Article(id=1222543589712843640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678377600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705549, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543589947724668, articleId=1222543589712843640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on dynamic characteristics of bottoming cycle of partially recuperative gas turbine combined cycle, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle of a gas turbine combined cycle have a significant influence on the load variation characteristics of the unit. Partially recuperation is a new method which can be used to improve the performance of combined cycle at partial load, it is an important part of system feasibility evaluation to study the effect of partially recuperation on the dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle. In this paper, a dynamic simulation model of the bottoming cycle system of a partially recuperative combined cycle unit is established by using modular modeling method, and the dynamic characteristics of inlet parameter disturbance and load shedding process are studied. The results show that, the dynamic model can accurately reflect the dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle, and the simulation results show that the dynamic response of partially recuperative units facing the disturbance of exhaust parameters is consistent with that of conventional units. The disturbance of exhaust temperature T4 mainly affects the high-pressure superheated steam and reheated steam, and the influence range is larger. The disturbance of T4 with 5% can reduce the bottoming cycle power by 16.32%. The response speed of the unit is slower, and the time constant of the steam turbine power is about 400. The disturbance of exhaust flow affects the steam of each stage, and the influence range is relatively small, the disturbance of 10% reduces the bottoming cycle power by 9.49%, the response speed of the unit is faster, the time constant of the steam turbine power is about 60. When the recuperative ratio is disturbed, the dynamic response of the unit is similar to that of the T4 disturbance, and the operation strategy of recuperative regulation results in the load variation of the combined cycle being borne entirely by the bottoming cycle, the time needed for partially recuperative units to reach steady state is 1 100 s later than that of conventional units, and the recuperative regulation mode is suitable for use in the load interval below 51.4%.

