Article(id=1222543589175976223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684512000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769406705420, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1703433600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769406705420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769406705420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769406705420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222543587536003358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='197', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769406705029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814454114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241031027209064789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222543587536003358, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222543589494743329, articleId=1222543589175976223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Design and heat transfer performance simulation of cavity solar heat particle receiver based on quartz spiral tube, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve thermal efficiency of the solar cavity particle receiver, this paper designs the quartz spiral tube solar cavity particle receiver with quartz spiral tube, and establishes flow model to conduct comparative analysis on the structural parameters of the receiver. Finally, the cone angle of the cavity is set to 5°, the number of spiral turns is set to 5, and quartz window is adopted. In order to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of this receiver, this paper studied the influence of different incident radiation intensities and particle mass flow on it. The results show that, within the range of incident radiation intensity of 100 000 W/m2 to 350 000 W/m2 and particle mass flow of 0.002 kg/s to 0.051 kg/s, the highest particle temperature at the outlet is 672 ℃, and the highest efficiency of the receiver is 70.12%. The research has reference significance for the design of high-temperature solar particle receivers.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin MA, Song HU, Yanping ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222543589767373092, articleId=1222543589175976223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于石英螺旋管的腔式太阳能颗粒吸热器设计及传热性能模拟, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高太阳能腔式颗粒吸热器的热效率,设计了腔体式石英螺旋管太阳能颗粒吸热器,建立流动分析模型,并对吸热器结构参数进行对比分析,最终将腔体锥度定为5°,管道螺旋圈数定为5圈,采用石英玻璃窗口;在确定吸热器参数后,对该吸热器的传热特性进行数值模拟,探究了不同入射辐射强度和不同颗粒流量对该吸热器传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:在入射辐射强度为100 000~350 000 W/m2、颗粒流量0.001~0.051 kg/s范围内,出口端颗粒最高温度673 ℃,吸热器的最高效率为70.12%。该研究对高温太阳能颗粒吸热器的设计具有参考意义。

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张燕平(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为太阳能聚光热发电系统及设备,
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马鑫(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为太阳能高温吸热器,

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Solar Energy, 2015, 112: 458-468., articleTitle=Performance analysis and preliminary design optimization of a small particle heat exchange receiver for solar tower power plants, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240938926408519791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, awardId=2018YFE0127500, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFE0127500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240938926504988784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, awardId=2018YFE0127500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0127500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240938919114625659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240938919118819964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, 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figureFileSmall=FJqZcA+AVv31uDhC0VRNCg==, figureFileBig=5hJEV2TKTdmXYJzjh1sxMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925049565214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=图18, caption=吸热器内壁面温度变化情况, figureFileSmall=FJqZcA+AVv31uDhC0VRNCg==, figureFileBig=5hJEV2TKTdmXYJzjh1sxMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240938925137645601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the particles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒种类灰陶粒颗粒
颗粒直径/mm1
颗粒密度/(kg·m–3)1 550
比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1) 7.309×104Tp2+1.608Tp+372.48
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)8
发射率0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925250891818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颗粒参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒种类灰陶粒颗粒
颗粒直径/mm1
颗粒密度/(kg·m–3)1 550
比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1) 7.309×104Tp2+1.608Tp+372.48
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)8
发射率0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925351555118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The simulated number of spiral turns and the number of pipes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
螺旋圈数Ns管道数n
7.82
5.03
4.24
3.65
2.08
1.79
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模拟螺旋圈数与管道数

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螺旋圈数Ns管道数n
7.82
5.03
4.24
3.65
2.08
1.79
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925527715898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Other structural parameters of the heat receiver

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吸热器参数数值
腔体高度500
管道螺旋半径350
管道半径20
管壁厚度3
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925624184896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

吸热器其他结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸热器参数数值
腔体高度500
管道螺旋半径350
管道半径20
管壁厚度3
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925733236808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Particle flow rates of different Ns

