Article(id=1222543589628961058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202303026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677686400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705529, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543589880619303, articleId=1222543589628961058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Flexible operation performance evaluation and cost analysis of coal-fired units, columnId=1213131705389597040, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical and economic review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the strategic goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the penetration rate of new energy sources is increasing, and coal power is gradually transforming into a flexibly adjustable power supply. While the flexible operation of coal-fired generating units will lead to energy efficiency losses and additional pollutant emissions, which have a certain degree of impact on the cost of power generation and are not conducive to the further exploitation of coal power flexibility resources. In this paper, a method for grading the flexible operating performance of coal-fired units is constructed. By calculating the performance indicators to assess the flexibility performance of coal-fired units under specific operating conditions, the relationship between the unit coal consumption rate and the generation of some air pollutants that affect the cost of power generation and the operational flexibility is investigated. Meanwhile, the kilowatt-hour cost of coal-fired power plants at the second level is estimated. Finally, second-scale operating data collected from a 330 MW unit are used to evaluate the impact of coal-fired unit flexibility on the cost of electricity generation, and build least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model to realize the prediction of unit power cost under different flexibility levels. The research results indicate that prediction error in specific conditions can be reduced by 50% compared with that in full conditions.

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在“碳达峰、碳中和”的战略目标下新能源渗透率不断增加,煤电正逐步转变为灵活调节性电源。而燃煤发电机组在灵活运行过程中将导致能效损失,同时产生额外的污染物排放,这对于发电成本带来了一定程度的影响,不利于煤电灵活性资源的进一步挖掘。为此,构建了一种燃煤机组灵活运行性能分级方法,通过计算性能指标评估燃煤机组在特定工况下的灵活性能,研究机组发电煤耗率和部分影响发电成本的大气污染物与灵活性之间的关系,估算了燃煤电厂秒级的度电成本。以某330 MW机组为例,采集秒级运行数据来评估燃煤机组灵活运行对于发电成本的影响,并构建最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)模型实现机组不同灵活性等级下度电成本的预测。研究结果表明,特定工况中的预测精度较于全工况度电成本预测误差能够降低50%。

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吴斌(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组灵活运行工况下运行成本分析,
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吕游(1987),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为基于数据驱动的智能灵活发电理论与技术,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=度电成本)], refs=[Reference(id=1240938925070545055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=19, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=郭敏晓, 杨宏伟, journalName=中国能源, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭敏晓,杨宏伟.围绕“碳中和”愿景能源与环境领域将呈现六方面的变化趋势“十三五”能源与环境形势及“十四五”展望[J].中国能源2021(3):19-23., articleTitle=围绕“碳中和”愿景能源与环境领域将呈现六方面的变化趋势“十三五”能源与环境形势及“十四五”展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240938925175402659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=19, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=GUO Minxiao, YANG Hongwei, journalName=China Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Minxiao, YANG 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figureFileSmall=gd0b1kc0GBsqjHaRcxPUzQ==, figureFileBig=6H0kCdf+2b7ql+DLYcJVUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938923921305696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Prediction results of unit cost per kW·h of electricity for high performance group sample units, figureFileSmall=rlBJ+27sMSbTtb6SwBd1Iw==, figureFileBig=Y0xHMVx1zYtaOy2RLDY+AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938924034551910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=CN, label=图10, caption=高性能组样本机组度电成本预测结果, figureFileSmall=rlBJ+27sMSbTtb6SwBd1Iw==, figureFileBig=Y0xHMVx1zYtaOy2RLDY+AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938924151992427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Maximum flexible performance index

