Article(id=1222513214374536089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202302022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676908800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399463504, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399463504, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399463504, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399463504, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513216593322024, articleId=1222513214374536089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental research on monitoring the wall temperature distribution by radiation image processing, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combustion monitoring in large industrial furnace can be simplified to a radiation heat transfer problem within the enclosed cavity system, and precise quantification of its boundary radiation characteristic is the basis to carry out follow-up studyon the radiation inverse problem, but the coupled problem of wall radiation and media radiation need to be solved. A Monte Carlo priciple was involved to solve the radiation heat transfer equation in the enclosed cavity, and to decouple the shares of wall radiation and media radiation in the boundary detection information. The influence of temperature distribution and radiation properties on the share of wall radiation were discussed, at last the experiment verifies the feasibility of using the radiation information of boundary detection to retrieve the wall source term. This study will provide a reference to the exploration of physical field detection method of wall surface in industrial furnace.

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大型工业炉窑燃烧监测可简化为封闭空腔体系内的辐射换热问题,精确定量其边界辐射特性是开展后续辐射逆问题研究的基础,而这需要解决壁面辐射与空间辐射相互耦合的难题。通过引入基于蒙特卡洛的DRESOR法来精确求解封闭空腔内部辐射传热方程,解耦了计算边界处检测能量中分别来自空间辐射和壁面辐射的份额,并比较了温度分布和辐射物性参数对壁面辐射贡献份额的影响,最后实验验证了利用边界检测辐射信息反演壁面温度的可行性。本研究将为探索工业炉窑壁面热物理量场检测方法提供参考。

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张向宇(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为锅炉数字孪生技术,

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基于辐射图像处理的壁温分布监测实验研究
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张向宇 1 , 杜建民 2 , 杜智华 1 , 马山海 2 , 吕田 2 , 方顺利 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(11): 180-185
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(11): 180-185
基于辐射图像处理的壁温分布监测实验研究
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张向宇1 , 杜建民2, 杜智华1, 马山海2, 吕田2, 方顺利1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司电站锅炉煤清洁燃烧国家工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能兰州热电有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州 730100
  • 张向宇(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为锅炉数字孪生技术,

Experimental research on monitoring the wall temperature distribution by radiation image processing
Xiangyu ZHANG1 , Jianmin DU2, Zhihua DU1, Shanhai MA2, Tian LYU2, Shunli FANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd. & National Engineering Research Center of Clean Coal Combustion, Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Lanzhou Thermal Power CO., Ltd., Lanzhou 730100, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302022
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大型工业炉窑燃烧监测可简化为封闭空腔体系内的辐射换热问题,精确定量其边界辐射特性是开展后续辐射逆问题研究的基础,而这需要解决壁面辐射与空间辐射相互耦合的难题。通过引入基于蒙特卡洛的DRESOR法来精确求解封闭空腔内部辐射传热方程,解耦了计算边界处检测能量中分别来自空间辐射和壁面辐射的份额,并比较了温度分布和辐射物性参数对壁面辐射贡献份额的影响,最后实验验证了利用边界检测辐射信息反演壁面温度的可行性。本研究将为探索工业炉窑壁面热物理量场检测方法提供参考。

工业炉窑  /  燃烧检测  /  辐射  /  壁面  /  蒙特卡洛

Combustion monitoring in large industrial furnace can be simplified to a radiation heat transfer problem within the enclosed cavity system, and precise quantification of its boundary radiation characteristic is the basis to carry out follow-up studyon the radiation inverse problem, but the coupled problem of wall radiation and media radiation need to be solved. A Monte Carlo priciple was involved to solve the radiation heat transfer equation in the enclosed cavity, and to decouple the shares of wall radiation and media radiation in the boundary detection information. The influence of temperature distribution and radiation properties on the share of wall radiation were discussed, at last the experiment verifies the feasibility of using the radiation information of boundary detection to retrieve the wall source term. This study will provide a reference to the exploration of physical field detection method of wall surface in industrial furnace.