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Ns单根管道初始颗粒流量m˙/(kg·s–1)
7.80.022 5
5.00.015 0
4.20.011 3
3.60.009 0
2.00.008 1
1.70.005 0
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925825511502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同Ns数的颗粒流量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ns单根管道初始颗粒流量m˙/(kg·s–1)
7.80.022 5
5.00.015 0
4.20.011 3
3.60.009 0
2.00.008 1
1.70.005 0
), ArticleFig(id=1240938925917786199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameters of the heat receiver

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
腔体高度/mm500窗口厚度/mm50
石英窗口面积/m20.015保温层厚度/mm100
腔体锥度/(°)5.0石英管道直径/mm20
腔体下底面内径/mm350石英管壁厚度/mm3
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926014255195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

吸热器相关结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
腔体高度/mm500窗口厚度/mm50
石英窗口面积/m20.015保温层厚度/mm100
腔体锥度/(°)5.0石英管道直径/mm20
腔体下底面内径/mm350石英管壁厚度/mm3
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926114918499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Boundary conditions

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项目边界类型边界条件
气体\颗粒入口速度入口Vair=1.0 m/s、Vpar=0.5 m/s
气体\颗粒出口压力出口表压为0
外壁面混合边界条件Tair=26 ℃、H=12 W/(m2·K)、ε =1
玻璃窗口混合边界条件Tair=26 ℃、H=12 W/(m2·K)、q
), ArticleFig(id=1240938926211387491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222543589175976223, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目边界类型边界条件
气体\颗粒入口速度入口Vair=1.0 m/s、Vpar=0.5 m/s
气体\颗粒出口压力出口表压为0
外壁面混合边界条件Tair=26 ℃、H=12 W/(m2·K)、ε =1
玻璃窗口混合边界条件Tair=26 ℃、H=12 W/(m2·K)、q
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基于石英螺旋管的腔式太阳能颗粒吸热器设计及传热性能模拟
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马鑫 , 胡松 , 张燕平
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(12): 29-37
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(12): 29-37
基于石英螺旋管的腔式太阳能颗粒吸热器设计及传热性能模拟
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马鑫 , 胡松, 张燕平
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 马鑫(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为太阳能高温吸热器,

通讯作者:

张燕平(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为太阳能聚光热发电系统及设备,
Design and heat transfer performance simulation of cavity solar heat particle receiver based on quartz spiral tube
Xin MA , Song HU, Yanping ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2023-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305099
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为了提高太阳能腔式颗粒吸热器的热效率,设计了腔体式石英螺旋管太阳能颗粒吸热器,建立流动分析模型,并对吸热器结构参数进行对比分析,最终将腔体锥度定为5°,管道螺旋圈数定为5圈,采用石英玻璃窗口;在确定吸热器参数后,对该吸热器的传热特性进行数值模拟,探究了不同入射辐射强度和不同颗粒流量对该吸热器传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:在入射辐射强度为100 000~350 000 W/m2、颗粒流量0.001~0.051 kg/s范围内,出口端颗粒最高温度673 ℃,吸热器的最高效率为70.12%。该研究对高温太阳能颗粒吸热器的设计具有参考意义。

太阳能光热  /  吸热器  /  石英螺旋管道  /  颗粒换热

In order to improve thermal efficiency of the solar cavity particle receiver, this paper designs the quartz spiral tube solar cavity particle receiver with quartz spiral tube, and establishes flow model to conduct comparative analysis on the structural parameters of the receiver. Finally, the cone angle of the cavity is set to 5°, the number of spiral turns is set to 5, and quartz window is adopted. In order to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of this receiver, this paper studied the influence of different incident radiation intensities and particle mass flow on it. The results show that, within the range of incident radiation intensity of 100 000 W/m2 to 350 000 W/m2 and particle mass flow of 0.002 kg/s to 0.051 kg/s, the highest particle temperature at the outlet is 672 ℃, and the highest efficiency of the receiver is 70.12%. The research has reference significance for the design of high-temperature solar particle receivers.

