Article(id=1222513215943201566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202301002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672502400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399463877, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399463877, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399463877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399463877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513216261968678, articleId=1222513215943201566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Studies of heat transfer and flow characteristics of printed circuit heat exchanger under transitional flow, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE), with straight channels and semi-circle cross section, was fabricated and experimental studies on heat transfer and fluid flow were conducted, during which the flow regime was transition flow, water was working fluid, and flow rate of water was various. The results obtained from correlations of macro circular tubes had obvious deviations from the experimental results. Specifically, the f factor obtained from experiments are larger, and the changes of the overall heat transfer coefficient were more complex with various Reynolds number. The heat transfer and flow correlations in transition zone of PCHE was calibrated within corresponding application ranges. In order to obtain the heat transfer correlations, a numerical method was introduced to obtain one-sided average convective heat transfer coefficients under transition flow. The results showed that the average deviations of the overall heat transfer coefficient obtained from average convective heat transfer coefficients was 8.5% comparing to experimental results, while the maximum deviation reached 17.2%. However, in spite of that, a correlation to predicted the overall heat transfer coefficients through average convective ones still can be obtained, and the deviations comparing with experimental results was within 10%. It is recommended that obtaining one-sided average convective heat transfer coefficient with numerical method is feasible especially when it was transition flow in PCHE.

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制造了一台直通道及半圆形截面的印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)样机并进行了不同流量下的水-水过渡区下的传热与流动实验。采用经典宏观圆管传热与流动关联式获得的计算结果与实验结果有明显偏差,具体为实验f因子更大,总体传热系数随雷诺数的变化更复杂。因此,对相应应用范围内PCHE过渡区液体流动的传热与流动关联式进行了校准。为了获得传热关联式,利用数值模拟获得PCHE过渡区单侧平均表面传热系数。结果表明,基于平均表面传热系数获得的总体传热系数与实验值平均偏差为8.5%,最大偏差为17.2%,但基于平均表面传热系数获得的总体传热系数预测模型与实验结果的偏差在10%以内,说明通过数值模拟获得PCHE过渡区单侧平均表面传热系数是一种可行的思路。

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邹宏伟(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为石油化工领域换热设备的工艺与结构研发,

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邹宏伟(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为石油化工领域换热设备的工艺与结构研发,