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灵活性能指标指标最大值
K^LAR/MW17.97
K^FRT/s150.00
K^LRR/%10.95
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灵活性能指标最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灵活性能指标指标最大值
K^LAR/MW17.97
K^FRT/s150.00
K^LRR/%10.95
), ArticleFig(id=1240938924344930417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Sample distribution and indicators under flexibility evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灵活性能等级低性能中等性能高性能极高性能
样本数量7602 0271 7281 039
比例/%13.736.531.118.7
K^LARK^FRT≥–0.28且<0.01≥0.01且<0.09≥0.09且<0.16≥0.16且≤0.39
K^LRR<0.11≥0.11且<0.27≥0.27且<0.37≥0.37
), ArticleFig(id=1240938924420427896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灵活性评价下样本分布比例及灵活性指标范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灵活性能等级低性能中等性能高性能极高性能
样本数量7602 0271 7281 039
比例/%13.736.531.118.7
K^LARK^FRT≥–0.28且<0.01≥0.01且<0.09≥0.09且<0.16≥0.16且≤0.39
K^LRR<0.11≥0.11且<0.27≥0.27且<0.37≥0.37
), ArticleFig(id=1240938924500119680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Cost per kW·h of electricity distribution under flexibility evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灵活性能等级低性能中等性能高性能极高性能全工况
度电成本分布范围0.263 7~0.284 20.265 7~0.286 30.267 8~0.289 30.270 7~0.293 50.266 3~0.288 8
), ArticleFig(id=1240938924604977290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589628961058, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灵活性评价下机组度电成本分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
灵活性能等级低性能中等性能高性能极高性能全工况
度电成本分布范围0.263 7~0.284 20.265 7~0.286 30.267 8~0.289 30.270 7~0.293 50.266 3~0.288 8
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吕游 1 , 吴斌 1 , 秦瑞钧 1 , 李军 2 , 翁明楷 1
热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023,52(12): 20-28
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热力发电 | 技术经济综述 2023, 52(12): 20-28
燃煤机组灵活运行性能评价及成本分析
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吕游1 , 吴斌1 , 秦瑞钧1, 李军2, 翁明楷1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.国家电网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
  • 吕游(1987),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为基于数据驱动的智能灵活发电理论与技术,

通讯作者:

吴斌(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组灵活运行工况下运行成本分析,
Flexible operation performance evaluation and cost analysis of coal-fired units
You LYU1 , Bin WU1 , Ruijun QIN1, Jun LI2, Mingkai WENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303026
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在“碳达峰、碳中和”的战略目标下新能源渗透率不断增加,煤电正逐步转变为灵活调节性电源。而燃煤发电机组在灵活运行过程中将导致能效损失,同时产生额外的污染物排放,这对于发电成本带来了一定程度的影响,不利于煤电灵活性资源的进一步挖掘。为此,构建了一种燃煤机组灵活运行性能分级方法,通过计算性能指标评估燃煤机组在特定工况下的灵活性能,研究机组发电煤耗率和部分影响发电成本的大气污染物与灵活性之间的关系,估算了燃煤电厂秒级的度电成本。以某330 MW机组为例,采集秒级运行数据来评估燃煤机组灵活运行对于发电成本的影响,并构建最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)模型实现机组不同灵活性等级下度电成本的预测。研究结果表明,特定工况中的预测精度较于全工况度电成本预测误差能够降低50%。

燃煤机组  /  灵活性发电  /  发电煤耗率  /  度电成本

Under the strategic goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the penetration rate of new energy sources is increasing, and coal power is gradually transforming into a flexibly adjustable power supply. While the flexible operation of coal-fired generating units will lead to energy efficiency losses and additional pollutant emissions, which have a certain degree of impact on the cost of power generation and are not conducive to the further exploitation of coal power flexibility resources. In this paper, a method for grading the flexible operating performance of coal-fired units is constructed. By calculating the performance indicators to assess the flexibility performance of coal-fired units under specific operating conditions, the relationship between the unit coal consumption rate and the generation of some air pollutants that affect the cost of power generation and the operational flexibility is investigated. Meanwhile, the kilowatt-hour cost of coal-fired power plants at the second level is estimated. Finally, second-scale operating data collected from a 330 MW unit are used to evaluate the impact of coal-fired unit flexibility on the cost of electricity generation, and build least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model to realize the prediction of unit power cost under different flexibility levels. The research results indicate that prediction error in specific conditions can be reduced by 50% compared with that in full conditions.

