Article(id=1222543589868036390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202304102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682352000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705586, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705586, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=164, endPage=172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543590170026288, articleId=1222543589868036390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Ultra-low sulfur dioxide emission control of wet desulphurization system based on uncertainty compensation, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the purpose of absorbing renewable energy, the coal-fired power units are required to operate flexibly, and the resulting variable operating environment will lead to large nonlinearity and uncertainties of the wet desulphurization process. Particularly, the time delay will make the control even harder. Therefore, in order to achieve a more flexible control structure, a new desulphurization control strategy based on frequency retrofit is proposed. Based on the strategy, a dynamic model is obtained through field experiments. Meanwhile, in order to deal with uncertainty well and achieve safe compensation of uncertainty in the control process, an updated Gaussian process model predictive control method for time-delayed objects is proposed, and the performance of the method is demonstrated by parameter analysis and simulation experiments. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and control method is verified by field application.

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为了吸纳新能源,燃煤机组需要灵活运行,而由此引起的多变工作环境会导致湿法脱硫过程产生显著的非线性和不确定性,同时脱硫过程的时延特性也会增加控制难度。为了实现脱硫过程更快速灵敏的控制,提出一种基于变频改造的脱硫控制策略,并基于该策略,通过现场试验获得动态特性模型。同时,为了良好地处理不确定性,实现控制过程中的不确定性补偿,提出一种针对时延对象的更新高斯过程模型预测控制方法,并通过参数分析与仿真试验证明了该方法的可行性。最后,通过现场实际应用,验证了所提控制策略与控制方法的有效性。

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苏志刚(1979),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源动力系统智能诊断与优化控制,
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詹卓轩(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热工过程自动控制,

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Main chemical reactions in WFGD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段化学反应
二氧化硫溶解 SO2+H2OH++HSO3
HSO3H++SO32
碳酸钙溶解 CaCO3+H+Ca2++HCO3
脱硫过程 Ca2++SO32+1/2H2OCaSO3·1/2H2O
CaSO3·1/2H2O+SO2+1/2H2OCa(HSO3)2
氧化过程 2CaSO3·1/2H2O+O2+3H2O2CaSO4·2H2O
Ca(HSO3)2+O2+2H2OCaSO4·2H2O+H2SO4
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923782886348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589868036390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脱硫主要化学反应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段化学反应
二氧化硫溶解 SO2+H2OH++HSO3
HSO3H++SO32
碳酸钙溶解 CaCO3+H+Ca2++HCO3
脱硫过程 Ca2++SO32+1/2H2OCaSO3·1/2H2O
CaSO3·1/2H2O+SO2+1/2H2OCa(HSO3)2
氧化过程 2CaSO3·1/2H2O+O2+3H2O2CaSO4·2H2O
Ca(HSO3)2+O2+2H2OCaSO4·2H2O+H2SO4
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基于不确定性补偿的湿法脱硫系统二氧化硫超低排放控制
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詹卓轩 , 赵刚 , 苏志刚
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(12): 164-172
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(12): 164-172
基于不确定性补偿的湿法脱硫系统二氧化硫超低排放控制
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詹卓轩 , 赵刚, 苏志刚
作者信息
  • 东南大学能源与环境学院,江苏 南京 210096
  • 詹卓轩(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热工过程自动控制,

通讯作者:

苏志刚(1979),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源动力系统智能诊断与优化控制,
Ultra-low sulfur dioxide emission control of wet desulphurization system based on uncertainty compensation
Zhuoxuan ZHAN , Gang ZHAO, Zhigang SU
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304102
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为了吸纳新能源,燃煤机组需要灵活运行,而由此引起的多变工作环境会导致湿法脱硫过程产生显著的非线性和不确定性,同时脱硫过程的时延特性也会增加控制难度。为了实现脱硫过程更快速灵敏的控制,提出一种基于变频改造的脱硫控制策略,并基于该策略,通过现场试验获得动态特性模型。同时,为了良好地处理不确定性,实现控制过程中的不确定性补偿,提出一种针对时延对象的更新高斯过程模型预测控制方法,并通过参数分析与仿真试验证明了该方法的可行性。最后,通过现场实际应用,验证了所提控制策略与控制方法的有效性。

湿法脱硫  /  变频改造  /  不确定性补偿  /  高斯过程模型  /  模型预测控制

For the purpose of absorbing renewable energy, the coal-fired power units are required to operate flexibly, and the resulting variable operating environment will lead to large nonlinearity and uncertainties of the wet desulphurization process. Particularly, the time delay will make the control even harder. Therefore, in order to achieve a more flexible control structure, a new desulphurization control strategy based on frequency retrofit is proposed. Based on the strategy, a dynamic model is obtained through field experiments. Meanwhile, in order to deal with uncertainty well and achieve safe compensation of uncertainty in the control process, an updated Gaussian process model predictive control method for time-delayed objects is proposed, and the performance of the method is demonstrated by parameter analysis and simulation experiments. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and control method is verified by field application.