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邹宏伟(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为石油化工领域换热设备的工艺与结构研发,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直流道PCHE样机及通道几何结构, figureFileSmall=EqGNXvWhneu7K7r2TUvNjA==, figureFileBig=+hV0wOXkCRL5z+nUpzQ+qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137059784610727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic Diagram of PCHE Test System and comparison of heat load at cold and hot sides, figureFileSmall=p/Vs64AIPN5CDHgBgV32ww==, figureFileBig=XVzbZh0Ga0aAPQLOkoOQ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137059885274025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PCHE样机测试系统及冷、热侧热负荷比较, figureFileSmall=p/Vs64AIPN5CDHgBgV32ww==, figureFileBig=XVzbZh0Ga0aAPQLOkoOQ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137059977548719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of channel pressure drop and Fanningfactor with various volume flow rates, figureFileSmall=qtDbW7ar6RNvMGc5g7bVcw==, figureFileBig=LGbul7Pa27zJUerlB7lL6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060086600631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图3, caption=通道压降与f因子随体积流量变化曲线, figureFileSmall=qtDbW7ar6RNvMGc5g7bVcw==, figureFileBig=LGbul7Pa27zJUerlB7lL6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060245984192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison between experimental results and correlation results of Fanning factor on cold and hot sides, figureFileSmall=OxS/BGc1alswuVQ4QoZPTQ==, figureFileBig=ewg4UoVGoKCq8cA2+HFP5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060384396234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冷、热侧f因子实验结果与关联式结果比较, figureFileSmall=OxS/BGc1alswuVQ4QoZPTQ==, figureFileBig=ewg4UoVGoKCq8cA2+HFP5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060493448146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Deviation between experimental factor f and fitting factor f, figureFileSmall=CKkINOIZXTxxBufcKRVR4A==, figureFileBig=snjrUg4thNN4AXUJ4SdsiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060623471575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验f因子与拟合f因子比较, figureFileSmall=CKkINOIZXTxxBufcKRVR4A==, figureFileBig=snjrUg4thNN4AXUJ4SdsiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060736717792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic Diagram of simulation model, figureFileSmall=Bo28AO/tfVCfEpk0vwAsqQ==, figureFileBig=tf5K71u2J8MlTw6ZVZXXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060828992489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图6, caption=计算模型示意, figureFileSmall=Bo28AO/tfVCfEpk0vwAsqQ==, figureFileBig=tf5K71u2J8MlTw6ZVZXXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060921267183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of single channel heat load obtained by different calculation models and experiments, figureFileSmall=j8XM1XGogP9KAhuHykMmwA==, figureFileBig=bbOXhDlI9Lf/xXflihFPtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137061005153268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同计算模型与实验测得单通道热负荷比较, figureFileSmall=j8XM1XGogP9KAhuHykMmwA==, figureFileBig=bbOXhDlI9Lf/xXflihFPtw==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Convective heat transfer coefficient between numerical and experimental results, figureFileSmall=2DQ1knGNSc8zV145pRhPTA==, figureFileBig=drKHE/+UlmaGMM2E2Ba1Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137061890150421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图11, caption=数值模拟测得的冷、热侧表面传热系数, figureFileSmall=2DQ1knGNSc8zV145pRhPTA==, figureFileBig=drKHE/+UlmaGMM2E2Ba1Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137062074699803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of