coal-fired unit  /  flexible power generation  /  coal consumption rate for power genation  /  cost of kilowatt-hour electricity
吕游, 吴斌, 秦瑞钧, 李军, 翁明楷. 燃煤机组灵活运行性能评价及成本分析. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303026
You LYU, Bin WU, Ruijun QIN, Jun LI, Mingkai WENG. Flexible operation performance evaluation and cost analysis of coal-fired units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303026
为建设清洁低碳、安全高效的现代能源体系,新能源发电产业发展势头高涨[1-2],电网对于灵活性调节电源的需求也大量增加。燃煤机组灵活性改造较储能电站等灵活性电源建设更具经济性[3-5]。截止2022年末,中国燃煤机组装机容量有13.3亿kW,占比43.8%[6],具有满足大规模消纳新能源的潜力[7-8]。燃煤机组完成灵活性改造后,虽然极大缓和了当地可再生能源的消纳困境[9],但机组运行经济效益却随着火力发电有效时数的不断下降、灵活运行导致的机组能效降低、污染物处理难度增加等问题受到较大影响[10-13]。为推动燃煤机组参与灵活性改造,多地发布了电力调峰辅助服务市场运营规则,但是补偿数额低、补偿机制不完善仍然是当前难题[14]。这直接导致了火电企业灵活性改造投资回收变慢,积极性大幅下降[15]。因此研究燃煤机组灵活运行过程中产生的额外成本并实现准确预测,对制定合理的灵活运行补偿规则及促进机组灵活性改造具有重要的意义。
大量研究通过分析机组运行数据来研究燃煤火电机组灵活运行对经济效益的影响,但是部分研究仅关注机组的燃料消耗成本[16],通常利用曲线拟合来预估成本,缺少了机组灵活运行过程中污染物处理成本的考虑。文献[17]基于BP(back propagation)神经网络算法预测煤耗等资源消耗,构建了燃煤机组调峰度电成本模型,确定了不同效益下可申报的补偿报价,但是与燃煤机组度电成本预测相关的变量众多无法全部纳入输入变量[18-19],特别是灵活运行过程中机组参数变动幅度较大,这使得模型的泛化性能总是不稳定。文献[20]通过最小二乘法实现燃煤机组灵活运行过程中不同负荷率下煤耗与污染物排放因子的预测,为燃煤机组深度调峰成本计算提供了参考,但其在机组灵活性方面仅考虑了机组变负荷速率或负荷率,未将机组运行的灵活性与排放特性进行综合分析。
综合上述问题,本文建立了一个燃煤机组灵活性能评价体系,结合灵活运行过程中的发电煤耗率与大气排放特性分析机组灵活运行过程中度电成本的变化特点,将该评价体系作为数据划分的标准,实现燃煤机组灵活运行下度电成本的多模型预测。首先,通过分析燃煤机组变负荷运行过程中灵活性指标的建立方法,构建机组灵活运行性能评价体系,实现机组灵活运行模式的划分;然后,通过分析机组灵活运行过程中发电成本的构成,完成灵活运行下度电成本模型输入变量的确定;最后,利用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)算法,基于灵活运行性能评价体系构建模型,实现机组灵活运行下度电成本的准确预测。
燃煤机组的灵活性主要体现在快速启停能力、快速变负荷能力及深度调峰能力3个方面。其中机组以在快速变负荷过程中的运行成本变化最为复杂[21-25],以此为研究重点并利用机组变负荷运行过程参数构建评价指标,从而建立燃煤机组灵活性分级评价体系。本文建立的燃煤机组灵活性评价体系包含以下3个数据指标。
1)负荷变化范围(load alteration range,LAR)为该段变负荷运行数据中所达到最高负荷Pmax及最低负荷Pmin之间的差值。该指标针对机组灵活运行工况下负荷变化宽度而提出,能够直观表征机组负荷的双向互动能力。
KLAR=PmaxPmin