wet flue gas desulphurization  /  frequency retrofit  /  uncertainty compensation  /  Gaussian process model  /  model predictive control
詹卓轩, 赵刚, 苏志刚. 基于不确定性补偿的湿法脱硫系统二氧化硫超低排放控制. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 164 -172 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304102
Zhuoxuan ZHAN, Gang ZHAO, Zhigang SU. Ultra-low sulfur dioxide emission control of wet desulphurization system based on uncertainty compensation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 164 -172 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304102
环境污染问题是现代社会面临最紧迫的挑战之一。二氧化硫作为大气污染物之一,控制其工业排放是环境可持续发展的关键组成部分[1]。其中,燃煤电厂作为二氧化硫的主要排放源之一[2],受到《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》的严格限制。因此,探索可实现超低排放与低能耗运行的脱硫控制成为一个具有重要现实意义的环保课题。
目前,石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫在我国市场占有率超过90%[3-4],基于此工艺的优化研究也得到了广泛关注[5-13]。然而,尽管已有的优化控制方案从多个方面提高了湿法脱硫系统的效率,但是这些研究均以pH值控制为核心[14],即以石灰石浆液流量或是石灰石浆液阀门开度作为控制量,从而改变循环浆液pH值,进而间接控制出口二氧化硫质量浓度[15]。而这种单输入多输出的控制策略往往难以同时实现对浆液pH值和出口二氧化硫质量浓度的良好控制。而在目前广泛吸纳新能源的背景下,燃煤机组灵活运行会加大脱硫过程的控制难度。变负荷时二氧化硫质量浓度容易超标,导致脱硫系统通常以较大功率水平运行以保证满足超低排放标准,从而产生高能耗问题。而这些问题从某种程度上是由于控制手段单一导致的。随着变频技术的发展,对传统人工开环控制的浆液循环泵进行变频改造成为可能。而变频浆液循环泵不仅能够引入新的控制变量,提供更加敏捷的控制作用,而且可以将控制目标设置为最终的出口二氧化硫质量浓度,从而提高控制效果。考虑到基于变频浆液循环泵的脱硫控制具有现实性的应用价值,但受到的关注较少,因此本文对此开展控制策略研究。
在常规的浆液循环泵控制中,只有离散开、关状态的浆液循环泵通常采用人工开环控制,而在变频改造后,该离散状态变量转变为连续变量,从而可使其纳入闭环控制,令绝大多数控制理论具备应用的可能性。考虑到目前燃煤机组灵活运行情况,将脱硫系统的未建模动态及外部扰动作为控制过程中的不确定性,会对控制过程产生显著的非线性影响,因此控制方法需要具有处理不确定性的能力。对不确定性的一种解决方法即是对其进行预测,然而对不确定性的预测结果同样是不确定的,即此时存在2层不确定性,第1层是建模方面的不确定性,第2层是对建模不确定性预测所得的结果的不确定性。而由于该领域的关注较少,目前仍需要更多的深入探讨。鉴于PID在工业领域具有优异适用性[16-17],它是一个可行的方案,但它的参数整定是一个具有挑战性的难题。