the overall heat transfer coefficient among the datas, figureFileSmall=XWU/IBLAG5qtg3tOlzDYew==, figureFileBig=uwPaMyA3kJa1hI/00DZTsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137062166974495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图12, caption=实验结果与关联式及数值模拟的总体传热系数对比, figureFileSmall=XWU/IBLAG5qtg3tOlzDYew==, figureFileBig=uwPaMyA3kJa1hI/00DZTsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137062242471973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Comparison between experimental overall heat transfer coefficient and fitting correlation resultson hot side, figureFileSmall=+RvixNJdtzY65UEBWBtWJA==, figureFileBig=La26+kNcm//Odgqk6PKOLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137063706284075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=图13, caption=热侧实验总体传热系数与拟合关联式结果比较, figureFileSmall=+RvixNJdtzY65UEBWBtWJA==, figureFileBig=La26+kNcm//Odgqk6PKOLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137063815335984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometrical details of PCHE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数冷侧热侧
板片材料SS316LSS316L
通道直径D/mm1.51.5
肋宽δ/mm0.80.8
单流道长度/mm600.0600.0
板片厚度tp/mm1.51.5
换热面积/m20.3530.353
板片数量1414
通道数量1212
), ArticleFig(id=1241137063911804982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCHE几何尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数冷侧热侧
板片材料SS316LSS316L
通道直径D/mm1.51.5
肋宽δ/mm0.80.8
单流道长度/mm600.0600.0
板片厚度tp/mm1.51.5
换热面积/m20.3530.353
板片数量1414
通道数量1212
), ArticleFig(id=1241137063995691068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Details of experimental instrumentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪表名称规格型号不确定度生产厂家
压力变送器0~500 kPa0.50%合肥杜威仪表有限公司
铂热电阻Pt1000.20~0.30 ℃上海自仪三厂
精密压力表0~0.6 MPa0.19%上海自动仪表股份有限公司
数字压差计5120.30%TESTO
涡轮流量计LWGY-25/M/C/P/L/B10.13%~0.15%合肥精大仪表股份有限公司
JMUS 160M2-2 V1浙江金龙电机股份有限公司
冷却塔LRCM-H-100浙江春城冷却设备有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064100548671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验检测仪表信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪表名称规格型号不确定度生产厂家
压力变送器0~500 kPa0.50%合肥杜威仪表有限公司
铂热电阻Pt1000.20~0.30 ℃上海自仪三厂
精密压力表0~0.6 MPa0.19%上海自动仪表股份有限公司
数字压差计5120.30%TESTO
涡轮流量计LWGY-25/M/C/P/L/B10.13%~0.15%合肥精大仪表股份有限公司
JMUS 160M2-2 V1浙江金龙电机股份有限公司
冷却塔LRCM-H-100浙江春城冷却设备有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064201211971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental conditions of water-water in PCHE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号冷侧进口温度/K热侧进口温度/K入口体积流量/(m3·h–1)冷侧雷诺数热侧雷诺数
1298.05333.981.94 479.416 055.26
2297.84333.201.84 195.335 662.43
3297.71333.111.73 956.885 328.12
4297.56333.091.63 720.565 003.09
5297.37332.971.53 476.374 674.97
6297.29333.831.43 262.944 401.65
7297.22332.741.33 021.554 017.42
8297.07333.041.22 790.183 725.40
9296.99333.221.12 575.123 419.15
10296.90333.661.02 347.793 178.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064373178444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PCHE内水-水传热实验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号冷侧进口温度/K热侧进口温度/K入口体积流量/(m3·h–1)冷侧雷诺数热侧雷诺数
1298.05333.981.94 479.416 055.26
2297.84333.201.84 195.335 662.43
3297.71333.111.73 956.885 328.12
4297.56333.091.63 720.565 003.09
