Article(id=1222543590279078195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202309142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693497600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705684, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543590589456699, articleId=1222543590279078195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Off-design modeling of heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit and variable load operation research, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A Python model was established for thermal performance of the heavy-duty gas-steam combined cycle triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The model calculates the detailed heat recovery steam generator parameters under the condition of changing unit load, including main steam pressure and flow rate, heat and heat transfer coefficient of each heat exchanger, as well as power output and efficiency. As the effect of exhaust gas temperature and flow rate on the heat recovery steam generator is analyzed, how the ambient temperature, humidity and fuel heating affect the heat recovery steam generator output is also discussed when the unit is in part-load. It is verified that the model has good simulation accuracy and calculation efficiency. Simulations for one certain frame gas turbine combined cycle show that: When the unit load is reduced from full load 650 MW to partial load 250 MW, the triple main steam pressure and feed water flow rate of heat recovery steam generator decrease, the steam turbine power output decreases from 219.1 MW to 130.4 MW, and the efficiency of heat recovery steam generator increases from 89.3% to 92.1%; main-steam flow increases as the flue gas flow rate and temperature increase at the inlet of heat recovery steam generator; As the load of the random group decreases, the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer amount of each heat exchange surface of the waste heat boiler decreases, but the proportion of heat exchanger between the flue gas and the high-temperature section heat exchanger in the total heat increases, and the heat transfer between the flue gas and the low-temperature section increases. The proportion of heat exchanger heat transfer in the total heat is reduced; when the unit load is reduced from 650 MW to 300 MW, the proportion of steam turbine shaft power increases by 1.67 percentage points, the proportion of heat loss in the chimney flue gas decreases by 2.63 percentage points.

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建立了大功率燃气-蒸汽联合循环三压再热余热锅炉热力性能Python编程模型,模型计算了在变负荷条件下的余热锅炉详细热力性能,包括主蒸汽压力和流量、各换热器的换热量和换热系数、以及功率和效率,分析了烟气温度和流量对余热锅炉热力性能的影响,探讨了在机组部分负荷下环境温度、湿度和燃料加热温度如何影响余热锅炉出力。模型经过验证具有较高的仿真精度和计算效率。以某型燃气轮机联合循环机组为研究对象计算表明:当机组负荷从满负荷650 MW降低到部分负荷250 MW后,余热锅炉三压主蒸汽压力和给水流量降低,汽轮机输出功率从219.1 MW减小到了130.4 MW,而余热锅炉效率从89.3%升高到了92.1%;随三压再热余热锅炉入口烟气流量和温度升高,余热锅炉的三压主蒸汽流量都升高;随机组负荷降低,余热锅炉各换热面的换热系数和换热量减小,但是烟气与高温段换热器的换热量在总换热量中的占比升高,烟气与低温段换热器的换热量在总热量中的占比降低;当机组负荷从650 MW降低到300 MW时,在余热锅炉输出能量中,汽轮机轴功率的占比增大了1.67%,烟囱烟气热损失的占比减小了2.63%。