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燃气轮机联合循环机组底循环动态特性对机组变负荷特性有极其重要的影响。部分回热是一种可用于改善联合循环部分负荷性能的新方法。由于回热调控对底循环的运行有重要影响,研究部分回热对底循环动态特性的影响是系统可行性评价的重要一环。采用模块化的建模方法构建了部分回热联合循环机组底循环系统的动态仿真模型,研究了底循环入口参数扰动与降负荷过程的动态特性。结果表明,建立的动态模型可准确反映底循环动态特性。对比分析仿真结果发现,面对燃气轮机排烟参数扰动,部分回热机组的动态响应与常规机组基本一致。排烟温度的扰动主要影响高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽,且影响幅度较大,排烟温度T4扰动5%可使底循环功率下降16.32%,机组响应速度较慢,汽轮机功率的时间常数约400 s;排烟流量的扰动影响各级蒸汽,且影响幅度相对较小,扰动10%使底循环功率下降9.49%,机组响应速度较快,汽轮机功率的时间常数约60 s;面对回热比例扰动,机组动态响应与排烟温度扰动相似;而使用回热调节的运行策略导致联合循环变负荷量全部由底循环承担,部分回热机组负荷达到稳态所需时间较常规机组滞后1 100 s,回热调节的方式较为适合在低于51.4%的负荷区间内采用。

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李永毅(1990),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性、热力系统集成,
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杨泽雨(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环系统动态特性,

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杨泽雨(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环系统动态特性,

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杨泽雨(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环系统动态特性,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=部分回热), Keyword(id=1240938920960119560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=动态特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1240938924474946560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李永毅, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李永毅.重型燃气轮机联合循环部分负荷特性预估模型与系统性能优化研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2020:1., articleTitle=重型燃气轮机联合循环部分负荷特性预估模型与系统性能优化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240938924630134791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, 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Research on the simulation model of heat recovery steam generator in combined cycle unit [D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2008: 1., articleTitle=Research on the simulation model of heat recovery steam generator in combined cycle unit, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240938924068099043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, awardId=J2019-I-0009-0009, language=EN, fundingSource=National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-I-0009-0009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938924160373737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, awardId=J2019-I-0009-0009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938924244259821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, awardId=2021MS078, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021MS078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938924353311734, 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label=图10, caption=变负荷过程2机组底循环的动态响应对比, figureFileSmall=yDwB60iJgfPDrFFb2F0BLA==, figureFileBig=vaybx8L8jUz7BegzSKivXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938923518645174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Gas turbine exhaust components