2)完全调节时间(full regulation time,FRT)为该段变负荷运行数据中负荷调节至完成AGC指令跟随所经历的时间。该指标针对机组负荷变动速率而提出,表征机组的快速变负荷能力。
KFRT=TendTbegin
3)负荷调节率(load regulation ratio,LRR) 为该段变负荷运行数据中起始功率P1与功率变化范围KLAR之比。该指标针对机组灵活运行工况下深度调峰能力提出,能够对比燃煤机组低负荷运行过程中的灵活性能。
KLRR=P1/KLAR
上述3个数据指标主要围绕评估机组灵活运行工况中机组负荷的响应能力而建立。较以往研究中使用爬坡率、滑坡率、最小负荷比和负荷变化宽度等参数实现灵活性评估,该体系引入了机组变负荷运行场景的考虑,强化了指标间的耦合程度、减少了指标数量,更便于综合评价机组灵活运行过程中的性能与成本。
燃煤机组的灵活性体现在机组对负荷指令变化的应变能力,这种应变能力主要通过机组各系统与部件的可控程度实现[26],因此燃煤机组的灵活运行工况分级评价标准会随机组参数与控制策略的改变而发生变化。本文建立的灵活工况评价体系用于判断燃煤机组某段变负荷运行过程中机组灵活性能的高低,灵活运行工况的分级标准不采用固定的参数分级,而是采用比例划分的方式来构建评价体系。对1.1节中使用的变负荷运行数据,满足下列条件后可被确认为机组灵活运行工况数据,并赋予其灵活性等级评价。
1)KLAR大于5%MAX(KLAR) 由于机组在稳态运行过程中负荷参数也会呈现一定幅度的波动,这些波动可能产生自传感器的测量误差或者各类因素的变化等,KLAR较小的工况不再划分为机组灵活运行工况数据中;
2)KFRT不超过240 s 由于机组灵活性的1个重要定义包含应对机组负荷变化的快速响应能力,因此需要较长时间来完成负荷调节的工况不再计入机组灵活运行工况数据中。
计算KLARKFRT后按照一定比例将机组的灵活性等级划分为极高性能、高性能、中等性能和低性能4类。其中,具有较大KLAR和较短KFRT的工况会被归类为更高的灵活性等级。
对燃煤机组来说,实现低负荷运行能够为更多新能源电力接入电网提供空间,但随着运行负荷的降低,机组负荷的调节能力往往会不断下降,此时机组如果仍然能够保持较高的灵活性能,就应当获得更高的性能评价。因此在此基础上需要对已经完成灵活性分级的工况进行灵活性评价的修正,对拥有较高KLRR的灵活运行工况应赋予更高的性能评价。计算KLRR后按照一定比例同样将机组的灵活性等级划分为极高性能、高性能、中等性能和低性能4类。大部分工况数据会在灵活性修正过程中得到与之前相同的评价结果:一部分工况在灵活性修正过程得到了较低的灵活性评价,但由于其本身已经有较高的灵活性评价等级,因此依然保留其原有的灵活性评价等级;还有相当一部分工况在灵活性分级过程中获得了较低的评价等级,但是在灵活性修正过程中获得较高的LRR评价等级,在灵活性评价修正后将其评价等级更正为LRR评价等级。
燃煤机组实际运行过程中,发电煤耗率变化能够直观表明其运行过程中的成本变化,这也是燃煤机组发电成本研究主要关心的内容。但燃煤机组是个复杂的集合体,对单位发电成本模型来说,要除去燃煤消耗成本及给水、污染物处理等材料消耗产生的成本。我国所有级别的燃煤发电机组都有着强制性的大气排放特性标准,因此机组用于污染物处理方面的成本更多取决于锅炉出口污染物的排放水平与烟气温度(影响催化剂活性)。锅炉出口污染物中NOx和SO2处理所需消耗的液氨和石灰石浆液成本占据了污染物处理费用的绝大多数。
机组的度电成本通常呈现出动态变化的状态,因此燃煤机组灵活运行状态下度电成本模型的构建过程中需要置入较短的时间边界条件,灵活运行下实时度电成本的基础为:
cunit=FflexEgrid
式中:cunit为机组在一段灵活运行工况内生产单位电量的成本,元/(kW·h);Fflex为该时段内发生的总成本,元;Egrid为该时段内的上网电量,kW·h。
机组在灵活运行期间运行成本包含燃煤消耗、用水消耗及污染物处理所需化学品消耗,并且这些材料的消耗速度随机组运行状态变化。机组灵活运行成本为:
Fflex=[Ccoal(t)+Cwater(t)+Camm(t)+Clis(t)]dt