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王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

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王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

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The 10th International Symposium on Coal Combustion, Taiyuan, China, 2023., articleTitle=Dynamic simulation of heat recovery steam generator in combined cycle power plant for gas turbine load flexibility, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240938937179501101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=11, pageStart=129, pageEnd=139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=王一丰, 肖俊峰, 胡孟起, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王一丰,肖俊峰,胡孟起,等.重型燃气轮机联合循环机组掺氢燃烧发电模型及变负荷研究[J].热力发电202251(11):129-139., articleTitle=重型燃气轮机联合循环机组掺氢燃烧发电模型及变负荷研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240938937250804270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=11, pageStart=129, pageEnd=139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=41, authorNames=WANG Yifeng, XIAO Junfeng, HU Mengqi, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yifeng, XIAO Junfeng, HU Mengqi, et al. Research on hydrogen-incorporated combustion power generation model and variable load of heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit[J]. 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label=Fig.4, caption=Design data and model setting values of the inlet boundary conditions of the heat recovery steam generator model, figureFileSmall=zxZQbrKe8Wa48G4p2SuS/Q==, figureFileBig=OhherVYNmsM9zl+3TNsgsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938930682524089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=图4, caption=余热锅炉模型入口边界条件的设计数据和模型设定值, figureFileSmall=zxZQbrKe8Wa48G4p2SuS/Q==, figureFileBig=OhherVYNmsM9zl+3TNsgsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938930770604475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inlet flue gas temperature and volume fraction of H2O content of the heat recovery steam generator, figureFileSmall=lYcHPKJms/nmM++BKiE9SQ==, figureFileBig=ZCNh7IythxZrRuDASW2ckQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938930850296255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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figureFileSmall=wlWgC7tvdgbS/0U+sJq/lw==, figureFileBig=mFfDosD67RwrZJbwTHstIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938932960031222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=图19, caption=变负荷下环境湿度对余热锅炉出力和效率的影响, figureFileSmall=wlWgC7tvdgbS/0U+sJq/lw==, figureFileBig=mFfDosD67RwrZJbwTHstIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933018751479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Effect