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烟气组分N2CO2H2OO2Ar
体积分数/%73.55.95.114.31.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923606725566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃气轮机排烟组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烟气组分N2CO2H2OO2Ar
体积分数/%73.55.95.114.31.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923724166088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between simulation results and design values of main parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%负荷75%负荷
设计值仿真值误差/%设计值仿真值误差/%
高压蒸汽温度/K825.15824.80–0.04825.05826.170.14
高压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)78.2678.25–0.0160.8761.060.31
高压蒸汽压力/MPa13.1613.155–0.0210.8510.890.37
再热蒸汽温度/K819.85819.850821.85821.910.01
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)94.6594.46–0.2072.3772.610.33
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.203.19–0.312.622.640.76
中压蒸汽温度/K585.75586.240.08580.63582.010.24
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)16.3916.21–1.1011.5011.42–0.69
中压蒸汽压力/MPa3.363.3602.792.78–0.36
低压蒸汽温度/K511.51511.930.08502.75504.210.29
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)10.6710.38–2.727.997.81–2.25
低压蒸汽压力/MPa0.710.69–2.810.660.65–1.52
排烟温度/K368.32367.29–0.28365.15361.38–1.03
汽轮机功率/MW134.85133.75–0.82100.91111.280.33
), ArticleFig(id=1240938923833217999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589712843640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要参数仿真结果与设计值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目100%负荷75%负荷
设计值仿真值误差/%设计值仿真值误差/%
高压蒸汽温度/K825.15824.80–0.04825.05826.170.14
高压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)78.2678.25–0.0160.8761.060.31
高压蒸汽压力/MPa13.1613.155–0.0210.8510.890.37
再热蒸汽温度/K819.85819.850821.85821.910.01
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)94.6594.46–0.2072.3772.610.33
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.203.19–0.312.622.640.76
中压蒸汽温度/K585.75586.240.08580.63582.010.24
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)16.3916.21–1.1011.5011.42–0.69
中压蒸汽压力/MPa3.363.3602.792.78–0.36
低压蒸汽温度/K511.51511.930.08502.75504.210.29
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)10.6710.38–2.727.997.81–2.25
低压蒸汽压力/MPa0.710.69–2.810.660.65–1.52
排烟温度/K368.32367.29–0.28365.15361.38–1.03
汽轮机功率/MW134.85133.75–0.82100.91111.280.33
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部分回热燃气轮机联合循环系统底循环动态特性研究