而考虑到模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的复杂约束处理能力[18-19],以及MPC与人工智能方法的良好结合能力,结合无参学习的模型预测控制是一个具有良好前景的控制方案[20]。高斯过程(Gaussian process,GP)作为一个具有完备理论基础的无参学习方法,它可以利用少量先验知识完成对不确定性均值和协方差的显式计算,并与模型预测控制结合在无人机等领域[21-25] ,因此得到广泛认可。虽然该方法可以通过均值和协方差对上述的2层不确定性进行描述,然而它无法适用于带有时延特性的对象,而在工业过程中,控制过程与实际物理流程相对应,设备运行和管道运输等均导致控制作用需要一定时间才能产生作用,即绝大多数工业过程控制均存在时延特性。因此,为了把它良好的不确定性处理能力带到工业过程,仍需对其控制方法进行研究。
针对上述所提出的控制策略与控制方法问题,本文基于燃煤机组灵活运行背景,开展了以下研究内容:1)提出了一种基于变频改造的湿法脱硫系统控制策略,并通过现场动态特性试验,获得出口二氧化硫质量浓度特性模型;2)针对时延对象,提出一种基于不确定性补偿的更新高斯过程模型预测控制方法(updated Gaussian process model predictive control,UGPMPC),该方法通过考虑不确定性在预测时域内的传播,从而在预测控制时实现不确定性的补偿;3)通过仿真模拟试验与现场应用试验,证明了控制策略以及控制方法的有效性。
石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫系统的原理核心是酸性的含二氧化硫烟气和碱性的石灰石浆液接触发生的酸碱中和反应,其所涉及的主要化学反应可分为4个部分,见表1
其具体流程为:来自干电除尘器的原烟气先通过引风机、增压风机提升压头,然后进入脱硫塔。与此同时,石灰石浆液制备系统不断生产石灰石浆液,并送入脱硫塔循环浆液池中进行搅拌混合。在脱硫塔内,循环浆液经由浆液循环泵送到喷淋层,以小液滴的形式向下喷洒。此时,向上流动的原烟气与循环浆液小液滴接触并发生酸碱中和反应,从而脱除烟气中的二氧化硫。期间生成的半水亚硫酸钙会进入循环浆液池,被氧化成二水硫酸钙后再制备形成石膏产品。而净化后的烟气会连续流经吸收塔除雾器层,除去所含液滴后通过出口锥筒流出脱硫吸收塔,再通过湿式电除尘器后进入烟囱,排至大气。
基于变频改造的烟气湿法脱硫喷淋塔结构如图1所示。由图1可见,该脱硫喷淋塔主要设备包括吸收塔、引风机、增压风机、烟道、阀门、石灰石制备装置等。而其最重要的吸收塔中,配置5层喷淋装置、1套吸收塔除雾器、5台侧进式搅拌器、4台氧化风机等。
该节能变频改造具有的优点主要有2个方面:1)与主流的、未采用变频改造的脱硫方案相比,引入了新的控制手段,该控制手段为改变喷洒的石灰石浆液量,与脱硫原理直接相关,与其他设备改造相比,浆液循环泵改造的控制效果更明显,而且该控制量作用位置与脱硫出口更为接近,即控制作用更加及时,可以提供更敏捷的控制效果;2)变频改造使原本的离散状态变量转变为连续变量,从而使绝大多数控制方法的应用成为可能,而更先进的控制方法自然可以提供更高效的控制性能。
基于上述变频改造,此时出口二氧化硫质量浓度可直接由变频浆液循环泵进行调控,而石灰石浆液阀门开度只需保持循环浆液pH值稳定即可。其控制策略如图2所示。
在完成控制策略的构建后,为了获得对象模型,在台州第二发电厂的1 000 MW燃煤机组脱硫系统上进行了现场动态特性试验,并基于试验数据,构建了出口二氧化硫质量浓度特性模型。
当机组运行负荷处于650 MW附近时,对燃煤机组脱硫塔的频率可调节的循环泵(在现场试验中为2D循环泵)进行阶跃试验,将2D循环泵的频率从50 Hz下调至46 Hz,图3为对应的系统响应。
