Article(id=1222543590606233916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678464000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705762, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543591268933984, articleId=1222543590606233916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical modeling of natural gas combustion with hydrogen blending in SGT-800 heavy-duty gas turbine, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand the performance changes and potential risks of hydrogen assisted combustion in combustion chamber of a lean-combustion premixed gas turbine, a numerical simulation study of the hydrogen injection combustion process of natural gas was carried out in the combustion chamber of Siemens SGT-800 gas turbine. The fuel ignition, temperature distribution, flame formation and NOx emission characteristics of the combustion chamber under five working conditions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% were investigated. Studies have shown that hydrogen-doped combustion in the current combustion chamber will lead to an earlier ignition position of the fuel, an increase in temperature peaks, a shorter axial length of the flame, and a gradual convergence of the outer duty flame towards the central mixer. The temperature distribution and flame morphology in the combustion chamber will not change significantly when the hydrogen-doped ratio is below 15%, but the ignition position in the mixer tube is seriously retracted at 30% hydrogen-doped ratio, and the flame on the outside is close to the nozzle outlet, which has a risk of tempering. In addition, the NOx emission value of the combustion chamber outlet increases with the hydrogen doping ratio, and the NOx emission value exceeds the standard by nearly 1/3 at 30% hydrogen doping ratio, indicating that high NOx emission is also one of the factors restricting the high proportion of hydrogen doping in gas turbines.

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为了解贫燃预混燃气轮机燃烧室掺氢燃烧的性能变化及潜在风险,以西门子SGT-800型燃气轮机燃烧室为对象开展了天然气掺氢燃烧过程的数值模拟研究,考察了0、5%、10%、15%、30%(体积分数,下同)5种掺氢比例工况下燃烧室内的燃料着火、温度分布、火焰形态以及NOx排放特性。研究表明:在当前燃烧室内开展掺氢燃烧,将导致燃料着火位置提前、温度峰值提高、火焰轴向长度变短,同时外侧值班火焰逐渐向中心混合管聚拢;在15%掺氢比例以下时燃烧室内的温度分布以及火焰形态不会发生明显变化,但在30%掺氢比例下混合管内燃料着火位置回缩严重,外侧值班火焰紧贴喷嘴出口,该工况存在回火风险;此外,燃烧室出口NOx排放值随掺氢比提高而增大,在30%掺氢比下NOx排放值接近国内部分地区限值,表明高NOx排放也是制约燃气轮机高比例掺氢的因素之一。

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李立新(1965),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源开发建设运营,

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李立新(1965),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源开发建设运营,

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李立新(1965),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源开发建设运营,

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figureFileBig=wXrR5bVU6KSPkte3Iy2jHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938922834973576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590606233916, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Inlet flow information of single burner at different hydrogen blending ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目掺氢比/%
05101530
空气量/(kg·s–1)3.112 4243.095 1413.076 6683.056 8832.988 081
中心燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.006 3370.006 2610.006 1790.006 0920.005 789
主燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.079 8430.078 8840.077 8610.076 7620.072 945
值班燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.004 4690.004 4150.004 3580.004 2970.004 083
燃料温度/K300300300300300
空气温度/K753753753753753
着火温度/K885878871864844
), ArticleFig(id=1240938922935636879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590606233916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单支燃烧器不同掺氢比工况下的进口流量信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目掺氢比/%
05101530
空气量/(kg·s–1)3.112 4243.095 1413.076 6683.056 8832.988 081
中心燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.006 3370.006 2610.006 1790.006 0920.005 789
主燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.079 8430.078 8840.077 8610.076 7620.072 945
值班燃料量/(kg·s–1)0.004 4690.004 4150.004 3580.004 2970.004 083
燃料温度/K300300300300300
空气温度/K753753753753753
着火温度/K885878871864844
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923040494483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590606233916, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Experimental data during hydrogen blending combustion in SGT-800 gas turbine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目15%掺氢工况30%掺氢工况
燃气轮机负荷率/%4681
掺氢比例/%1530
NOx排放质量浓度/(mg·m–3)3949
燃烧器回火监测温度/℃414473
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923128574872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590606233916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SGT-800燃气轮机掺氢燃烧试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目15%掺氢工况30%掺氢工况
燃气轮机负荷率/%4681
掺氢比例/%1530
NOx排放质量浓度/(mg·m–3)3949
燃烧器回火监测温度/℃414473
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SGT-800重型燃气轮机天然气掺氢燃烧数值模拟研究
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李立新 1 , 刘星雨 1 , 曾过房 1 , 白红涛 1 , 于红伟 1 , 李靖 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(12): 70-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(12): 70-78
SGT-800重型燃气轮机天然气掺氢燃烧数值模拟研究
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李立新1 , 刘星雨1, 曾过房1, 白红涛1, 于红伟1, 李靖2
作者信息
  • 1.国家电投集团湖北分公司,湖北 武汉 430061
  • 2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 李立新(1965),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源开发建设运营,

Numerical modeling of natural gas combustion with hydrogen blending in SGT-800 heavy-duty gas turbine
Lixin LI1 , Xingyu LIU1, Guofang ZENG1, Hongtao BAI1, Hongwei YU1, Jing LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Branch of State Power Investment Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430061, China
  • 2.School of Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303033
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为了解贫燃预混燃气轮机燃烧室掺氢燃烧的性能变化及潜在风险,以西门子SGT-800型燃气轮机燃烧室为对象开展了天然气掺氢燃烧过程的数值模拟研究,考察了0、5%、10%、15%、30%(体积分数,下同)5种掺氢比例工况下燃烧室内的燃料着火、温度分布、火焰形态以及NOx排放特性。研究表明:在当前燃烧室内开展掺氢燃烧,将导致燃料着火位置提前、温度峰值提高、火焰轴向长度变短,同时外侧值班火焰逐渐向中心混合管聚拢;在15%掺氢比例以下时燃烧室内的温度分布以及火焰形态不会发生明显变化,但在30%掺氢比例下混合管内燃料着火位置回缩严重,外侧值班火焰紧贴喷嘴出口,该工况存在回火风险;此外,燃烧室出口NOx排放值随掺氢比提高而增大,在30%掺氢比下NOx排放值接近国内部分地区限值,表明高NOx排放也是制约燃气轮机高比例掺氢的因素之一。

燃气轮机掺氢  /  燃烧特性  /  火焰形态  /  NOx排放

In order to understand the performance changes and potential risks of hydrogen assisted combustion in combustion chamber of a lean-combustion premixed gas turbine, a numerical simulation study of the hydrogen injection combustion process of natural gas was carried out in the combustion chamber of Siemens SGT-800 gas turbine. The fuel ignition, temperature distribution, flame formation and NOx emission characteristics of the combustion chamber under five working conditions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% were investigated. Studies have shown that hydrogen-doped combustion in the current combustion chamber will lead to an earlier ignition position of the fuel, an increase in temperature peaks, a shorter axial length of the flame, and a gradual convergence of the outer duty flame towards the central mixer. The temperature distribution and flame morphology in the combustion chamber will not change significantly when the hydrogen-doped ratio is below 15%, but the ignition position in the mixer tube is seriously retracted at 30% hydrogen-doped ratio, and the flame on the outside is close to the nozzle outlet, which has a risk of tempering. In addition, the NOx emission value of the combustion chamber outlet increases with the hydrogen doping ratio, and the NOx emission value exceeds the standard by nearly 1/3 at 30% hydrogen doping ratio, indicating that high NOx emission is also one of the factors restricting the high proportion of hydrogen doping in gas turbines.