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杨泽雨 1 , 李永毅 1, 2 , 张国强 1 , 何怡冲 1 , 林育超 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(12): 59-69
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(12): 59-69
部分回热燃气轮机联合循环系统底循环动态特性研究
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杨泽雨1 , 李永毅1, 2 , 张国强1, 何怡冲1, 林育超1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 杨泽雨(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环系统动态特性,

通讯作者:

李永毅(1990),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性、热力系统集成,
Study on dynamic characteristics of bottoming cycle of partially recuperative gas turbine combined cycle
Zeyu YANG1 , Yongyi LI1, 2 , Guoqiang ZHANG1, Yichong HE1, Yuchao LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303037
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燃气轮机联合循环机组底循环动态特性对机组变负荷特性有极其重要的影响。部分回热是一种可用于改善联合循环部分负荷性能的新方法。由于回热调控对底循环的运行有重要影响,研究部分回热对底循环动态特性的影响是系统可行性评价的重要一环。采用模块化的建模方法构建了部分回热联合循环机组底循环系统的动态仿真模型,研究了底循环入口参数扰动与降负荷过程的动态特性。结果表明,建立的动态模型可准确反映底循环动态特性。对比分析仿真结果发现,面对燃气轮机排烟参数扰动,部分回热机组的动态响应与常规机组基本一致。排烟温度的扰动主要影响高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽,且影响幅度较大,排烟温度T4扰动5%可使底循环功率下降16.32%,机组响应速度较慢,汽轮机功率的时间常数约400 s;排烟流量的扰动影响各级蒸汽,且影响幅度相对较小,扰动10%使底循环功率下降9.49%,机组响应速度较快,汽轮机功率的时间常数约60 s;面对回热比例扰动,机组动态响应与排烟温度扰动相似;而使用回热调节的运行策略导致联合循环变负荷量全部由底循环承担,部分回热机组负荷达到稳态所需时间较常规机组滞后1 100 s,回热调节的方式较为适合在低于51.4%的负荷区间内采用。

燃气轮机  /  底循环  /  动态建模  /  部分回热  /  动态特性

The dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle of a gas turbine combined cycle have a significant influence on the load variation characteristics of the unit. Partially recuperation is a new method which can be used to improve the performance of combined cycle at partial load, it is an important part of system feasibility evaluation to study the effect of partially recuperation on the dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle. In this paper, a dynamic simulation model of the bottoming cycle system of a partially recuperative combined cycle unit is established by using modular modeling method, and the dynamic characteristics of inlet parameter disturbance and load shedding process are studied. The results show that, the dynamic model can accurately reflect the dynamic characteristics of the bottoming cycle, and the simulation results show that the dynamic response of partially recuperative units facing the disturbance of exhaust parameters is consistent with that of conventional units. The disturbance of exhaust temperature T4 mainly affects the high-pressure superheated steam and reheated steam, and the influence range is larger. The disturbance of T4 with 5% can reduce