650 MW负荷工况包含391条数据,数据采样时间间隔为1 s。从图3可见,当浆液泵频率阶跃下降时,出口二氧化硫质量浓度会在经过一定的时延后逐渐上升。由于该段负荷锅炉燃烧不稳定和烟气流速不均匀等不确定性因素,出口二氧化硫质量浓度的变化波动幅度比较大。基于曲线特性,可采用一阶惯性加时延传递函数描述该动态特性。
基于动态特性响应,对循环泵脱硫模型构建一阶惯性加时延传递函数模型:
G1(s)=K11+T1seL1s
式中:K1T1L1分别为过程的增益、时间常数和时延;s为拉普拉斯算子。
为了对模型进行辨识,需要将其离散化,基于1 s的采样时间,构建离散的状态空间模型:
x(t+1)=(11T1)x(t)+K1T1u(tL1)
本文采用人工蜂群算法对模型进行辨识,可将人工蜂群算法中食物源信息设为[K1, T1, L1],并对各维度的上下限进行设置。令上限ub=[–1, 80, 100],下限lb=[–3, 10, 70],然后对目标函数开始进行人工蜂群算法寻优。由于模型辨识并非本文重点,具体内容便不再赘述。
模型辨识结果如图4所示。由于过程存在时延,所以辨识从100 s后开始进行。辨识得到的传递函数模型为:
G1(s)=1.464 71+32.051 3se91s
在脱硫过程中,动态特性模型是普遍可得的,该模型可视为标称模型,而由于烟气流速变化、化学过程等未建模动态与扰动因素,标称模型在实际脱硫控制过程中必然存在不确定性,这部分可视为标称模型的残差。而通过高斯过程回归,可对残差建模,实现2层不确定性的表达与预测补偿。通过动态特性模型与高斯过程模型叠加构成混合模型作为预测模型,对具有时延的脱硫过程进行描述。
获得表述残差的高斯过程模型后,该部分计算结果包含均值与协方差,其均值可视为对过程不确定性的预测结果,其协方差可视为该预测结果的准确性,实现2层不确定性的表达。而通过不确定性的推导,可以在预测时域内进行更新,结合概率约束,即可完成预测过程中的不确定性补偿控制。
高斯过程回归是随机过程理论的重要部分,是观测值在一个连续域(时间或空间)中的统计模型。高斯过程可看作无限维的多维高斯分布,其无限维指连续域,其中任意随机变量的线性组合都服从正态分布,每个有限维分布都是联合正态分布[26]
对于某一个随机过程f(x),给定高斯过程均值函数μ(x)和协方差函数k(x,x')
{μ(x)=Ε[f(x)]k(x,x')=Ε[(f(x)μ(x))(f(x')μ(x'))]
式中:x为连续域中的变量,可以是一维变量,也可以是多维变量;E[·]为均值计算。此时,该随机过程可记为f(x)~GP(μ(x), k(x, x′))。
假定观测数据:{(xi,yi)}i=1N满足高斯过程模型,则这些观测点的联合分布满足多维高斯分布,即可表示为:
[f(x1),,f(xN)]TΝ(μ,K)
式中:μ为均值向量;K为协方差矩阵。对于测试输入x*,基于高斯分布性质,可得到它们之间的联合分布,即:
[yf(x*)]N([μ(X)μ(x*)],[KXX+σ02IKX*KX*TK**])
基于条件分布性质,预测结果为:
y*N(μ*,Σ*){μ*=KX*T(KXX+σ02I)1YΣ*=K**KX*T(KXX+σ02I)1KX*
式中:KX*为训练输入数据与测试输入数据之间经核函数计算后的向量;KXX为训练数据间经核函数计算后的矩阵;K**为测试数据与自身经核函数计算后的常量。
由于标称模型在工业中普遍可得,本文选择标称模型加残差模型(nominal and residual model, N&R model)作为对象模型:
x(t+1)=fn(x(t),u(t))+Bd(g(x(t),u(t))+w(t))
式中:x(t)、u(t)、w(t)分别为t时刻的状态变量、控制变量以及过程噪声;fn为标称模型;g为未建模动态特性;Bd为将g转化为与fn相同维度结果的变换矩阵。