5297.37332.971.53 476.374 674.97
6297.29333.831.43 262.944 401.65
7297.22332.741.33 021.554 017.42
8297.07333.041.22 790.183 725.40
9296.99333.221.12 575.123 419.15
10296.90333.661.02 347.793 178.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064494813267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Collection of the heat transfer correlations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称形式参数范围备注
Gnielinski1Nu=(f/8)(Re–1 000)Pr/(1+12.7(f/8)0.5(Pr2/3–1)0.5≤Pr≤2 000;
2 300≤Re≤5×106
f=(1.82lgRe–1.64)–2
Gnielinski2Nul=(4.3643+0.63+(1.953(RePrDh/L)1/3–0.6)3)1/3
Nut=Gnielinski;
Nutrans=(1–γ)Nul,2 300+γNut,10 000γ=(Re–2 300)/(10 000–2 300)
Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤104过渡区;
Re>104湍流区
l代表层流;tur代表湍流;trans代表过渡区
ChurchillNu10=Nul10+(exp((2 200–Re)/365)/Nul2+1/Nut2)–5
Nul=4.364;
Nut=Nu0+0.079(f/2)0.5RePr/(1+Pr0.8)5/6
Nu0=6.3
全范围采用统一形式
LienhardNul=3.66+0.068 8RePr(Dh/L)/(1+0.04(RePr(Dh/L)))2/3
Nut=Gnielinski;
Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤5×106湍流区
MylavarapuNul=4.089;
Nutur=Gnielinski;
Nutrans=3.523 9(Re/1 000)4–45.148(Re/1 000)3+212.13(Re/1 000)2–427.45(Re/1 000)+316.08
0.5≤Pr≤2 000,Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤3 100过渡区;
Re>3 100湍流区
下标l代表层流;下标tur代表湍流;下标trans代表过渡区
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064616448088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同形式传热关联式汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称形式参数范围备注
Gnielinski1Nu=(f/8)(Re–1 000)Pr/(1+12.7(f/8)0.5(Pr2/3–1)0.5≤Pr≤2 000;
2 300≤Re≤5×106
f=(1.82lgRe–1.64)–2
Gnielinski2Nul=(4.3643+0.63+(1.953(RePrDh/L)1/3–0.6)3)1/3
Nut=Gnielinski;
Nutrans=(1–γ)Nul,2 300+γNut,10 000γ=(Re–2 300)/(10 000–2 300)
Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤104过渡区;
Re>104湍流区
l代表层流;tur代表湍流;trans代表过渡区
ChurchillNu10=Nul10+(exp((2 200–Re)/365)/Nul2+1/Nut2)–5
Nul=4.364;
Nut=Nu0+0.079(f/2)0.5RePr/(1+Pr0.8)5/6
Nu0=6.3
全范围采用统一形式
LienhardNul=3.66+0.068 8RePr(Dh/L)/(1+0.04(RePr(Dh/L)))2/3
Nut=Gnielinski;
Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤5×106湍流区
MylavarapuNul=4.089;
Nutur=Gnielinski;
Nutrans=3.523 9(Re/1 000)4–45.148(Re/1 000)3+212.13(Re/1 000)2–427.45(Re/1 000)+316.08
0.5≤Pr≤2 000,Re<2 300层流;
2 300≤Re≤3 100过渡区;
Re>3 100湍流区
下标l代表层流;下标tur代表湍流;下标trans代表过渡区
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064721305693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Collection of Fanning factor correlations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称形式参数范围
Churchill2/f=(1/((8/Re)10+(Re/36 500)20)0.5+(2.21ln(Re/7))10)0.2全范围
Bhattif =A+B/Re1/mA=0,B=16,m=1 (Re<2 100);A=0.005 4,B=2.3◊10–8m=–2/3 (2 100≤Re≤4 000);A=1.28◊10–3B=0.114 3,m=3.215 4 (Re>4 000)全范围
Petukhovf =(0.79lnRe–1.64)–2/43 000≤Re≤5×106
Blasiusf =0.079/Re0.254 000≤Re≤105
Filonenko1/(f)0.5=1.58lnRe–3.28104Re≤107
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064842940518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同形式f因子计算关联式汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称形式参数范围
Churchill2/f=(1/((8/Re)10+(Re/36 500)20)0.5+(2.21ln(Re/7))10)0.2全范围
Bhattif =A+B/Re1/mA=0,B=16,m=1 (Re<2 100);A=0.005 4,B=2.3◊10–8m=–2/3 (2 100≤Re≤4 000);A=1.28◊10–3B=0.114 3,m=3.215 4 (Re>4 000)全范围
Petukhovf =(0.79lnRe–1.64)–2/43 000≤Re≤5×106
Blasiusf =0.079/Re0.254 000≤Re≤105