of fuel heating temperature on heat recovery steam generator at different unit loads, figureFileSmall=XPAhZ+uSaCoa8tmLCLsQug==, figureFileBig=JI8FuAc3t5wBjecnraj9yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933073277432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=图20, caption=燃料加热温度对余热锅炉出力和给水流量的影响, figureFileSmall=XPAhZ+uSaCoa8tmLCLsQug==, figureFileBig=JI8FuAc3t5wBjecnraj9yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933136191993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=The output energy distribution of heat recovery steam generator of the combined cycle unit at 650 MW load, figureFileSmall=fq1cMn4ic8ncgWh01mb50A==, figureFileBig=cRbVckxS1wJsShJhEsFXGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933203300858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=图21, caption=联合循环机组在发电功率为650 MW时余热锅炉输出能量分配, figureFileSmall=fq1cMn4ic8ncgWh01mb50A==, figureFileBig=cRbVckxS1wJsShJhEsFXGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933270409723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=The output energy distribution of heat recovery steam generator of the combined cycle unit at 300 MW load, figureFileSmall=TCOwoKnmr4rqkStm2j4Csw==, figureFileBig=G9KjMy1B8DzDMzzOjnc5nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933366878716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=图22, caption=联合循环机组在发电功率为300 MW时余热锅炉输出能量分配, figureFileSmall=TCOwoKnmr4rqkStm2j4Csw==, figureFileBig=G9KjMy1B8DzDMzzOjnc5nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938933446570493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main compositions of the fuel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料成分CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10N2
体积分数/%91.6915.1321.6981.2040.276
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)49 266
), ArticleFig(id=1240938933517873662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃料主要化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料成分CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10N2
体积分数/%91.6915.1321.6981.2040.276
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)49 266
), ArticleFig(id=1240938933605954047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Input parameters of the combined cycle model under full load condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
大气压力/kPa101.325管道外径/m0.038~0.063
大气温度/K298.15管道厚度/m0.003
大气湿度/%89.5管间距/m0.110
燃料压力/kPa3 100.00管流程数1、2
燃料华白数/(MJ·m–3)51.493烟气流向管列数6~20
燃料供应温度/K288.13管道阻力系数1.0
燃料加热温度/K488.15烟气阻力系数0.5
发电机机械效率/%99.8高压给水压力/kPa17 450.000
水泵效率/%80.0中压给水压力/kPa4 100.000
发电机效率/%99.0凝汽器换热面积/m21 200
锅炉烟道宽度/m33.560冷却水流量/(kg·s–1)7 206
锅炉烟道高度/m22.860冷却水压力/kPa500.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240938933694034432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

联合循环模型满负荷工况下输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