industrial furnace  /  combustion detection  /  radiation  /  wall  /  Monte Carlo
张向宇, 杜建民, 杜智华, 马山海, 吕田, 方顺利. 基于辐射图像处理的壁温分布监测实验研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 180 -185 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302022
Xiangyu ZHANG, Jianmin DU, Zhihua DU, Shanhai MA, Tian LYU, Shunli FANG. Experimental research on monitoring the wall temperature distribution by radiation image processing[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 180 -185 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302022
工业燃烧过程可简化为封闭空腔体系内的辐射换热问题。作为给定几何形状的受限空间,求解空腔内辐射换热方程时必须给定辐射在空间边界上的传输特征,而这依赖于对边界辐射特性的定量求解。在辐射逆问题研究中普遍采用边界处的辐射强度信息来重建源项分布[1-2],其中对壁面温度反演的精度决定能否在边界处检测到足够的壁面辐射能量。
封闭空腔边界处的辐射强度主要由空间辐射贡献和壁面辐射贡献构成。一方面,高温壁面辐射在总换热量中占据较大份额[3],但在介质单元的吸收、散射和壁面单元的吸收作用下,能够到达边界处的辐射能量是个未知数;另一方面,边界条件极其复杂,壁面辐射与空间辐射相互耦合[4],精确求解边界辐射强度中壁面辐射的贡献份额非常困难。
研究人员用数值方法分析了开口空腔中湍流自然对流与表面辐射相互耦合的复杂传热问题,结果表明不论过热度大小如何,只要壁面发射率不是太小,辐射换热在复合换热中所占的份额均是不可忽略的[5]。相关研究应用热辐射数值计算方程研究了蜂窝陶瓷非等温空腔的辐射特性,研究指出在壁面发射率ε<1的情况下,非等温空腔辐射大于壁面辐射[6]。有学者发展了求解积分辐射传输方程组的方法来计算充满非均匀辐射性气体封闭腔出口向后半球的辐射特性[7]。在辐射逆问题研究中,通常忽略壁面的辐射发射和反射作用,将其考虑为非反射性冷壁面,这与实际是不符的。近来有学者开始研究光学厚度对壁面辐射的影响,指出在大光学厚度下,壁面辐射对温度重建的影响可以忽略[8]。冯玉霄等研究了壁面吸收系数对温度重建误差的影响,尝试将壁面温度与空间燃烧介质温度进行联合重建[9]
为研究边界辐射能量检测信息对壁面温度重建精度的影响,本文采用一种基于Monte Carlo(蒙特卡洛)的DRESOR法解耦求解壁面辐射到达空腔边界处的份额,定量研究壁面温度、壁面发射率、消光系数等辐射特性参数对壁面辐射贡献份额的影响,并开展了壁面温度分布监测的实验研究。
大型工业炉窑内燃料燃烧是发生在封闭空腔中的复杂物理化学过程,目前还缺乏有效的燃烧检测手段。辐射图像处理、红外高温计、光谱仪等间接测量方法均是通过捕捉炉膛边界处的辐射强度信息来重建炉内源项分布,具体如图1所示。布置在空腔边界上的CCD(charge coupled device)摄像机接收到的是高方向分辨率的边界辐射强度图像,主要由空间辐射贡献和壁面辐射贡献2项构成(式(1)),其分别代表了能够在边界处检测到的来自空间介质和壁面的辐射能量大小:
I(O,s)=I(w,s)+I(v,s)
式中:I(O,s)为O点处接收到来自s视线方向上的辐射强度,W/(m2·Sr);I(w,s)为s视线方向上接收到的来自壁面的辐射强度,W/(m2·Sr);I(v,s)为s视线方向上接收到的来自空间介质的辐射强度,W/(m2·Sr)。
空间介质辐射会受到壁面单元的吸收和反射,同时壁面辐射也会受到空间介质的吸收和散射,二者相互耦合。本文采用基于Monte Carlo的DRESOR法来解耦求解边界处壁面辐射和空间介质辐射的贡献份额[10],见式(2)、式(3)。
I(w,s)=w0lw14πelβ(l')dl'εσRd(w,l,s)Tw4dldw+w1πelwβ(l')dl'εσRd(w,w,s)Tw4dw+1πelwβ(l')dl'εσTw4