在该模型中,假设fng都是可微分函数,而且认为过程噪声w(t)服从高斯分布且在空间上是不相关的。本文中fn为脱硫过程动态特性模型,g为真实模型与动态特性模型之间的未建模动态,w为扰动。其中,gw的叠加即为标称模型的残差。
本文选择带时延的惯性传递函数作为脱硫过程控制器设计的标称模型,具体形式为:
Gn(s)=Kn(1+Tns)neLs
式中:Kn为过程增益;Tn为过程的时间常数;L为过程时延;s为拉普拉斯算子。
而由于fn需要状态空间模型,可根据式(9)定义对应的模型系数矩阵AnBn
An=[1,00,TsCnnTnnTs,1Cn1TnTs],Bn=[00Cn0TnnKnTs]
式中:Cnm=n!/(n!(nm)!)Ts为采样时间。结合式(9)和式(10),fn可表示为:
fn=[An,Bn]·[x(t),u(tL)]T
Do:={X:=[x1, …, xn+1]T, U:=[u1, …, un+1]T},为观测数据集,实际可通过历史数据获得或是在控制过程中获得,结合式(8),GP模型的训练输出数据获取如式(12)所示。其中,BdBd的伪逆矩阵。
yi=Bd(xi+1f(xi,ui)), i=1,,n
定义zi:=[xiT,uiT]T,作为GP模型的输入数据,结合式(12),该回归模型的训练数据集可基于Do获得,记为D:={Z:=[z1, …, zn]T, Y:=[y1, …, yn]T}。值得注意的是,由于多维输出数据各维度相互独立,所以训练过程是逐维进行的。
在获得训练数据集D后,对于某个测试输入z*,若训练输出是一维变量,GP模型可直接将未建模动态特性g以及过程噪声w(t)的影响用高斯过程模型进行表示,记为d,即:
d(z*)N(μd(z*),Σd(z*))
对于nd维的训练输出数据,由于维度间相互独立,可分别训练,然后将各维度的训练结果简单堆叠,从而得到最终的d
此时,预测模型可表示为:
x(t+1)=[An,Bn,Bd][x(t),u(tL),d(x(t),u(tL))]T
在工业过程常规控制中,虽然对不确定性的研究已有不少,但不确定性处理方法中并没有将其预测结果的准确性纳入模型预测控制中,即并未考虑预测结果不精确对控制造成的影响。而为了实现不确定性在湿法脱硫过程中的补偿,本文在预测时域内采用不确定性引导优化过程,并考虑预测结果精确性对控制的影响。
由于不确定性的存在,此时模型预测控制中的变量为随机变量,应采用随机模型预测控制(stochastic model predictive control,SMPC),并选择采用反馈设置控制律,如式(15)所示:
u=Kx+v
式中:K为反馈的增益,可提前设定也在实际过程中可以不断计算。本文基于标称模型,通过LQR计算获得K。而v则是MPC的待优化变量。
在随机模型预测控制中,为了把不确定性纳入优化过程,需要对MPC的目标函数进行改造,其变化为将原目标函数中的变量转化为变量的均值进行优化计算,如式(16)所示:
minX,UJ=i=0NyE[xiQ2]+E[uiR2]
为了对随机变量二范数平方的均值进行计算,引入迹运算,如式(17)所示:
E[xiQ2]=E[tr((xi)TQ(xi))]=              tr(QΣx,i)+(μx,i)TQμx,i
式中:μx,i和∑x,i分别为随机状态变量xi的均值和协方差。控制变量部分与之类似,不再赘述。
基于式(16)和式(17),MPC优化的目标函数可重构为式(18):
minX,UJ=i=0Ny[tr(QΣx,i)+(μx,i)TQμx,i+            tr(RΣu,i)+(μu,i)TRμu,i]
式中:Ny代表预测时域长度。需要注意的是,Ny必须大于L
从式(18)可知,为了求解这个优化问题,需要获得预测时域内每步的各个变量协方差矩阵。基于高斯过程回归,此时随机状态变量与未建模动态d服从联合正态分布,如式(19)所示。但需要注意的是,在时延阶段内,zi会降维到xi