大气压力/kPa101.325管道外径/m0.038~0.063
大气温度/K298.15管道厚度/m0.003
大气湿度/%89.5管间距/m0.110
燃料压力/kPa3 100.00管流程数1、2
燃料华白数/(MJ·m–3)51.493烟气流向管列数6~20
燃料供应温度/K288.13管道阻力系数1.0
燃料加热温度/K488.15烟气阻力系数0.5
发电机机械效率/%99.8高压给水压力/kPa17 450.000
水泵效率/%80.0中压给水压力/kPa4 100.000
发电机效率/%99.0凝汽器换热面积/m21 200
锅炉烟道宽度/m33.560冷却水流量/(kg·s–1)7 206
锅炉烟道高度/m22.860冷却水压力/kPa500.000
), ArticleFig(id=1240938933782114817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Software and present model output parameters under off-design condition of the combined cycle unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Python模型Thermoflex软件误差/%
主蒸汽温度/K880.51883.500.34
主蒸汽压力/kPa17 167.016 870.0−1.73
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)113.584113.8000.19
再热蒸汽温度/K874.72876.400.19
再热蒸汽压力/kPa3 647.03 669.00.61
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)127.945128.4000.36
中压蒸汽温度/K597.00597.100.02
中压蒸汽压力/kPa3 973.03 952.0–0.53
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)14.36114.5401.25
低压蒸汽温度/K526.70527.700.19
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)19.42719.110–1.63
给水流量/(kg·s–1)147.371147.5000.09
给水温度/K318.14318.500.11
低压缸排汽温度/K318.09317.70−0.12
低压缸排汽压力/kPa9.69.5−1.04
), ArticleFig(id=1240938933878583810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543590279078195, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

联合循环非设计工况下商业软件和本文模型输出参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Python模型Thermoflex软件误差/%
主蒸汽温度/K880.51883.500.34
主蒸汽压力/kPa17 167.016 870.0−1.73
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)113.584113.8000.19
再热蒸汽温度/K874.72876.400.19
再热蒸汽压力/kPa3 647.03 669.00.61
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)127.945128.4000.36
中压蒸汽温度/K597.00597.100.02
中压蒸汽压力/kPa3 973.03 952.0–0.53
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)14.36114.5401.25
低压蒸汽温度/K526.70527.700.19
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)19.42719.110–1.63
给水流量/(kg·s–1)147.371147.5000.09
给水温度/K318.14318.500.11
低压缸排汽温度/K318.09317.70−0.12
低压缸排汽压力/kPa9.69.5−1.04
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王一丰 1, 2 , 翟春华 3 , 黄庆 3 , 牛晨晖 4 , 苏新民 4 , 焦道顺 3 , 潘赫男 4 , 王乾远 3 , 孙魏 3 , 肖俊峰 1 , 胡孟起 1 , 夏林 1 , 李军 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(12): 79-89
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(12): 79-89
大功率燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉建模及变负荷运行规律研究
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王一丰1, 2 , 翟春华3, 黄庆3, 牛晨晖4, 苏新民4, 焦道顺3, 潘赫男4, 王乾远3, 孙魏3, 肖俊峰1, 胡孟起1, 夏林1, 李军2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210034
  • 4.华能江苏能源开发有限公司,江苏 南京 210015
  • 王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

Off-design modeling of heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit and variable load operation research