I(v,s)=v0lw1πelβ(l')dl'kn2σRd(v,l,s)Tv4dldv+v4πelwβ(l')dl'kn2σRd(v,w,s)Tv4dv+0lw1πelβ(l')dl'kn2σTv4dl
式中:Rd(w,l,s)、Rd(w,w,s)、Rd(v,l,s)、Rd(v,w,s)均为DRESOR数[11]k为介质单元吸收系数,m-1ε为壁面发射率;TvTw分别为空间介质温度和壁面温度,K;σ为玻尔兹曼常数。
采用系数φ(式(4))来描述壁面辐射贡献所占的份额,其物理意义为壁面辐射在边界检测能量中所占的比例。
φ=0πI(w,s)ds0πI(O,s)ds
对式(2)和式(3)中的积分项进行离散化,将壁面划分为m个网格,空间区域划分为n个网格,CCD摄像机的靶面划分为p个像素单元,式(1)可改写为:
I(i)=j=1mRd,w(ji)εσTw,j4ΔSw,j+j=m+1m+nRd,v(ji)4kσTv,j4ΔVv,j i=1,,p
式中:I(i)为摄像机第i个成像单元接收的辐射强度,W/(m2·Sr);ΔVv、ΔSw分别为空间单元体积和壁面单元面积,单位分别是m3和m2;系数φ可根据式(6)计算得到。
φ=i=1pj=1mRd,w(ji)εσTw,j4ΔSw,ji=1pI(i)
进一步探讨利用边界检测能量反演壁面温度的适用范围,这属于辐射逆问题的研究范畴[12]。将式(5)矩阵化得到式(7):
I=AT
A(i,j)={Rd,w(ji)σεΔSw,j,   j=1,,mRd,v(ji)4kσΔVv,j  j=m+1,,m+n
当边界检测的辐射强度已知时,可以通过求解式(7)来获得辐射温度分布,但式(7)是个严重的病态方程。这里采用一种正则化方法[13]来逼近式(7)的最优解,结果如式(9):
Tre=(ATA+αDTD)1ATI
式中:Tre为重建得到的温度分布,K;a为正则化参数;D为正则化矩阵。正则化方法的重建误差由式(10)确定。
RT=TreT0L2T0,ave
式中:RT为温度重建误差;T0为真实温度,K;T0,ave为真实温度的平均值,K;L2为二范数。
假定封闭空腔尺寸为3 300 mm×2 700 mm×5 460 mm,空腔内部充满弥散性介质。假设壁面为灰性发射、吸收、漫反射表面,空间介质为灰性发射、吸收、各向同性散射介质。假定空间介质和壁面温度均匀分布,壁面发射率为0.75,空间介质吸收系数为0.2 m–1,散射系数为0.4 m–1,计算不同温度分布下系数φ的大小,具体如图2所示。由图2可知:随着壁面温度的升高,壁面辐射份额逐步增大;而随着空间介质温度的升高,壁面辐射份额逐渐减小。
空间介质的消光系数为吸收系数和散射系数之和,表征弥散性介质对辐射能量传递的衰减作用。假定空间介质和壁面温度均匀分布且均为1 500 K,壁面发射率为0.75。计算不同消光系数下探测器接收的壁面辐射份额,具体如图3所示。首先通过纯散射无吸收介质来验证算法的正确性,当吸收系数为0时,空间介质无发射,边界检测能量全部来自壁面辐射,壁面辐射份额等于100%,与计算结果相吻合;随着吸收系数增大,壁面辐射份额逐渐减小。相同的吸收系数下改变散射系数时,壁面辐射份额改变很小,这表明空间介质的吸收是引起壁面辐射衰减的主要原因,吸收系数越大,到达边界处的壁面辐射份额越小。
进一步考察壁面发射率对壁面辐射份额的影响,假定空间介质和壁面温度均匀分布且均为1 500 K,计算不同壁面发射率和消光系数组合下的系数,具体如图4所示。
图4可知:当壁面发射率为0时,即为纯吸收黑体壁面,此时壁面辐射份额一直为0,表明边界检测能量全部来自空间介质辐射;当壁面发射率增大时,壁面辐射份额逐渐上升;当空间介质消光系数增大时,壁面辐射份额逐渐减小;对于无吸收纯反射壁面,边界处壁面辐射占据较大份额。
首先设定封闭空腔内的温度分布,一般设定介质区域为单峰分布,壁面温度均匀分布,根据式(5)计算边界辐射强度分布,然后将均值为0、标准方差为0.03的正态分布的随机误差加到边界辐射强度上作为测量误差[14],代入式(7)中重建壁面和空间介质温度分布。图5给出了不同介质消光系数下温度反演的结果。由图5可以看出,当介质吸收系数增大时,壁面温度的重建误差逐渐增大,而高温介质区域的重建误差基本不变。
进一步降低壁面温度,而高温介质区域的温度保持不变,二者出现较大的温度梯度,类似工业场景中的电站锅炉。在正则化方法中,正则化矩阵的赋值主要基于温度平滑性约束的假设,测量误差首先对低温区的重建结果产生影响,较大的温度梯度很容易使低温区温度落入负值区,因此对于壁面和介质存在较大温度梯度的情况,应取消壁面和空间介质温度之间的平滑性约束[15],并增加绝对值约束,这主要通过对正则化矩阵的赋值来实现。反演结果如图6所示。由图6可知,当壁面温度降低到1 000 K且远低于介质温度时,壁面温度重建误差的最大值达到了200 K。