the bottoming cycle power by 16.32%. The response speed of the unit is slower, and the time constant of the steam turbine power is about 400. The disturbance of exhaust flow affects the steam of each stage, and the influence range is relatively small, the disturbance of 10% reduces the bottoming cycle power by 9.49%, the response speed of the unit is faster, the time constant of the steam turbine power is about 60. When the recuperative ratio is disturbed, the dynamic response of the unit is similar to that of the T4 disturbance, and the operation strategy of recuperative regulation results in the load variation of the combined cycle being borne entirely by the bottoming cycle, the time needed for partially recuperative units to reach steady state is 1 100 s later than that of conventional units, and the recuperative regulation mode is suitable for use in the load interval below 51.4%.

gas turbine  /  bottoming cycle  /  dynamic modelling  /  partially recuperation  /  dynamic characteristic
杨泽雨, 李永毅, 张国强, 何怡冲, 林育超. 部分回热燃气轮机联合循环系统底循环动态特性研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 59 -69 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303037
Zeyu YANG, Yongyi LI, Guoqiang ZHANG, Yichong HE, Yuchao LIN. Study on dynamic characteristics of bottoming cycle of partially recuperative gas turbine combined cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 59 -69 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303037
近年来,燃气轮机联合循环机组因其启停快、调峰性能好、排放水平低等优点得到了迅速发展。底循环是联合循环机组的重要组成部分,具有热惯性大、动态响应时间长的特点,其运行特点直接影响机组运行性能。随着电力系统调峰需求的日益提升,联合循环机组将频繁进行负荷波动并长期在部分负荷下运行,但联合循环机组的效率对负荷较为敏感,改善联合循环机组在部分负荷下的运行性能对于提升联合循环机组参与电网调峰的经济性具有重要意义。
为了提升联合循环的部分负荷性能,学者们对机组尝试了多种优化方案。他们通过搭建特性预估模型对燃气轮机联合循环各关键部件变工况运行特性展开研究,从运行策略和系统结构等角度探索了改善机组部分负荷性能的方法[1]。从循环结构的角度出发,对简单、回热、间冷回热机组的性能进行全工况分析后发现,回热是提高机组效率的重要措施[2]。针对常规GE9F机组,学者们提出了一种部分回热联合循环。通过对新机组进行变工况特性分析发现,利用回热比例进行负荷调节的运行策略能够提高机组部分负荷效率[3-5]。Li等人[6]基于部分回热和压气机进气加热构建了一种双回热燃气轮机联合循环机组(DRGTCC),在相同输出功率下DRGTCC机组有着更高的进气温度和透平膨胀比,且低负荷区间的性能得到了改善。除此之外,回热调控的手段使整个联合循环系统的调峰深度较基准机组[7]也增加了6.51%。可见,部分回热的改造使机组联合循环在热效率和调峰性能方面得到了提升,且变负荷策略相对常规机组更加灵活。但回热器的存在会造成汽轮机功率损失[8-10],且部分回热的系统结构及其调节策略是否会影响底循环的动态特性目前尚未得知。
针对底循环的动态特性,国内外学者所做研究已比较成熟。段立强运用温区模型概念建立IGCC底循环系统变工况特性模型,揭示了负荷变化及环境温度变化时底循环的变工况规律[11]。Benato等人[12]基于DYMOLA和Matlab/Simulink对联合循环机组进行动态仿真并对比2种平台计算结果的区别。崔凝等[13-16]采用模块化建模的方法建立M701F级机组底循环系统动态数学模型,基于STAR-90仿真平台模拟机组全工况运行过程从而对底循环的动静态特性进行探索。余热锅炉的响应规律是底循环动态特性的关键,以烟气、金属壁、工质三侧的热平衡为主要数学关系对受热面进行动态建模,仿真结果能够正确反映换热及流动过程中余热锅炉单相换热器出口工质参数的变化规律,同时利用遗传算法和粒子群算法可对模型参数进行优化[17]。马文通等[18]基于部件容积法建立了蒸发器动态模型并对吸热量扰动的工况进行仿真模拟。毛晓飞等[19-20]运用序贯模块法建立较为精细的余热锅炉汽水系统动态数学模型,并分析了排烟参数扰动时余热锅炉出口参数的动态响应规律。Alobaid等人[21]基于APROS和ASPEN软件对联合循环机组余热锅炉的启动过程进行仿真分析,并将结果进行对比。