solar thermal photo  /  heat receiver  /  quartz spiral tube  /  particle heat transfer
马鑫, 胡松, 张燕平. 基于石英螺旋管的腔式太阳能颗粒吸热器设计及传热性能模拟. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (12) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305099
Xin MA, Song HU, Yanping ZHANG. Design and heat transfer performance simulation of cavity solar heat particle receiver based on quartz spiral tube[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (12) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305099
随着对太阳能光热发电系统研究的不断深入,进一步提高工质温度、改善发电效率成为光热发电的一个重要发展方向[1-4]。太阳能吸热器作为塔式、碟式聚光热发电系统的关键设备,其光热转化效率直接影响太阳能热发电系统的总体运行效率。颗粒吸热器由于吸热介质耐高温、取材方便、成本低等特点,已成为太阳能高温吸热器的一个研究热点[5-8]
19世纪80年代Flamant等人[9]就提出将颗粒流化技术应用于太阳能吸热器。颗粒在空气流化的作用下向上移动并吸收太阳辐射,出口处的颗粒温度最高可达1 100 ℃。流化过程中,高速流动的空气带走了较多热量,因此该吸热器的热效率仅为20%~36%。1982年美国桑迪亚国家实验室提出了颗粒自由下落的帘幕式颗粒吸热器,并在2008年首次进行1 MW级的实验[10],结果表明,以重力为驱动力的方式与颗粒流化相比,减少了颗粒流动过程中对流热损失[11]。石凯[12]利用Fluent软件对帘幕式颗粒吸热器的加热过程进行了数值模拟,研究表明,颗粒粒径减小,颗粒出口温度增加,质量流量增加,颗粒温度降低,但整体热效率提升。为延长颗粒的加热时间,学者们提出了不同阻碍式结构。马天增等[13]采用计算流体力学(CFD)和离散元(DEM)的方法对吸热器内部颗粒传热和流动特性进行研究。与非阻碍式相比,吸热颗粒在0.8 s内通过率由93.5%降至72.4%,颗粒平均温度由1 374.69 K升至1 742.32 K。Ho等人[14]采用人字形翅片交错排布的方式阻碍颗粒的下落,当质量流量为2 kg/s、辐照强度为1 000 kW/m2时,颗粒的最高温度为875 ℃,且每下降1 m的温升约250 ℃。王志峰等[15]设计了一种螺旋石英管颗粒吸热器,颗粒在重力作用下在管内自动下落,在经过吸热器透明窗口时,颗粒吸收太阳辐射。当太阳直射辐射强度(DNI)为500 W/m2、颗粒流量为8.12 g/s时,最大颗粒温升为212 ℃。采用透明石英管可以充分发挥颗粒相较于气液工质黑度大、易于吸收太阳辐射的特点,且极大的减小了颗粒与外界空气的对流热损失。
目前对太阳能颗粒吸热器的研究中,关于采用透明石英管道吸热器的研究较少,且其结构相对简单,多为直管或单螺旋管,因此无法充分吸收进入吸热器中的太阳辐射,这使得吸热器热效率较低。为此,本文根据颗粒工质黑度较大、流动性较差等特点[16],设计了采用多根石英螺旋管道的太阳能腔式颗粒吸热器,该吸热器采用多根透明螺旋管道并联的方式组成腔体吸热器内部结构,以提升整体的热效率。为保证管道内颗粒的最佳流动状态,采用数值模拟的方法对吸热器内颗粒流动进行模拟,分析不同螺旋管圈数对其流动状态的影响,据此确定吸热器的最佳管道参数,在此基础上建立太阳能腔式吸热器物理模型,并对颗粒吸热器内的换热过程进行模拟,研究不同颗粒流量以及不同入射辐射强度对吸热器传热性能的影响。