Yifeng WANG1, 2 , Chunhua ZHAI3, Qing HUANG3, Chenhui NIU4, Xinmin SU4, Daoshun JIAO3, Henan PAN4, Qianyuan WANG3, Wei SUN3, Junfeng XIAO1, Mengqi HU1, Lin XIA1, Jun LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 3.Huaneng Nanjing Gas Turbine Power Plant Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210034, China
  • 4.Huanneng Jiangsu Energy Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210015, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309142
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建立了大功率燃气-蒸汽联合循环三压再热余热锅炉热力性能Python编程模型,模型计算了在变负荷条件下的余热锅炉详细热力性能,包括主蒸汽压力和流量、各换热器的换热量和换热系数、以及功率和效率,分析了烟气温度和流量对余热锅炉热力性能的影响,探讨了在机组部分负荷下环境温度、湿度和燃料加热温度如何影响余热锅炉出力。模型经过验证具有较高的仿真精度和计算效率。以某型燃气轮机联合循环机组为研究对象计算表明:当机组负荷从满负荷650 MW降低到部分负荷250 MW后,余热锅炉三压主蒸汽压力和给水流量降低,汽轮机输出功率从219.1 MW减小到了130.4 MW,而余热锅炉效率从89.3%升高到了92.1%;随三压再热余热锅炉入口烟气流量和温度升高,余热锅炉的三压主蒸汽流量都升高;随机组负荷降低,余热锅炉各换热面的换热系数和换热量减小,但是烟气与高温段换热器的换热量在总换热量中的占比升高,烟气与低温段换热器的换热量在总热量中的占比降低;当机组负荷从650 MW降低到300 MW时,在余热锅炉输出能量中,汽轮机轴功率的占比增大了1.67%,烟囱烟气热损失的占比减小了2.63%。

重型联合循环机组  /  余热锅炉  /  变工况模型  /  变负荷运行  /  深度调峰

A Python model was established for thermal performance of the heavy-duty gas-steam combined cycle triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The model calculates the detailed heat recovery steam generator parameters under the condition of changing unit load, including main steam pressure and flow rate, heat and heat transfer coefficient of each heat exchanger, as well as power output and efficiency. As the effect of exhaust gas temperature and flow rate on the heat recovery steam generator is analyzed, how the ambient temperature, humidity and fuel heating affect the heat recovery steam generator output is also discussed when the unit is in part-load. It is verified that the model has good simulation accuracy and calculation efficiency. Simulations for one certain frame gas turbine combined cycle show that: When the unit load is reduced from full load 650 MW to partial load 250 MW, the triple main steam pressure and feed water flow rate of heat recovery steam generator decrease, the steam turbine power output decreases from 219.1 MW to 130.4 MW, and the efficiency of heat recovery steam generator increases from 89.3% to 92.1%; main-steam flow increases as the flue gas flow rate and temperature increase at the inlet of heat recovery steam generator; As the load of the random group decreases, the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer amount of each heat exchange surface of the waste heat boiler decreases, but the proportion of heat exchanger between the flue gas and the high-temperature section heat exchanger in the total heat increases, and the heat transfer between the flue gas and the low-temperature section increases. The proportion of heat exchanger heat transfer in the total heat is reduced; when the unit load is reduced from 650 MW to 300 MW, the proportion of steam turbine shaft power increases by 1.67 percentage points, the proportion of heat loss in the chimney flue gas decreases by 2.63 percentage points.