Filonenko1/(f)0.5=1.58lnRe–3.28104Re≤107
), ArticleFig(id=1241137064939409511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513215943201566, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Detailed parameters of the grid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目M1M2M3M4M5
y1810101010
y21420242832
y31420242832
y4610101010
y544444
x1810101010
x21420242832
o11215182022
第1层网格高度/mm0.005 3
网格数量165万300万446万625万840万
Tc,out/K322.550321.087321.085321.082321.080
Th,out/K299.990310.670310.670310.670310.680
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网格划分结构参数

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直通道印刷电路板式换热器过渡区传热与流动的实验与数值模拟研究
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邹宏伟 , 陈永东 , 韩冰川 , 于改革 , 张明然 , 刘孝根
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(11): 140-149
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(11): 140-149
直通道印刷电路板式换热器过渡区传热与流动的实验与数值模拟研究
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邹宏伟 , 陈永东, 韩冰川, 于改革, 张明然, 刘孝根
作者信息
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,安徽 合肥 230031
  • 邹宏伟(1995),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为石油化工领域换热设备的工艺与结构研发,

Studies of heat transfer and flow characteristics of printed circuit heat exchanger under transitional flow
Hongwei ZOU , Yongdong CHEN, Bingchuan HAN, Gaige YU, Mingran ZHANG, Xiaogen LIU
Affiliations
  • Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co, Ltd, Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301002
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制造了一台直通道及半圆形截面的印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)样机并进行了不同流量下的水-水过渡区下的传热与流动实验。采用经典宏观圆管传热与流动关联式获得的计算结果与实验结果有明显偏差,具体为实验f因子更大,总体传热系数随雷诺数的变化更复杂。因此,对相应应用范围内PCHE过渡区液体流动的传热与流动关联式进行了校准。为了获得传热关联式,利用数值模拟获得PCHE过渡区单侧平均表面传热系数。结果表明,基于平均表面传热系数获得的总体传热系数与实验值平均偏差为8.5%,最大偏差为17.2%,但基于平均表面传热系数获得的总体传热系数预测模型与实验结果的偏差在10%以内,说明通过数值模拟获得PCHE过渡区单侧平均表面传热系数是一种可行的思路。

印刷电路板式换热器  /  过渡区  /  传热与流动关联式  /  数值模拟

A Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE), with straight channels and semi-circle cross section, was fabricated and experimental studies on heat transfer and fluid flow were conducted, during which the flow regime was transition flow, water was working fluid, and flow rate of water was various. The results obtained from correlations of macro circular tubes had obvious deviations from the experimental results. Specifically, the f factor obtained from experiments are larger, and the changes of the overall heat transfer coefficient were more complex with various Reynolds number. The heat transfer and flow correlations in transition zone of PCHE was calibrated within corresponding application ranges. In order to obtain the heat transfer correlations, a numerical method was introduced to obtain one-sided average convective heat transfer coefficients under transition flow. The results showed that the average deviations of the overall heat transfer coefficient obtained from average convective heat transfer coefficients was 8.5% comparing to experimental results, while the maximum deviation reached 17.2%. However, in spite of that, a correlation to predicted the overall heat transfer coefficients through average convective ones still can be obtained, and the deviations comparing with experimental results was within 10%. It is recommended that obtaining one-sided average convective heat transfer coefficient with numerical method is feasible especially when it was transition flow in PCHE.