本文参照课题组已建成的碟式太阳能聚光集热台架中的腔体盘管吸热器,设计颗粒吸热器的原型。现有实验台架的碟式镜面及腔式吸热器结构如图1所示。太阳光线经过抛物面反射镜反射聚焦进入吸热器内部,吸热器为单根螺旋管道,管材为不锈钢,腔体内径为350 mm,腔体高度为500 mm,加热介质为气体[17],本文固定腔体高度500 mm、内径350 mm,且根据实验要求在颗粒流量超过0.045 kg/s的基础上对腔内管道结构及腔体锥度进行设计。
颗粒的流动特性和传热特性与气体工质有很大区别,需要针对这些特点对吸热器内的管道结构进行改造[18]。初步设计的吸热器模型结构如图2所示。吸热器由保温层、透明石英窗口以及多根螺旋管道组成,采用多根并联螺旋管道的方式可加大单根管道的陡峭程度,使颗粒在管内更易流动,防止颗粒发生堵塞。并联管道的数量将根据流动特性来确定。管道两端伸出保温层的部分作为吸热器的进口及出口。
与气液工质相比,颗粒工质的导热系数小,颗粒与壁面的换热能力和颗粒内部之间的导热能力较差;但其黑度接近于1,可以直接吸收太阳辐射。因此,在设计颗粒吸热器时,采用透明管道既可以减少颗粒与壁面之间的热阻,使颗粒温度分布更均匀,又可以提高颗粒对太阳辐射的直接吸收[19-20]。故本文颗粒吸热器的管道采用透明石英玻璃材料。
当吸热器开始运行时,太阳辐射从窗口④进入吸热器内对腔内进行加热,同时颗粒从进口端①进入管道,并在重力的作用下向下流动。在这个过程中,太阳辐射会穿过透明石英管③对管内流动的工质(颗粒)进行加热,最终颗粒从出口端⑤流出。
本文将建立吸热器的三维数值模型,并采用CFD软件进行模拟和分析。以下是相关控制方程。
气相连续性方程为:
tρf+(ρfv)=0
气相动量方程为:
t(ρfv)+(ρfv·vτf)=ff
式中:t为时间,s;ρf为气相密度,kg/m3v为气相速度,m/s;ff为连续相气体体积力矢量,N/m3τf为连续相气体剪切力张量,N/m2τf可表示为:
τf=(p+μv)I+2μe
式中:p为流体压力;μ为动力黏度,(N·s)/m2e为速度应力张量,e=(v+vT),m/s2
能量方程为:
t(αfρfcp,fTf)+(αfρfvcp,fTf)+(αfkf,effTf)+Qp+Qothers=0
式中:cp,f为气体比热容,J/m3Tf为气体温度,K;kf,eff为气体比热系数;Qp为气体和固体之间的热交换;Qothers为其他源项,J/s。
颗粒相的动量方程为:
dupdt=FD(uup)+gi(ρpρ)ρp+Fi
式中:FD(uup)为颗粒的单位质量曳力,m/s2u为流体相速度,m/s;up为颗粒速度,m/s;μ为流体动力黏度;ρ为流体密度;μp为颗粒密度,kg/m3d为颗粒直径,m;Re为相对雷诺数;gii方向上的重力分量;m/s2
颗粒相的能量方程为:
(ΓG)+4π(σT4π+Ep)(α+αs+αp)G=0
式中:α为吸收系数;αs为散射系数;G为入射辐射;T为颗粒温度,K;Ep为颗粒的等效辐射,J;αp为颗粒的等效吸收系数。
Ep=limv0k=0NεpnAPnσTPn4π¯V
αp=limv0k=0NεpnAPnV
式中:εpnAPnTPn分别为第n个颗粒的黑度、投影面积(垂直辐射方向)和温度。APn定义为:
APn=π(dPn)44
式中:dPn为第n个颗粒的直径,m。
Fluent软件中的半透明壁面(sime-transport)模型可以模拟辐射在透明壁面条件下的传热情况,其原理如图3所示。入射辐射从介质A照射在半透明壁面上,一部分发生反射返回介质A,另一部分穿透半透明壁面进入介质B。本文物理模型中的石英管道及石英窗口的传热特性可以采用该方法模拟。