heavy-duty combined cycle unit  /  heat recovery steam generator  /  off-design modeling  /  variable load operation  /  deep peak-shaving
王一丰, 翟春华, 黄庆, 牛晨晖, 苏新民, 焦道顺, 潘赫男, 王乾远, 孙魏, 肖俊峰, 胡孟起, 夏林, 李军. 大功率燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉建模及变负荷运行规律研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309142
Yifeng WANG, Chunhua ZHAI, Qing HUANG, Chenhui NIU, Xinmin SU, Daoshun JIAO, Henan PAN, Qianyuan WANG, Wei SUN, Junfeng XIAO, Mengqi HU, Lin XIA, Jun LI. Off-design modeling of heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit and variable load operation research[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309142
在“碳达峰”和“碳中和”能源发展背景下,我国可再生能源发电占比持续增加,电力系统调峰需求也将进一步增长。燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组(联合循环机组,GTCC)具有负荷响应快的特点,可有效消纳可再生能源的峰谷电力,发展重型联合循环机组可以使电网调峰压力得到改善。目前国际上大功率燃气轮机已发展到H级。以GE公司的9HA机型为例,单燃气轮机容量达448~571 MW;和余热锅炉组成的联合循环机组容量已超过800 MW、效率超过64%,启动时间少于30 min。我国已有4台H级机组在运行中,在建的有十余台[1]。重型联合循环机组深度调峰要求在机组大范围负荷变化条件下,余热锅炉的主蒸汽参数依然满足汽轮机安全带负荷运行要求[2]。为响应电网用电需求变化,联合循环机组会长期处于部分负荷状态下调峰运行,机组效率较满负荷低、经济性受影响,因此需要通过理论研究开发有效的运行方法来改善机组调峰性能[3]。通过开发联合循环机组变工况计算软件,能够一定程度上摆脱商业软件的限制,加强科学研究的专门性,促进联合循环机组的变负荷、变工况特性研究[4]
目前有很多学者对F级联合循环机组建立模型。戈志华等[5]使用Ebsilon商业软件搭建了F级联合循环机组变工况模型。许建等[6]利用Apros商业软件搭建F级联合循环三压余热锅炉的动态模型。朱亚迪等[7]使用Thermoflow软件分析了F级联合循环的气耗、发电量等能效指标。Duan等人[8]使用Aspen plus商业软件搭建了三压联合循环模型并分析了进气冷却的影响。Mertens等人[9]利用Apros商业软件动态仿真了F级三压联合循环机组的启停机过程。Pattanayak等人[10]使用Ebsilon商业软件建立了带燃料加热系统的F级联合循环模型。Liu等人[11]使用Gatecycle商业软件建立了F级联合循环变负荷模型,分析了机组部分负荷时效率随环境参数的变化。黄超群等[12]使用gPROMS商业软件建立F/G/H级联合循环底循环的简明稳态模型。
目前也有一些学者对更先进的H级联合循环机组做了模型研究。任敬琦等[13]基于Matlab/ Simulink对H级燃气轮机做动态仿真和变负荷分析。强雄超等[14]建立H级燃气轮机Matlab/Simulink动态仿真模型。Kotowicz等人[15-16]在GateCycle软件模拟了H/J级联合循环,分析了在燃气轮机排烟温度恒定时不同压气机压比下机组效率。Kwon等人[17]使用GateCycle商业软件模拟了H级联合循环中压气机压比和冷却气体对机组的影响。Blumberg等人[18]使用Ebsilon商业软件建立了F和H级联合循环㶲经济性模型。Zoder等人[19]基于Python建立了联合循环机组㶲模型。Ahmed等人[20]搭建了联合循环机组双压余热锅炉变工况模型。
综上,已发表文献中重型联合循环机组的余热锅炉模型一般局限于商业软件建模,且少有对H级联合循环三压再热余热锅炉的变工况建模。本文在Python编程环境建立了大功率联合循环三压再热余热锅炉变工况的详细计算模型,并开展变负荷、变工况特性分析。
某型H级联合循环机组系统如图1所示。该系统包含燃气轮机、余热锅炉、汽轮机、凝汽器、发电机、水泵等设备。余热锅炉的三压换热系统分为高压、中压、低压3个模块,共18级换热器;余热锅炉第2级中压省煤器的部分热水被送入燃料加热器将燃料加热。汽轮机分为高压缸与中、低压缸;余热锅炉的高压、再热、低压3个参数的主蒸汽进入汽轮机的高、中、低压缸。汽轮机和燃气轮机驱动转轴带动发电机输出电能。
余热锅炉输入参数由燃气轮机的排气条件决定,输出参数取决于汽轮机的参数需求。本模型参照OEM(原始设备制造商)提供的设计数据,根据机组负荷设定燃气轮机排气的流量、成分和温度,以及燃料流量和供应温度,作为三压再热、含燃料加热的余热锅炉模型的输入数据和边界条件。余热锅炉系统的仿真建模以烟气和汽水工质的传热计算为基础,基于烟气侧放热量和汽水侧吸热量的能量平衡进行建模[21]图2为换热器管道错列布置示意。采用Ganapathy复杂热平衡计算模型和LMTD(对数平均温差法)的换热器传热模型;烟气和水的换热面积采用烟气横流模型、压降采用阻力估算公式计算[22];用传热模型中努塞特数、雷诺数和普朗特数耦合计算换热系数[23];并选用IAPWS-95水和水蒸气模型,在各级换热器能量、质量平衡的基础上[24],三压再热余热锅炉模型计算公式如下:
Q˙=UAΔT1ΔT2ln(ΔT1ΔT2)=m˙fluidΔhfluid
其中:Q为余热锅炉热功,J/s;U为总换热系数,J/(s·m2·K);A为总换热面积,m2;ΔT1和ΔT2为换热器进、出口处烟气和水的温差;m˙fluid为换热流体流量,kg/s;Δhfluid为换热器进出口流体的焓差,kJ/kg。
U=fcorrectionDinNutubektube+DoutNugaskgas+R
A=πnrowncolLtubeDout
R=12*(DoutDin2)*ln(DoutDin)*kfluid