hydrogen mixing of gas turbine  /  combustion characteristics  /  flame formation  /  NOx emission
李立新, 刘星雨, 曾过房, 白红涛, 于红伟, 李靖. SGT-800重型燃气轮机天然气掺氢燃烧数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303033
Lixin LI, Xingyu LIU, Guofang ZENG, Hongtao BAI, Hongwei YU, Jing LI. Numerical modeling of natural gas combustion with hydrogen blending in SGT-800 heavy-duty gas turbine[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 70 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303033
在“双碳”目标背景下,我国现有能源结构亟需向低碳化方向转型,一方面要提高可再生能源的利用效率,另一方面要减少对传统化石燃料的依赖。氢能来源广泛、能量密度高、可大规模压缩存储,既是绿色能源载体,又可作为零碳替代燃料,将其与传统化石燃料掺烧是解决可再生能源消纳与改善能源结构的重要技术途径。2022年发布的《氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021—2035年)》明确提出,氢能是未来我国能源体系的重要组成部分,并鼓励推动氢能在工业中的规模化利用[1]。对于燃气轮机发电行业而言,开展天然气掺氢燃烧改造既符合绿色低碳的要求,又能提高电厂的运行灵活性,具有重要意义。氢气与天然气相比分子扩散速度更快、着火点更低、火焰传播速度较高,导致天然气掺氢燃烧后火焰着火位置将向上游迁移,存在回火风险;同时温度峰值更高,且高温区更为集中,易出现氮氧化物(NOx)排放值升高。因此,天然气燃气轮机掺氢燃烧需要重点解决回火和NOx排放2个关键难题。
为深化对天然气燃气轮机掺氢燃烧的认识,国内外在天然气与氢气掺烧方面已开展了较多基础研究工作。Halter等人[2]考察了压力和含氢量对甲烷/氢气混合燃料火焰传播速度的影响,发现氢气的添加将导致火焰传播速度显著提升,同时火焰厚度变窄。Bougrine等人[3]研究了预热温度对甲烷/氢气混合燃料火焰传播速度的影响,指出GRI 3.0机理在描述CH4-H2混合物的火焰传播速度方面具有精度和效率双重优势。Li等人[4]揭示了不同含氢量和压力下甲烷/氢气混合燃料的爆炸极限。Tuncer等人[5]试验分析了不同甲烷掺氢比条件下的全预混火焰的回火、振荡以及NOx排放特性。İlbaş等人[6]试验研究指出提高掺氢比能够减少甲烷/氢气混合燃料的CO排放、提升火焰温度及NOx排放,此外他们发现空气分级有助于降低NOx排放[7]。上述基础研究均表明掺氢将对天然气的燃烧及排放特性产生显著影响,因此在实际应用前需要对燃烧设备开展兼容性评估与改造。
利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法开展燃气轮机燃烧室的数值模拟是一种经济、高效的研究方法。在这个方面,Calabria等人[8]考察了掺氢对Turbec公司T100微型燃气轮机燃烧室温度分布的影响,发现在15%(体积分数,下同)掺氢比以上时将出现回火现象;Reale[9]研究了水蒸气稀释对T100微型燃气轮机燃烧室掺氢燃烧的影响,指出采用水蒸气稀释不仅可以提高最大掺氢比还可以显著减少NOx排放;Abagnale等人[10]利用Fluent软件对C30型微型燃气轮机燃烧室的空气喷嘴结构进行了优化研究,获得了高效与低NOx排放的最优喷嘴布置方案;Meziane等人[11]发现某燃气轮机燃烧室出口温度的均匀性随着掺氢比的提高而下降,并指出了对燃烧室尾部空气稀释孔改造的必要性;李祥晟等[12]研究了掺氢对某贫燃预混燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧和排放性能的影响,指出在掺氢比达到40%时将燃烧室产生较大回火风险;耿卅捷等[13]分析了不同掺氢比下某贫燃预混燃气轮机燃烧室内的温度分布和NOx排放特性,并推荐0.47作为较优当量比以获得最低污染物排放。