至今为止,许多学者针对底循环各部件的动态特性进行了深入研究,但由于部分回热机组在烟气流程上存在差异,其系统的结构及基于回热调节的运行策略是否会对底循环的运行稳定及动态响应产生影响尚不得知。因此,本文建立了部分回热联合循环机组的底循环动态模型;通过模型仿真和数据分析,研究排烟参数和回热比例扰动下底循环的动态响应特性;并与常规联合循环的底循环进行对比分析,探究部分回热对底循环动态特性的影响。
基于文献[3]提出的部分回热联合循环机组展开,采用卧式无补燃三压再热自然循环余热锅炉,部分回热联合循环的温-熵(T-S)图如图1所示。
本文仿真所用部分回热联合循环机组由SCC5-4000F型机组的基础上进行部分回热改造得到。相比之下部分回热机组大部分设计参数不变,仅在底循环处由于回热的加入造成主蒸汽流量由78.26 kg/s降为75.21 kg/s,设计工况点下汽轮机功率较基准机组减少4.24 MW。图2为机组循环结构示意。不同于常规机组,该系统燃气轮机排烟分为2部分:一部分送入回热器预热燃烧室入口空气后由再热器1之前通入余热锅炉继续加热工质;另一部分则直接进入余热锅炉,在95.6%~100.0%的负荷区间内机组通过调整参与回热的烟气比例(回热比例a)实现变负荷。该过程中燃气轮机的工况点基本保持稳定,回热比例的变化改变了进入底循环的烟气热量,主要通过底循环的功率变化进行负荷调节。
图3为单相换热器简化物理模型。分别建立工质侧、烟气侧的流动和换热过程及金属壁的蓄热过程动态数学模型。建模过程中作如下假设[22]:1)所有并联管用一根等效受热管代表,介质流通面积为并联管流通面积之和;2)管壁径向导热系数无限大,金属温度只沿管长方向有变化;3)管内介质为充分混合的流体,同一截面上流速均匀。
工质侧动量守恒方程为:
p1p2=kdD12ρ1
工质侧质量守恒方程为:
D1D2=Vdρ2dτ
为防止连带效应,假设工质整体焓值变化速度等于工质出口焓值变化速度,分别有工质侧、烟气侧及金属壁能量守恒:
dT2dτ=Q2D1(H2H1)Vρ2cp2
dTg2dτ=ϕDgcpg(Tg1Tg2)Q1Vρgcpg
dTjdτ=Q1Q2Mjcj
式中:H1H2分别为工质进、出口焓值,J/kg;p1p2分别为工质进、出口压力,kPa;kd为流阻系数,由每级设计工况数据计算得出;D1D2为工质进、出口流量,kg/s;ρ1ρ2为工质进、出口密度,kg/m3V为换热管段容积,m3Q2为金属壁向工质的放热量,J;Q1为烟气向金属壁的放热量,J;T1T2为工质进、出口温度,K;cp2为工质定压比热容,J/(kg∙K);Tg1Tg2为烟气进、出口温度,K;Dg为烟气流量,kg/s;Tj为金属壁温,K;cpg为烟气定压比热容,J/(kg∙K);ϕ为保热系数,一般可取0.998;Mj为管段金属质量,kg;cj为金属比热容,J/(kg∙K)。
相变换热器结构如图4所示。将汽包、下降管、上升管作为一个整体进行动态建模,并做如下假设:1)蒸发区内工质压力均等,用汽包压力作为集总参数;2)蒸发区水的密度都按饱和水密度计算;3)各环节集总参数都用出口值代表;4)汽包内汽水均处于饱和温度。
与单相换热器相比,相变换热器主要区别在于工质侧的相变过程涉及饱和压力及产气量的计算。蒸发过程中,进口水首先被统一加热为饱和水,再被逐步加热为饱和蒸汽,则蒸发器产汽量可表示为[23]
Dev=Q2D1(HH1)HH
汽包汽侧质量守恒为:
dMsdτ=DevD2
蒸发过程中热量的波动会造成产气量的变化,进而改变汽包压力,导致出口蒸汽流量和压力随之变化。汽包压力为:
dpsdτ=DevD2α
α=Vsdρsdps
出口蒸汽温度为:
Ts=T(ps)
式中:Ts为饱和温度,K;ps为汽包压力,kPa;H′为饱和水焓,J/kg;H′′为饱和蒸汽焓,J/kg;Dev为蒸发器产气量,kg/s;Ms为汽包内蒸汽质量,kg;ρs为饱和蒸汽密度,kg/m3Vs为汽包蒸汽侧容积,m3
本文回热器采用逆流布置,且通过调整阀门开度能够灵活控制流经回热器的烟气流量,其示意如图5所示。
由于回热器也属于单相换热器,故动态建模主要针对烟气、金属壁、空气两两间的热交换过程,分别建立能量守恒关系:
(Da1Ha1Da2Ha2)Ka(TjTa1+Ta22)=ρaVdHa2dτ
(Dr1Hr1Dr2Hr2)Kr(Tr1+Tr22Tj)=ρrVdHr2dτ
Kr(Tr1+Tr22Tj)Ka(TjTa1+Ta22)=MjCjdTjdτ
式中:Ha1Ha2分别为工质进、出口焓值;Da1Da2为工质进、出口流量,kg/s;ρaρr分别为空气、烟气出口密度,kg/m3Ta1Ta2为工质进、出口温度,K;Ka为金属壁与空气间换热面积与对流换热系数乘积;Kr为烟气与金属壁间换热面积与对流换热系数乘积;下标d代表设计参数;Tr1Tr2为回热器烟气进、出口温度,K;Dr1Dr2为回热器烟气进、出口流量,kg/s。
机组调节透平出口参与回热的烟气比例a进行变负荷的过程中,流经回热器的烟气流量Dr变化较大,烟气侧对流换热系数也随之改变[6,24],回热器两侧流体出口温度开始改变,直至回热器达到新的热平衡。
Kr=Kr,d(DrDr,d)0.65
当蒸汽轮机负荷大于45%时采用滑压运行策略,小于45%时采用定压运行策略以保证机组的安全。汽轮机的热惯性较小,其参数响应速度远快于余热锅炉,因此在建立模型时,对汽轮机工况的变动可按准稳态来处理[25],故采用Flugel公式搭建一般工作级数学模型:
DD0=p12p22p102p202T10T1
式中:D为设计工况蒸汽流量,kg/s;D0为机组实际蒸汽流量,kg/s;p10p20分别为设计工况进、出口蒸汽压力;p1p2分别为实际工况蒸汽进、出口压力;T10为设计工况进口蒸汽温度,K;T1为实际工况进口蒸汽温度,K。
汽轮机排气通过凝汽器后被冷却为工作压力下的饱和水,凝汽器本质上也是换热器的一种,本文中凝汽器采用准稳态考虑[25],即凝结量等于汽轮机排气量。参考前文的换热面热平衡关系,以汽轮机排气、金属壁、冷却水三者间的热平衡为基础搭建模型:
Qs=Ks(TsTj)
Qc=Kc(TjTc1+Tc22)
MjcjdTjdτ=QsQc