[zt+idt+i]Ν(μt+i,Σt+i)=         Ν([μz,t+iμd,t+i],[Σz,t+iΣzd,t+iΣd,t+i])
而根据式(15)与高斯分布的性质,随机状态变量zi的协方差矩阵可展开为:
Σz,t+i=[Σx,t+iΣx,t+iKTKΣx,t+iKΣx,t+iKT]
通过线性化,预测时域内时延阶段的不确定性计算公式为:
{μdelayx,t+i+1=[An,Bd]μdelayt+i+Bnu(tL+i)Σdelayx,t+i+1=[An,Bd]Σdelayt+i[An,Bd]T
而在度过时延阶段后,不确定性可如式(22)计算:
{μx,t+i+1=[An,Bn,Bd]μt+iΣx,t+i+1=[An,Bn,Bd]Σt+i[An,Bn,Bd]T
式中:联合概率分布的均值可直接通过预测模型与高斯过程模型计算;而联合分布的协方差可基于泰勒展开对残差不确定性进行传播,如式(23)所示:
Σzd,i=Σz,i(μd(μz,i))TΣd,i=Σd(μd,i)+μd(μz,i)Σz,i(μd(μz,i))T
由于工业过程普遍存在约束,考虑约束形式为:
{x:=x{nx|Hxxbx}u:=u{nu|Huubu}
在SMPC中需要考虑概率约束,本文基于概率可达集[10]设置约束,如式(25)所示。控制变量部分与之类似,不再赘述。
sx(Σx,i)={μx,i|[Hx]j·μx,i+    φ1(1εx)[Hx]j·Σx,i[Hx]j·T[bx]j}
式中:εx为状态变量违反约束的显著性水平。
综上所述,基于不确定性补偿的模型预测控制器如式(26)所示:
minviJ=cf+i=0L1c1+i=LNy1c2s.t.{cf=tr(QΣx,Ny)+μx,NyQ2c1=tr(QΣdelayx,i)+μdelayx,iQ2+u(iL)R2c2=tr(QΣx,i)+μx,iQ2+μu,iR2μx,isx(Σx,i)μu,isu(Σu,i)μx,i=x(t),Σx,0=0
值得注意的是,本文仿真中考虑训练数据集初始为空集,需要对训练数据集进行填充后再并入高斯过程模型,即控制器此时初始为未经补偿的传统MPC控制,填充后为UGPMPC控制。
为了对式(26)所提出的更新高斯过程模型预测控制方法进行探索,本节将上述的UGPMPC控制器用于辨识获得的出口二氧化硫质量浓度特性模型上进行仿真试验,并对不同控制器参数的仿真结果进行分析和探讨。
对于UGPMPC而言,其需要考虑的参数是权重矩阵QR、训练数据集规模M以及预测时域Ny。对于权重矩阵QR,目前已经有许多关于它们的整定方法,而且其含义明确,对于低阶对象甚至不需要复杂方法便可确定,因此本节对此不作探讨。考虑设定值向上阶跃10,并考虑存在时间常数摄动ΔT=TrealTnominal= –1。同时,基于超低排放标准与设备要求,分别设置状态约束和控制量约束为[0, 30]、[40, 50]。权重矩阵设置为Q=5和R=0.01。图5为UGPMPC在不同训练数据集规模下结果。
图5可见,高斯过程模型的并入会短暂引起振荡。当训练数据集规模M为10以及20时,由于训练数据集的规模较小,无法充分反映不确定性,会产生十分明显的静态偏差。
虽然M=30以及M=35时均可以达到设定值,但当训练数据集M较大时,不仅计算量上升,而且容易引起控制量的振荡,本文选择M=30。图6为UGPMPC在不同预测时域结果。由图6可见,训练数据集规模M=30以及预测时域Ny=10确实可以带来较好的控制效果,因此以下的仿真中均使用该参数对UGPMPC控制器进行设置。
在确定控制器参数后,则可以开始对循环泵脱硫系统进行仿真试验。值得注意的是,虽然本文仅在单负荷段进行仿真,但其控制效果在其他负荷段是类似的。为了对UGPMPC的控制效果进行判断,本小节同时采用PID控制器,基于Simulink对该子系统进行控制仿真,其具体形式如式(27)所示。其中,KP= –0.320 6,KI= –0.004 638,KD=9.893 0,KN=0.007 657。