目前,国外主要燃气轮机制造商均针对掺氢燃气轮机的燃烧室设计及改造开展了研究、开发及示范应用工作。德国西门子是天然气掺氢燃烧技术研发最活跃的制造商之一,其研究表明现有的天然气燃气轮机燃烧室在不做重大改动的情况下可直接使用含氢量15%~20%的掺氢天然气。美国GE研发的多喷口燃烧室采用扩散燃烧方式,能够燃用89%含氢量的混合燃气,已在E级和F级燃气轮机上得到应用,但NOx的排放问题较为突出。在GE公司所开发的干式贫燃低NOx燃烧室中燃气含氢量最高只能到15%,而为了避免回火风险,在实际运行中掺氢比也尽量控制在5%以下[14]。日本三菱在掺氢燃气轮机燃烧室中多采用向扩散燃烧喷注蒸汽或氮气的方法降低NOx排放,然而随着NOx排放政策日益严格,掺氢燃气轮机燃烧室设计最终将向预混燃烧方向发展[15]
从上述研究现状可知,虽然国外主要燃气轮机制造商已纷纷开展燃气轮机掺氢技术研发和应用测试,但目前还未见能够商业运行的机组。国家电投所属中国重型燃气轮机技术有限公司(中国重燃)承担着国家重型燃气轮机重大专项任务。2021年3月,中国重燃牵头[16-17],国家电投湖北分公司、上海上发院发电成套设备工程有限公司、上海舜华新能源系统有限公司、盈德气体集团有限公司以及湖北荆门市政府共同确定在国家电投荆门绿动燃气轮机电厂进行在役商用燃气轮机掺氢试验,掺氢比例5%~30%,分阶段实施。这是全球首次在商业运行的燃气轮机上进行掺氢试验(之前国内外进行的一系列掺氢试验都是在试验台或中试基地进行的)。荆门绿动燃气轮机掺氢项目从立项、可研到完成第1阶段实现机组运行现场15%掺氢仅用了不到9个月,国家电投湖北分公司承担了大部分现场实操任务,并配合中国重燃取得了现场全部实时数据,打破了西方在此领域对我国的封锁。
从2022年3月起,启动第2阶段30%掺氢的相关工作,为了稳妥起见,湖北分公司联合华中科技大学对30%掺氢做了燃烧数值模拟,并对之前15%掺氢燃烧模型进行了验证和完善,明晰掺氢后天然气燃气轮机燃烧室流动、燃烧及排放特性的具体变化,并进一步分析30%掺氢状况下的回火概率。研究内容包括燃烧室内的热态CFD数值模拟,不同掺氢比条件下的着火、回火等燃烧特性,以及NOx生成排放行为,有望为商业运行的燃气轮机掺氢改造提供参考。
2022年年底实现了SGT-800燃气轮机30%掺氢燃烧现场试验,成为全球首个在天然气商业运行机组中进行掺氢燃烧的联合循环、热电联供示范项目,打破了技术垄断,取得了宝贵的第一手资料,同时申报5项发明专利[18-22]和2项新型实用专利,为我国今后自主研发氢燃气轮机奠定了基础。
实施掺氢燃烧的机组为小F级燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组。燃气轮机型号为SGT-800,额定功率为54 MW,燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组功率77 MW。SGT-800燃气轮机是西门子公司目前的主力机型,燃烧室为环形结构,全貌如图1a)所示。在燃烧室头部均匀布置了30支第3代DLE低NOx燃烧器,燃烧器实物和结构示意分别如图1b)和图1c)所示。燃烧器采用部分预混燃烧方式,燃料分为中心燃料、主燃料和值班燃料3股送入燃烧室。中心燃料和主燃料位于上游,与助燃空气在混合管内混合形成预混火焰。值班燃料喷口位于混合管出口外沿,直接喷入主燃烧室,形成外侧火焰以稳定燃烧。
机组在100%ISO工况下进行了15%和30%掺氢比的燃烧试验。为了解掺氢对燃烧室性能带来的影响,以天然气(掺氢比为0,假设为纯甲烷)燃烧作为对照工况,考虑了5%、10%和15% 3种低掺氢比及30%高掺氢比工况进行数值模拟。5个工况下燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组的负荷维持在69 MW,运行压力为2.2 MPa,燃气和空气平均分配至30支燃烧器中。根据现场资料,燃烧器入口(压气机后)空气温度为753 K,燃料为常温300 K。表1给出了不同掺氢比工况下单只燃烧器的入口流量信息,将其作为数值模拟的边界条件。