ρcVdHc2dτ=Qc+Dc(Hc1Hc2)
式中:Hc1Hc2分别为冷却水进、出口焓值;Dc为冷却水流量;ρc为冷却水出口密度;Tc1Tc2为冷却水进、出口温度;Kc为金属壁与冷却水间的换热面积与对流换热系数乘积;Ks为汽轮机排气与金属壁间换热面积与对流换热系数乘积;QcQs分别为冷却水吸热量及汽轮机排气的凝结放热量。
在底循环中,水泵负责对给水进行加压,本文结合泵的试验性能曲线对其进行建模[13]
在额定转速n0下泵的扬程与流量有如下关系:
Hp0=Kw1Dw02+Kw2Dw0+Kw3
式中:Kw1Kw2Kw3为泵的特性系数,可由泵的性能曲线拟合得到;Dw0Hp0为额定转速下的流量及扬程。而根据泵的相似理论,任一转速下的流量及扬程可表示为式(21)、式(22):
Dw=NcDw0
Hp=Nc2Hp0
式中:Nc=n/n0,为相对转速。
联立式(21)、式(22)得任一转速下的扬程与流量关系式:
Hp=Kw1Dw2+Kw2NcDw+Kw3Nc2
又由伯努利方程:
Hp=(p2p1)ρwg+(DwBp)2
式中:Bp为泵进出口管路的总导纳。
综合式(23)、式(24)即可计算出泵在不同转速下的流量及扬程,从而求得泵出口处流体压力。
本文以SCC5-4000F型燃气轮机联合循环机组作为基准机组。设计工况下,环境温度为288.15 K,大气压力为0.101 3 MPa,空气相对湿度60%,燃气轮机排气流量为691.14 kg/s,排气温度为848.65 K,功率为282.50 MW。底循环配套的余热锅炉采用卧式、无补燃型、三压再热、自然循环的结构布置。主蒸汽压力为13.16 MPa,主蒸汽温度为825.15 K,主蒸汽流量为78.26 kg/s,炉膛排烟温度为368.32 K,汽轮机功率134.85 MW。为验证模型的可靠性,将模型动态仿真结果与机组运行数据进行对比。燃气轮机排烟组分见表1,不同工况下模型主要仿真结果与设计值对比见表2
由对比结果可见,各参数仿真结果与设计值间误差最大不超过3%,说明所建模型的静态精度较为可靠。为验证模型在动态过程中的准确性,利用模型对文献[26]中的排烟温度扰动过程进行动态仿真,得到各参数的动态响应对比如图6所示。
图6中,DhpsThpsphqbDrhsTrhspiqbDlpsTlpsplqbTgout分别为高压过热蒸汽流量、高压过热蒸汽温度、高压汽包压力、再热蒸汽流量、再热蒸汽温度、中压汽包压力、低压过热蒸汽流量、低压过热蒸汽温度、低压汽包压力以及炉膛排烟温度。
由于参考文献机组与本文仿真机组在设计工况点上的参数不同,个别参数的变化幅度存在差异,但大小均不超过2%,且在各参数动态响应趋势上,本文模型与文献基本一致。综上,经过稳态数据与动态仿真过程的验证,本文建立的底循环动态模型能够真实反映机组面临扰动时的动态响应特性。
在常规机组和部分回热机组(a=10%)稳态运行时,分别对燃气轮机排烟温度和流量阶跃下降情况下底循环的动态响应特性进行仿真研究。具体研究方案为:1)机组稳态运行至第100 s时,排烟流量Dg不变,排烟温度T4较设计工况阶跃下降5%;2)机组稳态运行至第100 s时,排烟温度T4不变,排烟流量Dg较设计工况阶跃下降10%。
图7图8分别给出了排烟参数扰动时常规机组和部分回热机组底循环的动态响应曲线。对比可见,面对排烟扰动时2机组的底循环在动态响应趋势和负荷响应速度上基本一致。
以部分回热机组为例,排烟温度下降后,高压过热器、高压蒸发器及再热器内传热温差迅速减小,换热量大幅下降,余热锅炉高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽出口参数出现下降,汽轮机功率随之下滑,约1 900 s后机组达到新稳态。高压过热蒸汽流量由73.46 kg/s降至63.21 kg/s,时间常数约500 s;温度由822.48 K降至788.17 K,时间常数约200 s。再热蒸汽流量由89.51 kg/s降至78.98 kg/s,时间常数约500 s;温度由817.24 K降至784.29 K,时间常数约300 s。汽轮机功率由126.93 MW降至106.22 MW,时间常数约400 s。低压蒸汽温度、流量、压力的响应速度均较慢,时间常数均在400 s左右。由于低压级相对高压级和再热器而言更加远离烟道入口,且由于三压再热余热锅炉对排烟热量的梯级利用,烟温扰动的影响基本在高压级被抵消,低压级换热器烟温较设计工况变化较小,故工质出口参数变化不大。
排烟流量下降后,烟气流量减少带来的热量损失均衡地反馈给每级换热器,各级蒸汽出口流量均迅速下降,汽轮机功率随之下滑,约900 s后机组达到新稳态。高压过热蒸汽流量由73.46 kg/s降至66.63 kg/s,时间常数约50 s;再热蒸汽流量由89.51 kg/s降至80.42 kg/s,时间常数约60 s;低压过热蒸汽流量由10.02 kg/s降至8.31 kg/s,时间常数约180 s;汽轮机功率由126.93 MW降至114.88 MW,时间常数约60 s。排烟流量的扰动主要影响各级蒸汽流量,各级过(再)热器中工质平均吸热量变化不大,故蒸汽温度变化较小,波动幅度不超过1%。其中,由于扰动下再热蒸汽流量下降的幅度超过了换热量下降的幅度,因此再热器内工质平均吸热量小幅增加造成了出口温度上升0.2%。
由于制约对流换热的核心因素是温差,故排烟温度虽然扰动幅度更小但对底循环主要参数的影响却更大。而响应速度方面,由于压力-流量通道的变化快于焓-温通道,且各级换热器存在一定的热惯性。此外,相比于T4的扰动,Dg的扰动则不需要过多的传递时间,也不会因为余热锅炉内能量的梯级利用而受到影响,其覆盖范围广且传递速度快,因此总体上参数的响应迅速,时间常数较低。
对于部分回热机组,回热比例a的调整会直接影响底循环功率,同时也会使顶循环燃料量出现小幅波动,但由于变化幅度微小,可认为燃气轮机始终于设计工况点运行。图9分别给出了回热比例a由10%阶跃至30%和在回热比例30%稳定运行时突然切除回热情况下机组的动态响应特性。