PCHE  /  transitional flow  /  heat transfer and flow correlations  /  experimental and numerical methods
邹宏伟, 陈永东, 韩冰川, 于改革, 张明然, 刘孝根. 直通道印刷电路板式换热器过渡区传热与流动的实验与数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 140 -149 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301002
Hongwei ZOU, Yongdong CHEN, Bingchuan HAN, Gaige YU, Mingran ZHANG, Xiaogen LIU. Studies of heat transfer and flow characteristics of printed circuit heat exchanger under transitional flow[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 140 -149 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301002
超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环系统因其换热效率高、结构紧凑等优势受到越来越多的关注。例如将太阳能和核能与S-CO2布雷顿循环系统结合,将大大提高能量转换效率。但为了实现S-CO2布雷顿循环系统的这些创新应用,需要能够在高温和高压下运行的高性能换热器,而且为了避免循环系统体积过大,换热器还应具有结构紧凑和换热效率高等特点。
在这种需求下,印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)应运而生[1]。PCHE是一种结合光-化学刻蚀技术以及真空扩散焊工艺制造的新型换热器,其由多张板片堆叠,然后通过扩散焊连接而成。每张板片上的流道通过刻蚀而成,且流道的截面形状一般为半圆形截面,特征尺寸一般在微米到毫米量级[2]。PCHE作为S-CO2布雷顿循环系统的重要器件之一,充分研究其在层流、过渡流和湍流下的传热与流动性能一直是S-CO2布雷顿循环系统需要克服的挑战之一。
目前,许多学者就通道结构优化以及传热流动性能对PCHE进行了广泛研究,但他们大多以研究层流或者湍流为主,很少考虑过渡区流动。在通道结构方面,Gezelius等人[3]从PCHE的成本分析出发,将鼓风机功率与PCHE总热负荷的比值作为衡量PCHE成本的参考,最终给出了PCHE几何参数之间的关联式。Lee等人[4]通过多目标遗传算法,把曲折通道的㶲分析作为目标函数之一,给出了ZigZag通道的节距长度、通道直径以及曲折角度对努塞特数和范宁摩擦因子的影响关系。在热工性能和水力性能的研究方面,Mylavarapu等人[5]通过在直流道PCHE中进行800 ℃ 、3.0 MPa的氦气传热与流动实验,最终给出了半圆形管道中层流入口区域的流体动力学入口长度和范宁摩擦因子的关联式。Yoon等人[6]则通过数值计算研究了ZigZag通道PCHE的几何参数对传热与摩擦系数的影响,基于计算结果,他们给出了与几何参数、雷诺数和普朗特数相关的摩擦系数与努塞特数关联式,这些关联式适用于层流状态下的曲折流道。
关于层流和湍流下的PCHE传热与流动研究还有很多,但对于过渡态下的研究相对较少。在最近的研究中,Carstens[7]推导了一系列方程以求解S-CO2在PCHE稳态和瞬态的快速解,但该方法的准确性仍需要提高。Ishzuka等人[8]通过数值模拟研究了曲折通道中S-CO2在ZigZag通道的传热流动特性,但所获得的传热与流动关联式既未区分过渡区流动,也缺少相应的实验验证。Chen等人[9]则对直通道PCHE进行了氦气下的实验和数值模拟对比,建立的动态模型成功地预测了直通道PCHE在稳态下的传热行为,但在预测瞬态行为时数值结果偏大,此外也未进行PCHE在过渡区下的压降分析。
可见,目前对于PCHE过渡区下的传热与流动研究尚不彻底,且关于PCHE内液体过渡区流动机制也暂不明晰。在过渡流下,流体会在层流与湍流之间交替,这种不稳定和混乱的流动可能使通道压力提高1个量级甚至导致PCHE在工作时发生事故[10],这在PCHE高温高压工况的使用环境中是十分危险的。因此,研究PCHE内的过渡流动至关重要。
为了解决这些问题,本文将通过实验研究直通道半圆形通道截面的PCHE液体过渡区的传热与压降特性,并最终通过实验结果给出相应的传热与流动模型。然而在此之前,需要明确所要研究的过渡区边界,但目前关于过渡区边界划分并未统一。Liu等人[1]通过实验研究发现半圆形微通道比圆形管道更早入过渡区,其区间下限可能在2 100~3 000波动。Tam等人[11]总结了过渡区边界与入口形状的关系,当入口为凹入式时过渡区雷诺数为2 900~3 500,矩形式时为3 100~3 700,钟形入口时为5 100~6 100。Everts等人[12]则通过监测圆管上不同位置流体的温度与努塞特数,最终给出圆管过渡区范围为1 828~4 283。
因此,为了保险起见,本研究的过渡区雷诺数范围将综合上述过渡区边界的研究基础进行适当扩充。其中,冷侧雷诺数限定在2 300~4 500,热侧雷诺数限定在3 000~6 100。此外,由于PCHE半圆形通道的特征尺寸一般在微米到毫米量级,因此与宏观通道相比,其具有小通道效应以及半圆形截面等效应。目前,已经有许多研究给出了圆管下不同流动区域的传热与流动关联式。文献[13]通过实验研究直接给出了圆管全范围雷诺数的准则式;文献[14]也基于实验结果建立了雷诺数在2 300~50 000的传热与流动准则式。关于宏观圆管的热工水力性能研究还有很多,但比较半圆形通道与宏观通道在过渡区传热与流动差异的相对较少。因此,对比半圆形通道与宏观圆管在过渡区的热工水力性能也是本文的研究内容之一。
本文设计和制造了直通道的小型PCHE样机;在PCHE样机中进行了传热与流动实验测试,并将实验数据与圆管经典关联式进行对比;最后根据实验数据建立液体在PCHE半圆形通道过渡区流动的传热与压降关联式。
实验试制的直通道印刷电路板式换热器样机实物以及板片通道的几何形状如图1所示。
直流道PCHE换热芯体由冷流体板片与热流体板片交替堆叠而成。详细几何尺寸见表1
根据《换热器热工性能和流体阻力特性通用测定方法》(JB/T 10379—2002)要求,此次实验在国家某热交换器质量监督检验中心CNAS、CMA认可的液-液测试系统上进行。实验系统流程如图2a)所示,其过程为:首先打开热水泵并调节电加热器功率使热侧水流量达到实验所需值,并对其持续加热至指定温度;待热水流量与温度均稳定后打开冷水泵,将冷侧水的体积流量调节至与热侧体积流量相同;待流量示数以及温度示数均稳定后,开始记录冷、热两侧的温度、压差、体积流量及压力等数据,并计算两侧的换热量,如此循环直至实验结束。实验结果的准确性通过计算冷、热侧的换热量偏差来确定。冷、热侧的换热量偏差均在±5%内,说明实验结果可靠。冷热两侧热负荷比较如图2b)所示。
实验过程中采用的测量仪表信息见表2