使用Fluent软件进行稳态燃烧过程的数值模拟。考虑到燃烧室存在旋流和回流,采用realizable k-ε双方程模型求解流动和湍流脉动。由于燃气轮机燃烧室内湍流和化学反应之间存在强烈的耦合相互作用效应,为此采用涡耗散概念EDC模型。该模型能够更为准确地描述每个网格内的化学反应时间与涡耗散时间。在甲烷和氢气的燃烧化学反应方面采用了GRI 1.2反应机理,该机理包含32种燃烧产物和177步基元反应,能够提供火焰中关键基元物质(如O、OH、CH等)的浓度分布。在燃烧高温下,烟气与燃烧室壁面之间将产生大量的辐射换热,本研究采用了离散坐标DO模型对辐射传热进行求解。
需要说明的是,本研究中所使用的GRI 1.2机理不包含跟NOx相关的基元反应,因此NOx的求解是通过后处理方法获得的。由于在燃烧室中NOx的体积分数在0.1%以下,因此采用NOx后处理方法对温度、流场及主要组分的分布影响较小。考虑到CH4/H2混合物的NOx主要来源于热力型路径,因此在后处理过程中仅求解了热力型NOx,且O和OH中间产物来自于GRI 1.2机理求解的实际值。
由于SGT-800燃气轮机燃烧室为环形,具有中心旋转对称结构,且30支燃烧器结构完全相同,因此本文仅对单只燃烧器的掺氢燃烧过程进行数值模拟,所取计算域为燃气轮机燃烧室的1/30。这种简化在燃气轮机环形燃烧室的数值模拟中为常用手段。
利用Gambit软件对计算域进行网格划分,在空气进口区域和燃烧室大部分区域采用结构化网格,在燃烧器区域采用混合结构网格,同时考虑了size-function对喷嘴和燃烧器根部区域进行网格加密。通过改变最小网格尺寸,形成了单元数分别为358万、543万和836万3种网格,并对纯天然气燃烧工况开展了数值模拟工作。图2比较了3种不同网格在燃烧室中心轴线上的温度预测结果。由图2可见,3种网格的预测趋势基本一致,但358万网格预测得到的温度峰值比543万网格的高近100 K,而543万与836万网格预测的温度峰值十分接近。综合考虑数值模拟的计算成本与网格独立性,本文采用了543万中等网格进行后续的数值模拟。该网格最小单元尺寸为0.1 mm,已接近湍流积分尺度。图3分别给出了整体计算域、中心平面、燃烧器进口和燃烧器混合管不同角度的网格。数值模拟中各入口采用质量流量进口边界条件,具体入口流量信息见表1
为了验证GRI 1.2化学反应机理的可靠性,首先利用反应动力学模拟软件Chemkin-Pro对不同甲烷掺氢比和压力下的层流火焰传播速度进行了计算,计算结果与试验测量结果[2]的比较如图4所示。图4中,曲线为计算值,散点为试验测量值。由图4可知,在掺氢比为10%时,计算得到的层流火焰传播速度与试验测量值较为一致,但在20%掺氢比下的误差较大。需要说明的是,当Halter等人[2]采用更加详细的化学反应机理进行计算时,计算值与试验值之间的误差有所减小,但仍然较为明显。虽然采用更加详细的化学反应机理能够一定程度上改进预测精度,但将导致CFD数值模拟的计算量指数增加,严重制约计算效率。由于采用更为详细的化学反应机理并没有显著改进预测结果,为提高计算效率,本研究仍然使用了基元反应步数较少的GRI 1.2反应机理进行求解燃烧反应。
西门子公司和瑞典隆德大学对SGT-800燃气轮机单支燃烧器已开展过试验研究[24],通过搭建光学试验平台,对天然气燃烧工况下燃烧器出口的火焰OH*自由基分布进行了拍摄,结果如图5a)所示。为了选择更适用于此次数值模拟的燃烧模型,在保证其他条件一致的前提下,本文分别使用Flamelet火焰面模型和EDC模型进行迭代求解,得到的中心平面OH*分布如图5b)和图5c)所示。
对比图5b)和图5c)可以发现,使用2种燃烧模型得到的OH*分布在形态上较为类似,都呈现喇叭状,且高浓度OH*都位于中心区域。然而在燃烧室内的红色虚线范围内,Flamelet模型预测得到的OH*自由基分布较为分散,这与实际拍摄的OH*分布差距较大。更为重要的是,Flamelet模型下混合管内出现了严重的回火,这也与实际情况完全不符合。相比而言,EDC模型模拟得到的OH*高浓度区的形态更贴合于试验测试的结果,故最终选择了EDC模型作为本次模拟的燃烧模型。