其中:fcorrection为总换热修正系数;Nu为努塞特数;DinDout为管道的内径和外径,m;R为管壁热阻系数,J/(s·m·K);nrowncol为管道的排数和列数;Ltube是管长,m;ktubekgas为管道和烟气的传热系数,J/(s·m2·K);kfluid为流体传热系数,J/(s·m2·K)。
Nugas=0.33ftubeRegas0.6Prgas0.333
Nutube=0.024Retube0.8Prtube0.4
Retube=Dinvtubeρwaterμfluid
Regas=Doutvgasρgasμfluid
Pr=cp,fluidμfluidkfluidφfluidωfluid
其中:Pr为普朗特数;Re为雷诺数;ρgasρwater为烟气和水的密度,kg/m3μfluid为流体的黏度系数,kg/(m·s);φfliud为流体体积分数,%;ωfluid为流体摩尔质量,kg/mol;cp,fluid为流体的定压比热容,J/(kg·K)。
压降计算公式如下:
Δpgas=1.4nrowffriction,gasvgas2ρgas
Δptube=nrowLtubeffriction,tubevtube22ρwatersrowDin
ffriction,tube=0.316 4Retube0.25
ffriction,gas=Re0.16(0.25+0.118(Py/Dout1)1.08)
其中:ftube为管道错列系数;ffriction,gas为气侧阻力系数;ffriction,tube为水侧阻力系数;Δpgas、Δptube为气测、水侧的压降,Pa;srow为流程数;Py为纵向管距,m。
vgas=12m˙gasnrowL(PxDout)
vtube=4mwaterπDin2
其中:vgasvtube为烟气侧、汽水侧流速,m/s;m˙gasmwater为烟气和水/蒸汽的流量,kg/s;Px为横向管距,m。
变工况下汽轮机中蒸汽流量-压力关系使用Stodola汽轮机模型[25]计算:
m˙=Cflowpin2pout2Tin
因为低压缸排汽中含有湿蒸汽而产生的排汽损失按如下公式计算:
Q˙exhaust=3 500(VexhaustVexhaust0)5+22 000(VexhaustVexhaust0)4+6 40054 200(VexhaustVexhaust0)3+63 800(VexhaustVexhaust0)232 800(VexhaustVexhaust0)
ηisentropic=ηdryx(10.65(1x))(1+Q˙exhaustΔhisentropic)
式中:ηisentropic为汽轮机等熵效率,%;pinpout为进口和出口压力,Pa;x为气体常数;Δhisentropic为等熵焓降;Q˙exhaust为排汽热量损失,MW;Cflow为汽轮机通流系数;Vexhaust为低压缸排汽体积;Vexhaust,0为排汽体积设计值,m3。汽轮机在变工况条件下高、中、低压缸的效率按照文献[26]的汽轮机模型拟合曲线进行赋值。
水泵耗功计算公式如下[27]
Wpump=m˙Δptubeρ
式中:Wpump为水泵耗功,MW。
联合循环机组净功率计算用如下关系式:
ηunit=Wunitm˙fuelLHV+Hgas
式中:ηunit为机组效率;m˙fuel为燃料流量;LHV为燃料低位热值;Hgas为燃料显热。
余热锅炉效率计算采用如下反平衡关系式:
ηhrsg=1Qflue gasQinputQloss
式中:ηhrsg为锅炉效率;Qflue gas为锅炉排烟热量;Qinput为锅炉输入热量;Qloss为锅炉散热损失。输入热量和排烟热量采用余热锅炉规程(ASME PTC 4.4)[28]提供的方法和公式计算。
模型采用文献[11]提出的多变量耦合求解方法,在开源软件编程建模和迭代计算分析余热锅炉的变负荷、变工况特性。计算流程如图3所示。
1)根据OEM设计数据获取满负荷和部分负荷下余热锅炉烟气的成分、流量和温度;根据设计参数设定余热锅炉各换热面的传热系数和管道尺寸,给定凝汽器的换热系数以及给水泵后压力。
2)建立联合循环三压再热余热锅炉模型程序,按照文献[29]所提出的流程计算换热面积和给水流量,得到余热锅炉的高、中、低压蒸汽的温度、压力等变工况参数。
3)搭建Thermoflex商业软件三压再热余热锅炉模型,在非设计模式下验算本文三压再热余热锅炉模型的变负荷、变工况出力参数。
模型参数值来源于国内某型700 MW级“一拖一”单轴联合循环机组。该机组额定毛功率设计值达668 MW,热耗率设计值达5 644 kJ/(kW·h),热效率设计值达64%;按调峰两班制运行,发电年利用小时数设计值达3 500 h。天然气燃料的主要成分参数见表1;联合循环模型满负荷工况下输入参数参照制造厂家提供的设计数据,具体见表2
本文参照机组设计数据得到机组变负荷下燃气轮机排入余热锅炉的烟气温度和流量的变化趋势并作为模型边界条件[30]图4给出了烟气流量、温度和燃料量的设计数据来说明本文模型设定的余热锅炉入口边界条件参数的合理性。图5为机组变负荷下余热锅炉入口烟气温度和水含量的变化趋势。
图5可见,整体联合循环机组的发电功率在250~650 MW内变化时,进入余热锅炉的烟气温度和H2O体积分数的边界条件呈非线性变化趋势。
为验证本文建立的三压再热余热锅炉模型在变工况条件下计算结果的准确性,在650 MW满发负荷到250 MW部分负荷范围内,将本文三压再热余热锅炉模型与商业软件建立的余热锅炉变工况模型计算结果进行对比,结果见表3(更多图示计算结果见3.1.1小节)。由表3可见,余热锅炉模型计算结果各参数误差都在2%以内,因此认为建立的模型在工程意义上准确性较好。模型在CPU-i7、RAM-16GB的计算机完成1个工况的收敛性时长小于1 min,可认为具有较好的计算效率。
利用Matplotlib图形绘制模块将余热锅炉模型计算结果绘制成温度-热量图,并与商业软件结果对比,用于检查余热锅炉各个换热器的布置、进出口温度以及烟气在各换热器与汽水工质的温差是否满足对口原则[12],结果如图6图7所示。由图6图7可见,本文模型和商业软件计算所得余热锅炉各换热面进出口的烟气和汽水工质的换热量一致性较好。图8展示了在Vscode开源软件中绘制的Python模型输出的流程图可视化结果。图8中模型计算结果与商业软件得到的余热锅炉输出的蒸汽、汽轮机进出口蒸汽参数进行对比,结果均得到了较好的验证。
图9为250~650 MW负荷下Python模型和Thermoflex软件计算的余热锅炉高压、再热、低压主蒸汽流量。从图9可见:主蒸汽流量随机组变负荷而呈现线性变化;模型和软件的计算结果一致性较好。
图10为联合循环机组负荷变化对余热锅炉高压、再热、低压主蒸汽压力的影响。