回热比例由10%阶跃至30%后,回热器内换热量增大,出口空气温度由727.13 K升至756.21 K。参与回热的烟气流量增加使烟气平均放热量减少,回热器出口烟气温度由686.47 K升至704.68 K。而进入余热锅炉的烟气热量减少,故高压级换热量下降,高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽的出口参数小幅下降,汽轮机功率随之下滑。高压过热蒸汽流量由73.46 kg/s降至67.90 kg/s,温度由822.48 K降至817.70 K;再热蒸汽流量由89.51 kg/s降至84.67 kg/s,温度由817.24 K降至809.33 K;汽轮机功率由126.93 MW降至119.11 MW,负荷达到稳态时间约1 400 s。由于回热切除本质上是回热比例向下的阶跃,因此各参数的变化原因同理,趋势相反,机组达到的新稳态即常规机组设计工况,负荷达到稳态所需时间约1 700 s。
结合上文发现,回热比例扰动后机组的响应在趋势上与排烟温度扰动相似,这是因为扰动后排烟热量更多用于预热压气机出口空气,且参与回热后的低温烟气使余热锅炉的平均烟温有所下降,所以2种扰动下机组的响应趋势较为相似。
回热比例a具有调节机组负荷的能力。将a由5%上调至45%后,联合循环机组可实现17.93 MW的功率变化。作为对比,常规联合循环机组通过调节IGV角度与燃料量保持排烟温度T4不变的方式进行负荷调节[1],顶循环排烟流量由设计工况的691.14 kg/s下降至662.54 kg/s,同样可完成17.93 MW的功率变化。为了研究2种降负荷方式对底循环动态特性的影响,分别对回热比例由5%以1%/s的速率提高至45%,与常规联合循环机组排烟流量以0.72 kg/s的速率逐渐下降至662.54 kg/s的情况进行了响应特性的对比。
图10为变负荷过程2机组底循环的动态响应曲线,其中PR代表部分回热机组,CG代表常规机组。
部分回热机组开始降负荷后,回热器出口空气温度上升,余热锅炉高压蒸汽和再热蒸汽出口参数明显下降,底循环功率由129.51 MW降至111.58 MW,达到稳态时间所需约2 000 s;常规机组方面,余热锅炉各级蒸汽流量和压力小幅下降,温度基本不变,底循环功率由133.75 MW降至128.22 MW,达到稳态所需时间约900 s。显然,部分回热机组的响应速度远慢于常规机组。
调节回热比例的过程中,部分回热机组实际上是通过降低底循环功率实现降负荷。由图10可见:17.93 MW的降负荷全部由底循环承担;而常规机组底循环功率仅下降5.53 MW,剩下的12.40 MW降负荷由燃气轮机承担。对比可见,部分回热机组底循环所承担的降负荷更大,这也是其响应速度不如常规机组的主要原因。此外,回热器自身的热惯性也对部分回热机组达到新稳态的速度也有一定影响。由此可见,在负荷较高的工况下采用回热调控的运行策略不利于机组的快速响应。但如果是在低负荷工况下,以本文所参考的原型机组为例,当联合循环负荷降至51.4%时,燃气轮机IGV开度已调至最小值,机组即将转换为纯燃料量调节模式。若此时采用回热调节的手段,不仅能避免底循环动态响应慢造成的变负荷速度缺陷,而且能够缓解机组效率随燃机透平入口温度T3变化下降较快的问题,从而在低负荷下改善机组效率。
本文采用集总参数法,运用模块化建模的思想,根据已有的燃气轮机联合循环机组稳态工况数据及结构参数,构建了部分回热机组底循环系统的动态仿真模型,研究了排烟参数和回热比例扰动下底循环的响应特性,对比了通过回热比例进行负荷调节和常规机组负荷调节过程中底循环动态响应的差异。研究发现:
1)面对排烟参数的扰动,部分回热机组底循环的动态响应特性与常规机组基本一致。排烟温度主要影响高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽,且影响幅度较大,响应速度更慢,5%的排烟温度扰动即可使主蒸汽流量下降14%,底循环功率降低16.32%,时间常数约400 s;排烟流量的扰动并不影响工质温度,只对各级蒸汽流量、压力有影响,且影响幅度相对较小,响应速度更快,10%的排烟流量扰动下主蒸汽流量降低9.30%,底循环功率下降9.49%,时间常数约70 s。
2)回热比例的扰动导致余热锅炉靠近烟道入口处的平均烟温发生变化,主要影响高压过热蒸汽和再热蒸汽,机组响应速度较慢。当回热比例阶跃20%后,主蒸汽流量下降7.57%,底循环功率下降6.16%,达到稳态所需时间约1 400 s。
3)回热调节的运行策略令联合循环的降负荷任务集中在底循环,不利于机组的快速响应。本文仿真过程中部分回热机组降负荷过程达到稳态需要的时间约2 000 s,比常规机组滞后了1 100 s。在负荷较高的工况下部分回热机组变负荷速度慢于常规机组,部分回热技术更适合用在IGV已关至最小值后,即在51.4%以下的较低负荷区间替代纯燃料量调节模式,满足调负荷需求的同时改善机组在低负荷区间的效率。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费面上项目(2021MS078)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303037
  • 接收时间:2023-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-10
基金
National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-I-0009-0009)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021MS078)
中央高校基本科研业务费面上项目(2021MS078)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003

通讯作者:

李永毅(1990),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性、热力系统集成,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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