流量、温度和压力测量结果对实验结果的影响最大,因此表2给出了相关仪表的不确定度。根据计算整理得到雷诺数、摩擦系数和总传热系数的最大不确定度分别在3.07%、4.45%、3.27%。
实验不确定度通过Moffat[15]给出的方法获得,其定义为:
WR+={i=1N(R+xiWxi)2}1/2
式中:R+为关于xi的函数。
实验过程中采用的工质均为液态水。实验共进行了10组实验且每组实验均重复3次。PCHE内水-水传热实验工况见表3。实验时入口温度会持续波动,但每组工况均保证其波动范围在1 ℃以内。此外,根据泵的量程以及所要研究的雷诺数范围,控制入口体积流量在1.0~1.9 m3/h,冷、热侧体积流量一致,且由于流体物性的差异,热侧入口雷诺数大于冷侧入口雷诺数。
为了研究现有经典关联式的适用性,本文对现有经典关联式进行了汇总。表4列出了部分国外经典努塞特数Nu的关联式[5,13-14,16]表5给出了部分经典的范宁摩擦因子(Fanning factor,f因子)关联式[17-20]。各关联式的雷诺数使用范围与本实验测试范围并不完全覆盖,出于对比分析的目的,对不覆盖雷诺数范围的准则式也进行了关联式计算,以检验其适用性。
根据采集的不同体积流量下温度、压力等数据进行传热分析,具体过程如下。
Dh=4Ac/P=πD/(π+2)
式中:Dh为水力直径,m;Ac为通道横截面积,m2P为半圆形通道湿周,m;D为半圆形通道直径,m。
Re=GDh/μ
式中:Re为雷诺数;G为质量流率,kg/(m2∙s);μ为流体动力黏度,Pa∙s。
Qh=m˙hcph(Th,inTh,out)
式中:Qh为热侧放热量,W;m˙h为热侧质量流量,kg/h;cph为热侧定压比热容,J/(kg∙K);Th,inTh,out分别为热侧入口温度和热侧出口温度,K。
Qc=m˙ccpc(Tc,outTc,in)
式中:Qc为冷侧换热量,W;m˙c为冷侧质量流量,kg/h;cpc为冷侧定压比热容,J/(kg∙K);Tc,inTc,out分别为冷侧入口温度和冷侧出口温度,K。
ΔTlmtd=((Th,inTh,out)(Tc,outTc,in))ln((Th,inTh,out)/(Tc,outTc,in))
式中:ΔTlmtd为对数平均温差,K。
Nu=hcDh/λf
式中:Nu为努塞特数;hc为表面传热系数,W/(m2∙K);λf为流体热导率,W/(m∙K)。
f=ΔpDh/2ρu2L
式中:f为范宁摩擦因子;L为流道沿程长度,m;∆p为流体经过PCHE时的阻力损失。
p包括:1)流经进口管箱和出口管箱的压力损失;2)流经芯体时的压力损失;3)进入芯体与离开芯体时的压力损失。
Δp=Gv'2[(1σ2K')+2(v''v'1)+4fLvmDhv'(1σ2K'')v''v'+ξavmv']
式中:v′、v′′、vm分别为芯体进口温度、出口温度和它们算数平均温度的比体积,m3/kg;σ为换热器芯体的孔隙度,等于自由流动面积与芯体横截面积之比,取0.133;K′、K′′为芯体进口与出口处的经验压力损失系数,查阅文献[21]分别取0.459和0.752;ξa为端盖的经验局部阻力系数[22],取0.595。
图3给出了冷、热出口压降以及f因子随雷诺数的变化情况。从图3a)可知,在相同入口流量下,热侧通道压降略大于冷侧通道压降,这是由热侧通道90o弯头造成的额外压力损失。相应地,在图3b)给出的两侧f因子比较中,热侧f因子值整体大于冷侧f因子。但值得注意的是,冷侧f因子在入口流量增加的过程中表现为先上升后下降。这可能是因为在入口流量从1.0 m3/h变化到1.1 m3/h时,冷侧通道流型发生转捩导致通道压降增加,f因子上升;但随着入口流量的增加流动冷侧流动逐渐接近湍流,因此又出现f因子随流量的增大而下降。在早期英国Heatric公司的板片刻蚀通道的流动研究中也出现过类似情况[23]
对半圆形通道的f因子与经典关联式进行对比。图4分别给出了实验冷、热侧范宁摩擦因子与关联式预测值的比较结果。
图4可知,实验获得的f因子普遍大于关联式预测值。这可能有2方面原因:一方面是因为半圆形通道具有小通道效应,导致其通道阻力降一般大于宏观通道;另一方面是由于热效应导致。对于前者如在Mylavarapu等人[5]的研究中,对水力直径为1.2 mm的半圆形通道进行了雷诺数为1 000~4 000的氦气传热与流动实验,也发现小通道的冷、热侧f因子也均大于Shah[24]提出的常规圆管经验公式预测值,类似的结果也在Song[25]的研究中被发现。对于后者在Tam等人[11,26]的研究中发现传热效应也可能导致管道内f因子发生变化,通过在内径为1.58 cm的管道上分别施加3、8、16 kW/m2的热流密度,最终发现在层流和过渡流下,加热管道的f因子与未加热管道的f因子之间有明显差异。在此基础上,Tam等人[26]进一步研究了加热效果对于层流和过渡流雷诺数范围的影响,通过在内径为1.48 cm的管道上施加不同的热流密度,发现对管道加热会改变过渡区雷诺数的上下限,但未对这种现象做出解释。这可能是小通道和宏观通道的差异所造成的,后续将对这一现象进行深入讨论。
图4可见,目前经典的宏观通道f因子关联式不能直接预测半圆形通道中液体过渡区下的f因子,因此需要重新考虑半圆形通道下液体过渡区的f因子关联式。考虑到Churchill公式适用于全范围雷诺数,将基于Churchill的关联式进行雷诺数在2 300~6 100的f因子准则式修正。同时考虑到此关联式涉及换热过程,在公式中引入普朗特数,最终给出的f因子准则式为:
f=0.04Re0.166Pr0.026+0.025lnRe0.028  9                                           (2 300<Re<6 100)
图5为实验f因子与式(10)计算获得f因子比较。由图5可见,关联式f因子与实验f因子的偏差在10%以内,说明关联式可用于预测半圆形通道液体过渡区下阻力特性。
在传热分析过程中,需要考虑冷、热侧的表面传热系数。一般获得冷、热侧表面传热系数的方法是通过Wilson作图法[27]或直接通过实验测量获得。其中,Wilson作图法是一种可以基于换热器总传热系数计算获得冷、热侧表面传热系数的方法。但该方法的局限在于需要内部流体在单纯的层流区或者湍流区流动。由于本文研究的过渡流是层流和过渡流的叠加,因此无法通过Wilson作图法获得单侧的表面传热系数。而实验测量法则是可以在1根管道上设置多个温度测点,通过测量流体平均温度、壁面温度、热流密度等参数最终获得管道的平均表面传热系数[12]。但这种方法适用于单管模型,对于PCHE样机而言,其扩散焊的制造工艺导致很难在单条半圆形通道内布置多个温度测点来测量单侧表面传热系数。因此,为了获得单侧表面传热系数,将引入数值模拟方法近似获取平均的实验表面传热系数的变化趋势及范围,以辅助完成PCHE的传热分析。
求解流体流动与传热的方程包括连续性方程、动量守恒方程与能量守恒方程,其稳态守恒形式如下[28]
连续性方程为:
·(ρV)=0
动量守恒方程为:
·{ρVV}=p+·{μ[V+(V)T]}+(λ·V)
能量方程为:
·[ρVe]=·q˙s·[pV]+·[τ·V]
式中:V为速度矢量;p为静压;λμ分别为第二黏性系数和分子黏性系数;τ为切应力;qs为通过单位面积的热量。
为了在减少计算成本的同时获得合理的计算结果,在数值模拟过程中对计算模型进行了调整;将调整后模型的计算结果与实验结果进行比较,当模拟结果与实验结果偏差较小时认为简化模型合理。将图6a)热流体板片的“侧进侧出”流道,调整为图6b)的“直进直出”流道。由于调整后的计算模型均为“直进直出”的通道结构,因此其通道的排列具有周期性。此时,计算模型满足使用周期性边界的条件,可将模型简化为图6c)的1对具有周期性边界的冷、热通道。这种方法获得的计算模型与实际模型具有较大差异,但由于数值模拟的目的是为了近似获得实验中冷、热侧的表面传热系数,因此只要模拟出口温度与实验出口温度的偏差足够小,便可近似认为模型调整前与调整后的平均表面传热系数近似。