温度分布是考察燃料燃烧性能的重要指标,根据模拟结果绘制了不同掺氢比工况下燃烧器中心截面上的温度分布云图,具体如图6所示。
图6可以看出:在0~15%掺氢比范围内燃烧室内的温度分布均呈现出“喇叭口”形状,即典型的V型火焰,但各工况下的温度分布差异并不明显;然而在30%掺氢比工况下,值班火焰出口出现了零星高温区(图中虚线圈),这是由于值班火焰的着火能降低以及空气流量减少增加了燃料停留时间2方面原因所致。从图6还可知,在当前燃气轮机燃烧室实施15%以下的掺氢燃烧并不会显著影响燃烧室内的温度分布,但在30%掺氢比下值班火焰出口将产生高温区,影响喷嘴的使用寿命。
表1可知,混合燃料的着火温度随着掺氢比的提高而逐渐下降,这在空间上则体现为着火位置的提前。在燃烧学上通常利用热释放速率峰值位置或者温度梯度峰值位置作为燃料的着火位置,本研究采用后者来定量比较不同掺氢比条件下燃料的着火行为。
根据数值模拟结果将燃烧室中心线上的温度曲线绘制于图7a),同时利用Origin软件对图7a)中的5条温度曲线进行梯度变换,所得温度梯度曲线绘制于图7b)。为提高图形的可读性,将曲线在炉膛轴线方向的取值范围设定为−0.1~0.1 m,具体的位置分布可参考图7c)
分析比较图7a)和图7b)可知:掺氢比的提高一方面会加速燃烧室内温度的提升,使燃料着火位置提前;另一方面会提高温升的梯度峰值,且热释放区的厚度逐渐变薄。根据图7b)可将具体的燃料着火位置在图7c)中按照颜色相应标记出来,不难看出当掺氢比从0提高到30%时,燃料的着火位置从0.007 m逐渐退回至−0.035 m,此时火焰回缩距离已接近混合管长度的1/3。结合图6所示的温度分布推测可知,30%掺氢工况具有较大的回火风险。
火焰形态与尺寸是表征火焰结构的重要参数特征,燃烧学中常以燃烧中间产物(CO或者OH*)浓度峰值的1%作为火焰边缘[25]。为了探究掺氢对于火焰结构的影响,以各工况下OH*浓度峰值的1%创建等值面,该等值面即为对应工况下的火焰轮廓面。图8绘制了不同掺氢比工况下的火焰结构,并利用温度标尺对5个火焰轮廓面进行了彩色渲染。由图8可知:在纯天然气工况下值班火焰出现在中心主火焰的外侧,且与喷嘴距离较远;随着掺氢比的提高,中心主火焰的长度逐渐缩短,火焰尾部直径增大,同时外侧值班火焰逐渐向喷嘴靠近。在30%掺氢比工况下,值班火焰紧贴喷嘴出口。结合图7中的温度分布以及着火位置变化,可以推测出该工况下易出现回火问题。此外,从图8也可以看出火焰的厚度随着掺氢比的提高而变薄,这与图7b)呈现的规律完全一致。
回火的出现不仅会严重影响燃烧器的正常使用寿命,还可能会造成安全事故。为了减少回火造成的损坏,在开展高比例掺氢(例如30%)时,必须要对燃烧器进行改造,如提高值班火焰喷射速度、减小混合管直径等,以降低回火风险;此外,混合管内必须增加回火监控传感器,实时探测混合管内的温度变化情况。
对于掺氢天然气来说,热力型NOx是最为主要的污染物,其中90%以上为NO。目前针对燃气轮机的NOx排放标准日益严格,因此有必要了解掺氢对燃气轮机燃烧室NOx生成与排放特性的影响机制。图9展示了不同掺氢比工况下燃烧室中心平面上的NO生成速率云图。由图9可知,NO的主要生成区域与燃烧室内的高温区基本重合,且位于高温区的前沿。随着掺氢比例的提高,NO生成区域逐渐扩大,同时速率峰值增大,这是由于燃烧温度峰值升高和火焰面的温度梯度增大2方面原因所致。图10进一步给出了不同掺氢比工况下燃烧室内的NO摩尔分数分布云图。显然,在更高掺氢比条件下燃烧室内NO摩尔分数峰值增大,且中心高NO摩尔分数区域扩大,这与图9中NO生成速率的变化趋势一致。
为了定量对比各工况下的NO排放数据,将NO的原始排放结果转换成氧气体积分数φ(O2)=15%及标准状况下的数据,转换公式为:
YNO=YNO,0×ρ×21%15%21%YO2,0×300T×1 000 000
式中:YNO,0YO2,0分别为烧室出口的原始NO体积分数和O2体积分数;ρ为燃烧室出口氧气密度,kg/m3T为排烟温度,K。