GPID(s)=KP+KI1s+KDKN1+KN1s
随着设备的不断使用,过程增益会不断变化,这里考虑一个超过10%的过程增益摄动,ΔK=KrealKnominal=0.2,其控制过程如图7所示。
图7可知,UGPMPC的出口二氧化硫质量浓度曲线在250 s前后分为了2个阶段,其中前半部分是未经不确定性补偿的传统MPC控制结果,后半部分为经不确定性补偿的UGPMPC控制结果,可以看出,不确定性补偿可以改善控制效果。此时UGPMPC的控制量变化比较剧烈,但是仍可以很好地完成控制目标。而该振荡与训练数据集填充相关,在训练数据集稳定后控制效果良好。此时PID的控制效果不错,但它需要更长时间才能稳定。
图8展示了浆液循环泵脱硫系统在过程增益摄动下不确定性预测结果。从图8中可知,UGPMPC对浆液循环泵脱硫系统中过程增益摄动所产生的不确定性具有良好的预测能力。
根据常规以pH值控制为核心的研究结果[27]以及现场控制经验,通过pH值调节出口二氧化硫质量浓度所需时间为上千秒,而本文结合变频浆液循环泵的UGPMPC控制可以把时间缩短将近一半,可以很好地减轻湿法脱硫系统面对的灵活运行压力。
为了更好地验证所提的控制策略与控制方法,在某1 000 MW燃煤机组脱硫系统中进行了应用试验。具体应用结果9所示。
图9可以看出,在现场30 min的闭环控制中,当负荷存在轻微波动时,UGPMPC可以通过调节循环泵频率,将出口二氧化硫质量浓度控制在设定值附近,并满足出口二氧化硫质量浓度约束[0, 30],以及循环泵频率约束[40, 50]。
尽管所提出的控制策略与控制方法能够成功完成控制任务,但从出口二氧化硫质量浓度曲线与循环泵频率曲线的振荡中,也体现了UGPMPC可能无法完全抑制脱硫过程中的不确定性。因此,对湿法脱硫过程设计考虑不确定性补偿的预测控制器仍值得进一步的研究与探讨。
为了解决在燃煤电厂灵活运行条件下,目前石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫过程控制存在的不确定性问题,本文开展了基于变频改造的脱硫控制策略研究以及基于不确定性补偿的时延过程预测控制方法研究。本文主要工作和结论如下。
1)构建了基于变频浆液循环泵的脱硫控制策略。通过现场动态特性试验,对此脱硫对象进行了建模。
2)针对时延过程,建立了基于不确定性补偿的预测控制方法。基于构建的脱硫模型,对所提出的控制方法进行了参数分析与仿真试验。仿真结果表明,UGPMPC具有良好的不确定性预测能力,并可在预测过程中实现不确定性补偿。
3)通过现场应用试验,进一步验证了所提出的控制策略与控制方法的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52076037)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202304102
  • 接收时间:2023-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076037)
国家自然科学基金项目(52076037)
作者信息
    东南大学能源与环境学院,江苏 南京 210096

通讯作者:

苏志刚(1979),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源动力系统智能诊断与优化控制,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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