为验证Fluent软件半透明壁面模型及上述计算模型的准确性,本文参照文献[15]中透明石英单螺旋管道颗粒吸热器建立了数值模型。螺旋石英管内径20 mm,壁厚3 mm,螺旋直径为100 mm,螺旋管的长度为500 mm。模拟计算了出口端颗粒温度,并与文献的实验结果进行对比。文献[15]中实验台架原型如图4a)所示,其建立的吸热器数值模型如图4b)所示。
该吸热器运行时,太阳光线经过界面反射聚焦,穿过透明石英窗口进入吸热器,与石英管内流动的颗粒进行热量交换。颗粒的相关参数见表1表1中:Tp为颗粒温度;进入窗口的入射辐射强度q由反射镜面积S、镜面反射率η1η2、光斑直径d、太阳直射辐射强度(direct normal irradiance, DNI)共同决定。q的表达式[15]为:
q=DNISη1η2/(πd2/4)
模拟计算时,假设窗口面的入射辐射强度q均匀分布,方向垂直于窗口面朝向吸热器内部,后文的传热模拟依然采用这种简化假设。本文模拟的颗粒出口端温度与文献[15]实验出口端的颗粒温度的对比结果如图5所示。由图5可见,模拟结果和实验数据最大误差为9 ℃,最大相对误差8.8%。可见,本文数值模型能较好地模拟聚焦太阳能对透明石英管内颗粒的加热过程。
本文设计的吸热器由多根相同参数的螺旋管道组成(图1),单根管道的螺旋圈数不同,则管道的陡峭程度和需要并联的管道数就不同,不同螺旋圈数管道内的颗粒流动状态不同。在腔体高度500 mm和内径350 mm条件下,采用不同螺旋圈数的吸热器管道结构如图6所示。图6a)为采用2根管道的吸热器结构,螺旋圈数为7.8;图6b)则为9根并联管道组成吸热器,螺旋圈数为1.7。
在吸热器上下底面半径、高度、锥度一定的情况下,单根管道的螺旋圈数越多管道越平缓,管道长度越大,组成吸热器所需管道数也越少。与气体及液体工质相比,颗粒在管道内的流动性较差,平缓的管道虽然可以提供更长的停留时间,但同时也意味着颗粒在管道内更容易发生停滞和堵塞[21]。吸热器在运行过程中如果管内颗粒发生停滞堵塞,则会出现干烧的情况,会大幅缩短吸热器的使用寿命。因此为了获取合适的管道参数,需要对灰陶粒颗粒在管道内的流动情况进行模拟研究,对比不同管道参数内颗粒的流动情况。本文将对不同螺旋圈数Ns的吸热器流动性能进行模拟,所选择的螺旋管圈数及对应的管道根数见表2,管道的其他参数见表3
模拟过程中重力方向和吸热器上下面垂直,因此假设并联管道内的颗粒流动情况相同;为简化计算,只选取单根管道用来模拟颗粒的流动情况。Ns不同时吸热器单根管道结构如图7所示。
流动模拟中对管道出口面的颗粒流量进行监测,颗粒流量大小随时间产生波动如图8所示。为评估管道内颗粒流动的稳定情况,利用出口端颗粒流量的平方差σ(式(11))表示管内颗粒的波动值评估颗粒流动管道状态。σ越大颗粒出口端流量波动越大,管内颗粒整体的流动性越差[22]
σ=t=0N(m˙tm˙in)2
式中:σ为出口端颗粒流量的平方差,kg2/s2t为某一时间点,s;m˙tt时间点的出口端颗粒流量,kg/s;m˙in为管道模型进口端流量,kg/s。为比较吸热器内颗粒的整体流动情况,控制各吸热器总颗粒流量m˙相同,单根管道的初始颗粒流量m˙为平均流量,即:
m˙=M˙/n
式中:m˙为单根管道流过吸热器的总流量,kg/s;M˙为满足运行过程中热量的流量,模拟中取值为0.045 kg/s;n为管道圈数。
流动模拟的初始条件见表4。颗粒流量波动情况随Ns的变化如图8所示。由图8可见,管道Ns越大,管道越平缓,颗粒的停留时间越长,5圈时的停留时间约为4.4 s,1.7圈时则缩短至1.9 s。从图8还可以看出,出口端的流量波动随着Ns的提高而增大,具体波动值σ图9所示。