式中:Ccoal(t)为燃煤消耗产生的实时成本;Cwater(t)为工业用水产生的实时成本;Camm(t)为液氨消耗产生的实时成本;Clis(t)为石灰石浆液消耗产生的实时成本。
基于机组历史运行数据可以实现燃煤机组灵活运行下度电成本的离线分析,为实现特定灵活运行状态下度电成本的实时预估,需要进一步建立度电成本的预测模型。燃煤机组灵活运行带来的附加成本与煤耗率、污染物排放处理费用等因素相关,这些因素与机组运行状态有直接关联且难以定量描述。可以使用机器学习算法来实现对燃煤机组灵活运行成本的预测,选择LSSVM算法,以灵活运行数据中负荷、AGC负荷指令、发电煤耗率、给水流量、石灰石浆液进给量、氨气进给量与给定的预期负荷变动时间为输入变量,以每段灵活运行过程中的平均单位发电量成本作为模型输出构建模型。
LSSVM算法在实际应用过程中,通常会出现测试样本中的不可测扰动导致模型泛化能力不稳定的现象,这是因为机器学习模型无法穷极所有的影响因素来实现预测。为减少此类影响,在利用LSSVM算法实现灵活运行成本预测的基础上,加入了基于灵活性能分级评价体系的多模型预测策略。将不同灵活性等级的变负荷运行数据做区分处理,建立多个结构相同但参数不同的LSSVM模型,可以在一定程度上减少每个模型中训练样本间的差异性,降低不可测扰动带来的模型误差。
模型训练使用的样本数据为:
(xi,yi),i=1,2,...,n,  xiRp,   yiR
式中:xi为输入变量;yi为输出变量;n为样本数;p为变量数,此处取为7。
通过LSSVM算法构建xiyi非线性模型,实现灵活运行过程中单位发电量成本的预测,模型求解过程可转换为以下优化问题:
minJ(ω,ξ)=12ωTω+12γi=1nξi2st yi=ωTφ(xi)+b+ξii=1,2,...,n
式中:φ(·)为非线性映射函数;ω为权重向量;γ为惩罚因子;ξi为误差;b为偏置。
可使用拉格朗日法求解式(7)优化问题,并得到最终的预测模型为:
f(x)=i=1nαiK(x,xi)+b
式中:α=[α1,α2,…,αn]为拉格朗日因子向量;K(x,xi)为核函数,通常选择采用高斯径向基核函数作为模型核函数。
构建的灵活运行过程中单位发电量成本预测模型如图1所示。模型基于灵活性能指标将工况分级实现模型训练样本的分类,建立多模型预测不同灵活性能等级下度电成本。同时利用灵活性能指标与发电煤耗率、给水流量、氨气流量和石灰石浆液流量共同作为输入变量建立子模型,最终实现灵活运行下度电成本的预测。
以某亚临界330 MW机组为例,研究提出的燃煤机组灵活运行性能分级评价方法与灵活运行成本问题。该机组配备了一台最大连续出力为1 016 t/h的亚临界参数自然循环汽包锅炉、SCR脱硝装置、石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫装置和湿式静电除尘器。
从机组的分散控制系统(distributed control system,DCS)中采集数据样本,样本数据包括负荷、发电煤耗率、AGC指令、给水流量、SCR入口的A、B侧烟气流量与NOx质量浓度、脱硫塔前的烟气流量与SO2质量浓度、石灰石浆液进给量、氨气进给量等。采集时间跨度为21天,采样频率为10 s,共得到181 440组数据样本。样本数据涵盖了正常运行(负荷率50%~100%)与深度循环运行(负荷率40%~50%)2种运行方式。样本数据中机组负荷与发电煤耗率如图2所示。由图2可以发现:该机组运行中负荷变化十分剧烈,而发电煤耗率通常与机组负荷呈现相反的变化;同时由局部放大图可以发现,发电煤耗率的变化总是落后于负荷的改变并且呈现更为剧烈的波动。这是因为机组发电煤耗率除了受到负荷变动的影响,还受到煤质变化、运行方式改变等扰动。
将采集到的181 440组原始数据划分为长度不同的数段变负荷运行数据。在删除离群点及不满足1.2节所要求的数据后,共获得划分后的灵活运行工况数据5 554组。
对每组灵活运行工况数据的灵活性能指标KLARKFRTKLRR计算后进行归一化处理得到K^LARK^FRTK^LRR,这是为了平衡各指标对于灵活性能评价的影响程度。各灵活性能指标归一化前最大值见表1,归一化后样本分布如图3所示。由图3可以看出,灵活运行工况的性能指标归一化后整体呈现正比例分布趋势。这是因为燃煤机组运行要以安全稳定为前提,这限制了机组负荷的调节速率不能无限制增加,所以负荷变动的宽度与调节时间总体呈现正相关。
