电厂每年平均多损失约421.39万元。单台空预器排烟温度每上升15 ℃,则锅炉机组的热效率会相应地下降0.46%左右,煤耗上升0.49 g/(kW·h)。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区“天池”博士计划(TCBS202006)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(2021D01C089)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发资助项目(2022B01033-2)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项资助项目(ZYYD2022C16)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305078
  • 接收时间:2023-05-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-11
基金
Tianchi Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(TCBS202006)
新疆维吾尔自治区“天池”博士计划(TCBS202006)
Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C089)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(2021D01C089)
Key R & D Funded Projects in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B01033-2)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发资助项目(2022B01033-2)
The Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Special Funding Projects(ZYYD2022C16)
中央引导地方科技发展专项资助项目(ZYYD2022C16)
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    新疆大学电气工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047

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美合日阿依·穆太力普(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为二氧化碳地质封存与资源化利用相关领域,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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