对于计算模型的选取,Rezaeiha等人[29]与雷娟棉等[30]通过比较圆柱绕流的模拟与实验结果,认为Transition SST可以较为准确地预测过渡流中边界层的转捩与近壁面的流动特征,因此推荐在进行过渡区模拟时采用Transition SST模型。为了进一步证明这种模型的可靠性,分别将Laminar模型、SST k-ω模型以及Transition SST模型的计算结果与实验结果进行比较,结果如图7所示。由图7可见:Laminar模型计算获得的单通道热负荷比实验值小;而SST k-ω模型计算获得的热侧计算结果比实验值小,冷侧计算结果比实验值大。相比之下,Transition SST模型与实验结果更接近。因此,选用Transition SST模型是可靠的。
计算采用的介质均为液态水,其物性参数为关于温度的函数,计算边界条件设置了2对周期面,采用速度入口和压力出口,热侧流体的进口温度及冷侧流体的进口温度与实验值相同。入口流速根据入口雷诺数以及水的物性参数计算获得。
图8为计算区域离散方法示意。为了满足Transition SST的使用条件,设置网格边界层增长比不超过1.1,边界层数量大于10且控制壁面y+小于1。网格独立性验证结果见表6,其中通过改变线段上的节点数来改变网格数量和网格疏密程度,最终网格设置以冷侧出口温度Tc,out和热侧出口温度Th,out为参考。从表6可知,从M2组开始,冷、热侧的出口温度不再明显变化,说明从M2的网格密度及网格数量开始,网格所造成的计算误差已经可以忽略不计,因此最终以M2组为网格生成方法。
首先对数值模拟结果的可靠性进行验证。此处将多组实验出口温度与数值模拟出口温度的结果进行比较,结果如图9所示。
图9可见,出口温度预测的数值模拟结果与实验结果接近。但图9中出口温度没有随体积流量的增加而线性变化,这主要是因为每次实验的冷、热侧入口温度不一致所导致的。
图10给出了数值模拟与实验结果间的热负荷偏差。
图10可见:热侧数值模拟与实验结果热负荷的最大偏差为4.2%,平均偏差为2.7%;冷侧数值模拟与实验结果热负荷的最大偏差为5.0%,平均偏差为2.1%。可见,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,数值计算采用的方法可靠。因此基于该数值模拟方法测量冷、热侧表面传热系数,结果如图11所示。由图11可见,随着入口流量的增加两侧的表面传热系数均在上升。
实验结果、数值计算结果以及经典关联式预测结果对比结果如图12所示。
图12可见,半圆形通道液体过渡区下的总体传热系数值与宏观管道的经典关联式偏差较大。Gnielinski1关联式预测结果与实验结果的平均偏差为32.0%;Churchill关联式预测结果与实验结果的平均偏差为26.6%;Lienhard关联式预测结果与实验结果的平均偏差为25.8%;Mylavarap关联式预测结果与实验结果的平均偏差达27.6%;Gnielinski2关联式预测结果与实验结果的最大偏差为23.1%,平均偏差达12.0%。值得注意的是,数值模拟预测结果与实验结果的平均偏差达8.5%,最大偏差为17.2%。产生偏差的原因有2方面:一方面是因为数值计算测量值为沿管道流动长度加权平均后的结果,因此所获值为入口发展段和充分发展段的加权平均;另一方面是因为此次数值模拟假设每条通道的流量相同,因此导致数值计算结果与实验值产生偏差。
虽然数值结果与实验值存在一定的偏差,但8.5%的平均偏差仍可接受。利用表面传热系数模拟值进行努塞特数关联式拟合。从图12可见,实验总体传热系数与Gnielinski2的结果接近,因此关联式形式基于Gnielinski2形式进行改进。根据表面传热系数模拟值获得的努塞特关联式为:
Nu=0.75+0.321Re1.46Pr0.17(Dh/L)/       (0.49Re+0.1RePr)0.15(2 300<Re<6 100)
通过式(14)计算总体传热系数,并将其与实验结果对比,结果如图13所示。由图13可知,两者的平均偏差控制为4.77%,最大偏差不超过10%。基于数值模拟计算获得关联式修正的思路是可行的,但还需进一步提高数值计算获得总体传热系数的精度。
本文进行了直通道PCHE样机内水-水在过渡区状态下流动传热性能实验,并且将实验结果与经典关联式预测性能进行了对比,在对比过程中通过实验与数值模拟方法相结合,给出了PCHE在2 300≤Re≤6 100,且工质为液体时的流动与传热关联式。
1)对于PCHE液体过渡区流动,发现半圆形通道的小通道效应和换热过程是造成宏观通道f因子经典关联式预测结果与实验值偏差较大的原因。在考虑小通道效应和换热效应的情况下,提出了半圆形通道液体过渡区f因子关联式,关联式预测结果与实验结果的偏差控制在10%以内。
2)在PCHE半圆形通道液体过渡区的传热分析中,宏观通道的传热关联式与实验值也具有偏差。为了对传热关联式进行修正,通过数值模拟的方法接近PCHE半圆形通道液体过渡区单侧的表面传热系数。最终获得的努塞特关联式与实验测得总体传热系数的偏差控制在10%以内。说明用数值模拟方法测量过渡区单侧表面传热系数的思路可靠,但目前仍需要进一步提高准确性。
  • 安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(202104a05020024)
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司博士科技基金(2020011748)
  • 国机集团重大科技专项(ZDZX2021-1)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301002
  • 接收时间:2023-01-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-01
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Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project(202104a05020024)
安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(202104a05020024)
Doctor Science Fund of Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd.(2020011748)
合肥通用机械研究院有限公司博士科技基金(2020011748)
Major Science and Technology Projects of Sinomach(ZDZX2021-1)
国机集团重大科技专项(ZDZX2021-1)
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    合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,安徽 合肥 230031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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