图9可见:Ns小于3.5时σ较低且增长缓慢;当Ns大于3.5时,σ迅速增长;当Ns为5.0时,σNs等于1.7的35倍,颗粒在管内仍正常流动。计算过程中,当Ns为7.8时,颗粒在管道中发生堵塞的σ趋向正无穷。
螺旋圈数Ns越大颗粒在管内停留的时间越长,因此颗粒加热时间更长。故选取颗粒管道数3即螺旋圈数Ns为5的吸热器模型进行变流量颗粒流动模拟,研究颗粒流量对流动稳定性的影响,从而确定吸热器运行时颗粒流量的上限。波动值σ随颗粒流量变化情况如图10所示。由图10可见,当单管颗粒流量从0.015 kg/s逐渐升至0.017 kg/s过程中,σ迅速上升,这说明此时管内颗粒流动的稳定性迅速下降。在计算过程中,当颗粒流量为0.017 2 kg/s即吸热器总颗粒流量为0.051 6 kg/s时,管内颗粒已发生堵塞。
综合考虑颗粒停留时间及流量上升所导致的流动稳定性恶化的问题,最终将吸热器的螺旋圈数定为5圈,吸热器管道由3根螺旋管并列组成,且吸热器运行时总颗粒流量最大值为0.051 kg/s。
吸热器锥角β图11所示。β越大,其上底面面积越小,当β为0时吸热器呈圆柱形。文献[23]的研究结果显示,β影响吸热器的光学性能及管道吸热比例,从而影响工质换热性能。
分析不同β对吸热器内辐射分布的影响,入射辐射强度为300 000 W/m2β分别为0°、2.5°、5.0°、7.5°、10.0°时管道壁面上的入射辐射分布如图12所示。由图12可以看出,随着β增大,盘管的入射辐射强度不断提高。当β增大时,吸热器腔体的顶部面积减小,因此到达顶部的辐射强度也随之减少,在热边界条件不变的情况下,照射在管道的辐射量就会增加。管道平均入射辐射强度随β变化如图13所示。
图13可以看出:当β超过5.0°后,管道的平均入射辐射强度增长趋势变得缓慢;β为5.0°时平均入射辐射强度为221 285 W/m2β为10.0°时平均入射辐射强度仅提高了3%。由于β越大吸热器的加工要求及强度要求就更高,因此综合考虑β取5.0°。
与空气窗口(吸热器内空气和外部空气相连)相比,石英玻璃窗口可以有效减小吸热器对流热损失[24]。本文对比研究了在空气窗口和石英玻璃窗的条件下,吸热器周围空气的自然对流情况,模拟结果如图14所示。由图14可见,采用石英玻璃窗口明显阻止了窗口处的自然对流,但同时也加强了外壁面与环境的自然对流,腔内温度比空气窗口吸热器温度高,吸热器的对流热损失由10.2%降至3.1%。因此,本文的吸热器拟设置石英玻璃窗口,以减小热损失。
对比分析吸热器锥度、管道螺旋参数及石英\空气窗口后,确定了吸热器的基本结构。吸热管采用3根并联石英玻璃管,螺旋管圈数为5,腔体锥度为5.0°,吸热器其他结构参数见表5,吸热器物理模型如图15所示。
吸热器运行过程中,太阳光线垂直进入窗口,颗粒从管道进口端进入吸热器,并在重力的作用下进行自主流动。在吸热器数值模拟过程中,模型的边界条件设定为:
1)腔体壁面外表面热边界设为混合热边界条件(与外界环境进行对流换热和辐射换热),吸热器内壁面设置为与系统耦合。
2)吸热器管道进口设为速度入口边界(velocity outlet),出口设为压力出口(pressure outlet)边界。
3)太阳辐射加载在窗口面的方向垂直于窗口面指向腔体内部,与模型验证的方式中相同,入射辐射强度为q
边界条件见表6,其中:Vair为气体速度,Vpar为颗粒速度,Tair为环境来流温度,H为热对流系数,ε为腔体外部发射率。颗粒依然采用灰陶粒颗粒。
q由式(10)决定,其中除DNI外其他参数皆为定值,q的范围即DNI在200~650 W/m2范围内的辐射强度变化。为研究不同工况下的吸热器热性能及颗粒的温升情况,对入射辐射强度q分别为100 000、150 000、200 000、250 000、300 000、350 000 W/m2,工质采用灰陶粒颗粒,颗粒质量流量由0.001 kg/s升至0.051 kg/s的工况进行模拟。颗粒出口温度随辐射强度及颗粒流量变化情况如图16所示。从图16可以看出:当入射辐射强度不变,颗粒温度随流量增大而降低;当流量不变,颗粒温度随着入射辐射强度的增大而提高。流量在0.001~0.051 kg/s,入射辐射强度在100 000 ~350 000 W/m2范围内变化时,颗粒最高温度为673 ℃。