图10可见,蒸汽压力随机组负荷降低而几乎呈线性降低,模型和软件计算结果一致性很好。在燃气轮机烟气参数和余热锅炉出口工质蒸汽参数不变的情况下,有些受热面烟气和汽水工质间温度非常接近。因此联合循环机组为适应变负荷运行的安全性和灵活性要求[31],应确保受热面内工质的流动均匀性,使得省煤器入口水的接近点温差处于合理的范围,以避免过热和故障。
图11为本文三压再热余热锅炉模型计算的汽轮机功率和余热锅炉效率随联合循环机组负荷的变化曲线。从图11可见,汽轮机功率随着机组负荷降低而降低,余热锅炉效率随机组负荷降低而升高。例如,当联合循环机组从满负荷650 MW降低到部分负荷250 MW后,汽轮机输出功率从219.1 MW减小到了130.4 MW,而余热锅炉效率从89.3%升高到了92.1%。
余热锅炉中换热器换热量随联合循环机组负荷的变化曲线如图12所示。
图12可见:当机组负荷降低时,高压换热器中水/蒸汽的吸热量在余热锅炉总换热量中的占比升高,同时中、低压换热器中水/蒸汽的吸热量在余热锅炉总换热量中的占比降低;烟气在高温段换热器(高压过热器、再热器)的放热量在余热锅炉总换热量中的占比升高,同时烟气在中温段换热器(三、四级高压省煤器,中压过热器和低压过热器)、低温段换热器(中压省煤器和高压一、二级省煤器)的放热量在余热锅炉总换热量中的占比降低。由此可见,随着机组负荷降低,输入余热锅炉的热量减少,更多的烟气热量更加集中于在高温换热器段传递给水蒸气。
本文三压再热余热锅炉模型计算得到的余热锅炉各级换热器换热系数U随联合循环机组负荷的变化曲线如图13所示。由图13可见,再热器、高压过热器和高压省煤器的换热系数虽然在数值上有差异,但换热系数都随整体机组负荷的降低而减小。这主要是因为烟气和水蒸气的流量减少后流速也相应降低,因此换热系数减小。烟气流速过低,导致烟气侧放热系数大大下降,烟气流速过高,将导致余热锅炉的总的烟气阻力上升,提高燃气轮机背压,从而降低燃气轮机的出力[32]
图14图15为余热锅炉入口烟气流量和温度对余热锅炉产生的主蒸汽流量的影响曲线。从图14图15可以看出,随着入口烟气流量和温度升高,余热锅炉产生的高压、再热和低压主蒸汽流量都升高。由此可见,余热锅炉的烟气总热量增大后,余热锅炉输出的主蒸汽总出力相应增大。
在机组负荷为650、600、300 MW工况下余热锅炉的高压、中压给水压力变化对余热锅炉排烟温度和给水流量的影响如图16图17所示。由图16可见,机组在满负荷和部分负荷下,随着高压给水压力升高,余热锅炉排烟温度略有升高,余热锅炉给水流量明显增大。由图17可见,机组在满负荷和部分负荷下,随着中压给水压力升高,同高压给水压力变化的效果类似,余热锅炉排烟温度略有升高,余热锅炉给水流量明显增大。值得注意的是,以上分析是单独分析余热锅炉得出的,实际机组滑压运行中余热锅炉给水压力是根据余热锅炉和汽轮机进口压力共同确定的。
在机组满负荷650 MW和部分负荷600 MW的工况下,环境温度和湿度对余热锅炉出力和联合循环效率(低位发热量基准)的影响如图18图19所示。
图18图19可见:随着环境温度的升高,余热锅炉输出能量升高;而随着湿度的升高,余热锅炉输出能量升高。例如,在满负荷下,随环境温度从5 ℃升高到35 ℃,机组效率提高了1.157%;而随湿度从65%升高到90%,机组效率降低了0.353%。在机组负荷为650、600、300 MW的基准工况下,燃料加热温度的变化对余热锅炉输出能量和给水流量的影响如图20所示。
图20可见,随着燃料加热温度的升高,余热锅炉输出能量减小,给水流量减少。
图21图22展示了在650 MW和300 MW负荷下,联合循环机组余热锅炉的输出能量中各个部分的占比。通过对比图21图22可得出:余热锅炉产生蒸汽经过汽轮机后在凝汽器中冷凝的热量占比最大,其次是蒸汽驱动汽轮机发出的轴功、再次是余热锅炉烟囱排烟潜热和排烟显热,去燃料加热器的热量和其他损失则较小;当机组负荷从650 MW降低到300 MW时,汽轮机轴功率的占比增大了1.67百分点,烟囱烟气的热损失的占比减小了2.63百分点,凝汽器中热量损失的占比增大了1.31百分点。
本文在Python语言环境建立了H级燃气轮机联合循环三压再热余热锅炉计算模型,分析了余热锅炉的热力性能(功率、效率、能量分配)与整体联合循环机组负荷、燃气轮机排气参数、环境参数的关系,结论如下:
1)当联合循环机组从满负荷650 MW降低到部分负荷250 MW后,余热锅炉三压主蒸汽压力和给水流量降低,汽轮机输出功率从219.1 MW减小到了130.4 MW,而余热锅炉效率从89.3%升高到了92.1%。随机组负荷降低,余热锅炉各换热面的换热系数和换热量减小,但是烟气与高温段换热器的换热量在总换热量中的占比升高,烟气与低温段换热器的换热量在总换热量中的占比降低。
2)在单独分析余热锅炉时,随着三压再热余热锅炉入口烟气流量和温度升高,余热锅炉产生的高压、再热和低压主蒸汽流量都升高。而分析整体机组满发负荷、部分负荷时,随着环境温度的升高,余热锅炉输出能量增大,机组效率也在温度5~35 ℃内升高;而随着湿度的升高,余热锅炉输出能量增大,机组效率略有降低。在满负荷下,随环境温度从5 ℃升高到35 ℃,机组效率增大了1.157%;而随环境湿度从65%升高到90%,机组效率降低了0.353%。
3)当机组负荷从650 MW降低到300 MW时,在余热锅炉输出的能量中,用作汽轮机轴功率的能量占比增大了1.67百分点,烟囱烟气的热损失的占比减小了2.63百分点,凝汽器冷源损失的占比增大了1.31百分点。
4)基于本文模型自主开发软件能够实现功能化计算联合循环余热锅炉的热力参数、功率和效率;可更加精确地预测大功率联合循环三压再热余热锅炉的变负荷、变工况特性。
  • 华能国际电力股份有限公司科技项目(HNKJ20-H42)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202309142
  • 接收时间:2023-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-01
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Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Power International Inc.(HNKJ20-H42)
华能国际电力股份有限公司科技项目(HNKJ20-H42)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    3.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210034
    4.华能江苏能源开发有限公司,江苏 南京 210015
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