基于1.2节所描述的灵活性分级方案,首先需要根据工况数据计算得到灵活性能指标K^LARK^FRT来进行灵活性的初步分级,具有相对较大K^LAR和较短FRT的工况会被评价为更高的灵活性等级。计算所有灵活运行工况中K^LARK^FRT的值,并从高到低排列后,按照1:2:2:1的比例将所有灵活运行工况划分为极高性能、高性能、中等性能和低性能4个级别,初步分级后的工况分布如图4所示。
为了明确机组负荷率在灵活性能评价中的作用,还需要对已完成灵活性分级的工况数据进行灵活性能评价修正。灵活性修正过程中将灵活运行工况样本的K^LRR以1:1:1:1的比例划分评价等级。最终得到的灵活运行工况性能分级样本分布如图5所示,样本分布比例见表2
图5可以看出,经由灵活性修正后,部分低等级灵活运行工况样本获得了更高的灵活性能评价。但是这种类型的变化主要出现在K^FRT>0.2(归一化后)的样本当中。这说明机组往往需要较长的时间才可以实现较宽的负荷调节,以获得较高的K^LRR。这不仅是因为负荷变动的速率在机组运行中有着固定的上限,磨煤机及锅炉工作状态的改变存在的迟延也导致短期实现宽负荷调节十分困难。
为实现污染物排放的分析,本文引入了排放因子的概念,计算单位发电量下锅炉排放气体的质量,计算方式为:
INOx=Qs×CNOxPel×106
ISO2=Qs×CSO2Pel×106
式中:INOx为NOx排放因子,g/(KW·h);ISO2为SO2排放因子,g/(KW·h);Qs为标准状态下烟气流量,m3/h;CNOx为标准状态下烟气中NOx质量浓度,mg/m3CSO2标准状态下烟气中SO2质量浓度,mg/m3Pel为机组功率,MW。
灵活性能分级下NOx与SO2排放因子分布如图6所示。由图6可知,燃煤机组NOx与SO2的排放因子整体随负荷上升而下降。这是因为机组在运行过程中,锅炉内部随负荷上升而过剩的空气系数升高,促进NOx的生成;SO2的生成量随负荷变化并不明显,其更多与煤质的变化相关,SO2排放因子呈现随负荷下降的趋势是因为随负荷的提升机组单位时间的发电量增加。
图6还可以看出,在灵活运行分级结果中NOx排放因子呈现较为明显的分级现象,而SO2的生成主要与煤质相关,因此并未出现明显的分级现象。通过计算得到,极高性能组中机组的平均NOx排放因子为11.51 g/(kW·h),高性能组为10.78 g/(kW·h),中等性能组为10.09 g/(kW·h),低性能组为9.43 g/(kW·h)。同时可以看出,在灵活性能较高的运行工况中,由于机组负荷变动更为频繁或是负荷率较低,其NOx排放因子在相同负荷下的其他工况中更高。
在燃煤机组运行过程中,发电煤耗率、负荷率与灵活性间通常存在着明显的关联,具体如图7所示。
图7中可以看出:该机组最佳的运行功率为300 MW左右;此外,当机组负荷低于50%额定工况时机组的发电煤耗率开始随着机组负荷的进一步降低而急速升高。这是因为机组已经严重偏离设计工况,锅炉参数处于较低水平,机组效率整体下降,这也是燃煤机组灵活运行过程中实现相同负荷变化宽度时低负荷工况的灵活性能等级应当得以修正的原因之一。
根据计算结果显示,极高性能组中机组的平均发电煤耗率为335.11 g/(kW·h),高性能组为329.50 g/(kW·h),中性能组为324.19 g/(kW·h),低性能组为320.66 g/(kW·h)。这意味着,本文使用的灵活性能分级标准在描述机组运行工况灵活性能的同时,也能够一定程度地区分机组相同负荷下不同灵活性等级运行过程中的发电煤耗率水平。
本文使用的灵活性能分级方案在描述了燃煤机组灵活性能的同时,也能够为机组发电煤耗率及NOx排放因子提供分级标准,灵活分级下度电成本分布如图8所示。
通过计算得到,机组全工况下度电成本为0.256 7~0.311 1元/(kW·h),极高性能组中机组的平均度电成本为0.282 1元/(kW·h),高性能组为0.278 4元/(kW·h),中等性能组为0.275 0元/(kW·h),低性能组为0.272 7元/(kW·h)。为观察灵活性分级下机组度电成本的区分程度,对各灵活性等级下机组度电成本的分布进行了统计,具体情况见表3