计算5个工况下边界检测到的壁面辐射份额,并计算壁面温度的反演误差,结果如图7所示。由图7可以看出,随着壁面辐射份额增大,壁面温度反演误差减小。当壁面辐射份额大于10%时,温度反演误差小于4%,接近测量误差。这表明要准确反演壁面温度,必须保证在边界处检测到较大份额的壁面辐射。这里采用壁面辐射份额来统一描述介质温度、壁面温度、辐射物性参数等对壁面反演误差的影响,为壁温分布监测的可行性和误差水平提供了一个简单的判断依据。
在一台管式加热炉上开展了实验研究,实验系统如图8所示。炉膛内部尺寸为3 300 mm×2 700 mm×5 460 mm,4支CCD探测器布置在炉膛前后墙上,分为2层布置,捕捉炉膛边界处的辐射强度信息。燃烧器布置在炉膛底部,燃料为天然气和丙烷,炉管布置在炉膛左侧靠近炉壁处,由于炉管直径远小于炉内空间尺寸,将炉管简化为平壁面处理。炉管内部采用空气冷却,模拟工质的流动。
CCD探测器获取的辐射检测信息如图9所示,上面2幅为CCD1和CCD2的图像,下面2幅为CCD3和CCD4的图像。火焰图像的本质是辐射能量在CCD靶面上的累积信息。由图9可以看到:在燃烧器区域,火焰辐射占据较大份额,壁面的图像信息主要来自火焰在壁面上的反射;而在没有火焰的炉膛上部区域,能够看到清晰的壁面图像,这表明CCD探测器接收到了很强的壁面辐射信息。
提取图像中每个像素的RGB值,并根据标定数据转换为边界辐射强度信息,然后通过逆问题求解方法反演得到火焰和炉管壁面温度分布[16],并用伪彩色云图表示,三维温度反演结果如图10所示。对于气体火焰可忽略颗粒散射,重建过程中假定介质吸收系数为0.1 m–1,散射系数为0,炉管和炉壁表面发射率均为0.75。由图10可知,空间区域温度反映出明显的单火嘴火焰形状,由于燃烧器布置在炉膛底部,炉管表面温度呈现上低下高的分布趋势。
在整个实验过程中连续拍摄火焰图像,然后反演炉管壁面温度,并与热电偶测量结果进行对比,热电偶贴在炉管壁面上,反演温度取热电偶布置位置所在的网格,结果如图11所示。由图11的比较曲线可以看出,当壁面辐射较小时,温度反演的误差较大,随着炉管温度升高,壁面辐射份额增大,反演的炉管壁面温度与热电偶测量结果基本吻合。这表明在管式加热炉这类工业炉窑中,壁面温度很高,在炉膛边界能够检测到很强的壁面辐射信息,这些辐射信息可用于实时反演壁面温度分布,并且测量精度满足工业要求。
采用基于Monte Carlo的DRESOR法实现了封闭空腔内辐射传递过程的解耦求解,得到了空腔边界检测能量中来自壁面辐射的份额。对于纯吸收黑体壁面,边界检测能量全部来自空间介质辐射;对于纯散射无吸收介质,边界检测能量全部来自壁面辐射。
在工业炉窑中,当边界处壁面辐射份额较大时,利用CCD摄像机在炉膛边界检测的辐射图像能够准确反演得到壁面温度分布。该研究的意义在于,在一些以加热工质为目的的工业炉窑中,监测壁面温度对调控工质品质具有重要意义。通过从炉膛边界检测信息中解耦火焰辐射和壁面辐射,可为壁面热物理量场检测提供一种新的方法。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H34; HNKJ21-HF304)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302022
  • 接收时间:2023-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-21
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H34; HNKJ21-HF304)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H34; HNKJ21-HF304)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司电站锅炉煤清洁燃烧国家工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能兰州热电有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州 730100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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