目前,国内燃气热电联产项目在环保数据排放方面,普遍执行《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)。该标准规定的NOx排放限值为50 mg/m3(标准状态,下同)。而北京和江苏等地则制定了更为严格的地方标准,例如北京的标准《固定式燃气轮机大气污染物排放标准》(DB 11847—2011),对固定式燃气轮机规定的NOx排放限值为30 mg/m3。随着环保政策的日益严格,未来可能会有更多的地区执行更加严格的污染物排放标准。
图11比较了5种掺氢比工况下燃烧室出口的NO排放数据。当掺氢比在10%以下时,NO排放值基本可控制在30 mg/m3以内;但掺氢比提高至15%时,NO排放明显增加;当掺氢比进一步提高到30%时,NO排放值接近40 mg/m3,该排放数据超出国内部分地区的环保限值要求。根据NO排放数据分析可知,除了回火风险外,高NO排放也将成为制约燃气轮机高比例掺氢的关键挑战之一。由于本研究数值模拟工况参数完全基于现场试验数据,燃料分配份额(表1)未调整优化。未来将进一步探索富氢燃料分配策略对本燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧及NO排放性能的影响规律,以获得更优的操作条件。
根据上述数值模拟结果和分析,在实际SGT-800型燃气轮机上开展了天然气掺混15%和30%氢气的运行试验,结果见表2。其中,15%掺氢工况下的燃气轮机负荷为46%(25 MW),30%掺氢工况下的燃气轮机负荷为81%(44 MW)。
表2还给出了2种工况下的燃烧器回火监测温度(位于混合管外侧)和NOx排放。由表2可见,试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,高比例掺氢燃烧将导致燃料着火提前,进而提升混合管内的温度,使燃烧器回火监测温度提高。对于NOx排放,试验数据和数值模拟得到的趋势同样是一致的,进一步说明本研究中的数值预测结果具有一定的参考价值。
本研究针对SGT-800型燃气轮机单燃烧室掺氢燃烧过程开展了数值模拟研究,考察了0、5%、10%、15%和30%不同掺氢体积比工况下燃烧室内的燃料着火特性、温度分布、火焰结构以及NOx生成排放规律。主要研究结论如下:
1)在维持燃烧室输入热负荷恒定的条件下,天然气中的掺氢比例在15%以下时燃烧室内的温度分布不会发生显著变化;但掺氢比例提高到30%时值班火焰出口将出现明显的高温区,对喷嘴的使用寿命产生不利影响。随着燃料中掺氢比例的提高,混合燃料的着火点逐渐降低,燃烧室内混合燃料的着火位置不断提前,同时温度梯度不断增大,火焰面厚度变薄。从着火位置与火焰结构形态共同分析可知,掺氢比在15%以下时燃烧室仍然可以正常工作;但掺氢比提高至30%时,燃料着火位置回缩距离达到混合室长度的近1/3,且混合室出口值班火焰紧贴喷嘴,具有较大的回火风险,应考虑对燃烧器进行调整改造。
2)掺氢比例的增大会提高燃烧室内的温度峰值,扩大高温区域的体积,加速热力型NOx的生成速率,增大燃烧室出口NOx的排放值。在当前燃烧室内,当掺氢比不超过10%时,燃烧室出口的NOx排放值小于30 mg/m3,当掺氢比达到15%时,燃烧室出口NOx排放在30 mg/m3左右;而当掺氢比达到30%时,燃烧室出口NOx排放将超出国内部分地区的排放限值。因此,NOx排放也是制约燃气轮机高比例掺氢的因素之一。
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303033
  • 接收时间:2023-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-11
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    1.国家电投集团湖北分公司,湖北 武汉 430061
    2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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