表3可以看出,机组度电成本在不同灵活性能等级下存在较为明显的分级,为建立实现机组灵活运行下度电成本多模型预测提供分类基础。
为了更加准确地评价模型的预测精度,引入均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)来衡量模型预测效果为:
δRMSE=1ni=1n(yiyi)2
式中:yi为实际值;yi为模型预测值。
筛选后的5 554组灵活运行工况数据实现了灵活性等级的评价后,也完成了灵活运行成本多模型构建所需的数据划分。为分析提出的灵活性分级体系对灵活运行成本预测的作用,将未实现灵活性分级的全工况数据中80%作为训练集,20%作为测试集,使用LSSVM算法构建全等级下机组度电成本的预测模型,其测试集的预测结果如图9所示,经计算得到测试集的δRMSE为0.004 6元/(kW·h)。
以中等性能组灵活运行工况数据为例,将80%的数据作为训练集,20%的数据作为测试集,使用LSSVM算法构建中等性能等级下机组度电成本的预测模型,其测试集的预测结果如图10所示,经计算得到测试集的δRMSE为0.002 3元/(kW·h)。与全等级构建的预测模型相比,模型的预测误差降低了50%,这说明本文使用的燃煤机组灵活运行性能评价体系对于机组灵活工况下的度电成本预测精度的提高是存在巨大价值的。其他灵活性等级下度电成本模型预测误差此处给出数据:低性能组测试集的δRMSE为0.003 2元/(kW·h);高性能组测试集的δRMSE为0.003 3元/(kW·h);极高性能组测试集的δRMSE为0.003 5元/(kW·h)。
采用330 MW燃煤机组电厂运行的历史数据分析了机组在不同灵活性能运行过程中发电煤耗率、大气排放特性与度电成本的变化,并构建了灵活性成本预测模型。本文提出的燃煤机组灵活运行性能评价体系是合理的,该体系能够评估燃煤机组适应负荷的波动能力,区分机组灵活运行过程中燃煤消耗的大致模式,为分析燃煤机组在不同等级灵活性下污染物产生规律提供参考。同时对机组灵活运行成本也能做出一定程度的分级:极高性能组工况中机组的度电成本为0.270 7~0.293 5元/(kW·h);高性能组为0.267 8~0.289 3元/(kW·h);中等性能组为0.265 7~0.286 3元/(kW·h);低性能组为0.263 7~0.284 2元/(kW·h)。基于此所构建的燃煤机组灵活工况下度电成本多模型预测获得了更高的精度,分级后的成本模型在特定工况下预测误差较全工况成本模型降低50%。研究结果对制定合理的灵活运行补偿规则及促进燃煤机组灵活性改造都具有重要的参考意义。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(52060021N00P)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202303026
  • 接收时间:2023-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-02
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(52060021N00P)
国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(52060021N00P)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    2.国家电网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003

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吴斌(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组灵活运行工况下运行成本分析,
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