吸热器热效率定义为:
η=QparticleQs=mTinToutcpdTqA
式中:Qparticle为颗粒吸收的总热量;Qs为进入吸热器腔内太阳辐射,J/s;Tin为颗粒入口温度,℃;Tout为颗粒出口温度,℃;A为吸热器窗口面积,假设热流均匀加载在整个窗口上,方向垂直于窗口指向吸热器内部,m2m为颗粒的质量流量,kg/s。
吸热器热效率随工况的变化如图17所示。由图17可见,随着颗粒流量的增大吸热器效率先快速增大,随后增长的速度减缓,吸热器的最高效率可达70.12%。这是因为管道为透明材料,当颗粒流量较小时,颗粒帘幕对太阳辐射的阻挡作用较小,此时大部分太阳辐射穿过透明壁面和颗粒帘幕被吸热器内壁面直接吸收,导致内壁面温度较高,因此吸热器在低颗粒流量时效率较低入射辐射强度为200 000 W/m2吸热器内壁面平均温度随流量关系如图18所示。由图18可见:颗粒流量不断提高,颗粒在吸热器内部分布更密集,颗粒吸收了更多的太阳辐射,这也意味着被壁面吸收的能量减少,因此效率提高;但随着流量继续增大,管道内的颗粒层厚度增加,由于颗粒间的换热性能较差,热量传递不均匀,使吸热器的效率不再上升,甚至略微降低。
本文根据颗粒的传热特性及流动特性设计了一种太阳能透明石英多螺旋管道腔式颗粒吸热器,采用数值模拟法研究其流动及传热特性,得出以下结论。
1)吸热器内管道的螺旋圈数对颗粒流动状态有很大影响,当其他参数一定,螺旋圈数为5即管道数为3,颗粒流量小于0.051 kg/s时,颗粒可以在不发生堵塞的情况下拥有最长的停留时间,以获得更好的传热效果。
2)随着吸热器锥角的增加,管道壁面的平均入射辐射强度在不断提高,当锥角超过5.0°时,增长变得缓慢,且随着锥角的增加,加工难度也在逐渐提高,综合考虑后将吸热器的锥角定为5.0°。
3)安装石英窗口可以明显减小窗口处的自然对流,从而使对流热损从10.0%降至3.1%。
4)在入射辐射强度q为100 000~350 000 W/m2、颗粒流量0.001~0.051 kg/s范围内,出口端颗粒最高温度673 ℃,吸热器最高效率可达70.12%。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0127500)
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2023年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305099
  • 接收时间:2023-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-20
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFE0127500)
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFE0127500)
作者信息
    华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

张燕平(1971),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为太阳能聚光热发电系统及设备,
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