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The exhausted heat losses in the PRC and inefficiency in medium and low heat source applications are significant challenges affecting the application of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for renewable energy sources. To achieve efficient utilization, a precooler-free power/cooling combined system with superior heat source adaptability is proposed and analyzed. Integrating with the precooling-heating coupled module and the absorption power/cooling module instead of the PRC, the waste heat from the LTR is completely recovered, moreover, multiple operating modes ensure that the system performance unaffected by ambient temperature and seasonal changes. Parametric studies indicate that the TUR2 inlet temperature, the WHE1 outflow overheat degree, and the hot end temperature difference have significant effects on the Split Ratio, energy outputs, and the coupling relations among modules. Moreover, due to the improvement of irreversibility and the decrease of exergy losses, the three-largest exergy destructions occur in the IHE, the TUR1, and the RET+GEN, which account for 56.1%, 6.9%, and 5.2% respectively. Furthermore, the optimized cases exhibit optimal ηthermal, ηexergy, cP,total, and Wnet of 84.2%, 74.1%, 9.48 dollars/GJ, and 397.4 MW respectively.

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大量的废热损失和在中低热源应用下的低效率是影响超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环在可再生能源应用的重大挑战。为实现能量的高效利用,提出并分析了一种具有较好热源适应性的布雷顿联合循环系统。该系统通过集成预冷-锅炉耦合模块和吸收式发电/制冷耦合模块代替常规预冷器,可以完全回收预冷器的余热,通过多种工作模式,保证系统性能不受环境温度和季节变化的影响。研究结果表明:透平2入口温度、余热回热器1出口过热度和热端温差对系统分流比、能量输出和模块间耦合关系有显著影响;此外,由于不可逆性的改善和㶲损失的减少,中间换热器、透平1和发生器(含精馏塔)的㶲损失分别占比56.1%、6.9%和5.2%;优化后的热效率、㶲效率、产品㶲流成本和净输出功分别达到84.2%、74.1%、9.48美元/GJ和397.4 MW。

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韩冰川(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为能源系统分析与优化、高效换热设备设计工艺开发,

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韩冰川(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为能源系统分析与优化、高效换热设备设计工艺开发,

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ABS1—吸收器1;ABS2—吸收器2;CON—冷凝器;EVA—蒸发器;GEN—发生器;HTR—高温回热器;HTS—高温热源;IHE—中间换热器;LTR—低温回热器;MCP—主压缩机;P1—加压泵1;P2—加压泵2;PRC—预冷器;RCP—再压缩压缩机;RET—精馏塔;SHR1—溶液换热器1;SHR2—溶液换热器2;SPL—分流器;TUR1—透平1;TUR2—透平2;VAL1—减压阀1;VAL2—节流阀;VAL3—减压阀3;WHE1—余热换热器1;WHE2—余热换热器2。

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figureFileBig=38J04/59AO2/F80Zm5LK3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137061269401808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213850243819, language=CN, label=图11, caption=多种优化情况下联合循环系统㶲经济性指标, figureFileSmall=Fk+q+bUWI3E10Lbk/HOAuw==, figureFileBig=38J04/59AO2/F80Zm5LK3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137061361676500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213850243819, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The capital investment models for each system component

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主要部件资本投资成本函数
核反应堆 Zr=cQr·, c=283/(kWt)
透平 Zt=479.34min·10.93ηtln(TRt)(1+e0.036Tin54.4)
压缩机 Zc=71.1min·10.92ηtPRcln(PRc)
氨换热器 Zh=2 143Ah0.514
Zp=1 120Wp0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061470728411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213850243819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统主要部件的资本投资模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要部件资本投资成本函数
核反应堆 Zr=cQr·, c=283/(kWt)
透平 Zt=479.34min·10.93ηtln(TRt)(1+e0.036Tin54.4)
压缩机 Zc=71.1min·10.92ηtPRcln(PRc)
氨换热器 Zh=2 143Ah0.514
Zp=1 120Wp0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061592363235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213850243819, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Selection of optimal decision variables parameters for various objective circumstances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目基本情况优化情况
ηthermalηexergyCP,total
TUR1进口温度/℃500645619641
TUR1进口压力/MPa22.0025.9029.5023.30
TUR2进口压力/MPa3.503.853.303.30
TUR2进口氨质量分数0.790.910.920.91
WHE1过热度/℃5.01.13.210.7
WHE1夹点温差/℃20.022.930.716.4
HTR有效度0.850.880.930.92
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061688832235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213850243819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各种优化情况下所选择的最优决策变量参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目基本情况优化情况
ηthermalηexergyCP,total
TUR1进口温度/℃500645619641
TUR1进口压力/MPa22.0025.9029.5023.30
TUR2进口压力/MPa3.503.853.303.30
TUR2进口氨质量分数0.790.910.920.91
WHE1过热度/℃5.01.13.210.7
WHE1夹点温差/℃20.022.930.716.4
HTR有效度0.850.880.930.92
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全回热超临界二氧化碳布雷顿联合循环特性及㶲经济性分析
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韩冰川 , 陈永东 , 于改革 , 邹宏伟 , 宋嘉梁
热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023,52(11): 76-84
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热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023, 52(11): 76-84
全回热超临界二氧化碳布雷顿联合循环特性及㶲经济性分析
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韩冰川 , 陈永东, 于改革, 邹宏伟, 宋嘉梁
作者信息
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,安徽 合肥 230021
  • 韩冰川(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为能源系统分析与优化、高效换热设备设计工艺开发,

Study on characteristics and exergo-economic analysis of completely recuperative supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton combined cycle
Bingchuan HAN , Yongdong CHEN, Gaige YU, Hongwei ZOU, Jialiang SONG
Affiliations
  • Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co, Ltd, Hefei 230021, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301015
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大量的废热损失和在中低热源应用下的低效率是影响超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环在可再生能源应用的重大挑战。为实现能量的高效利用,提出并分析了一种具有较好热源适应性的布雷顿联合循环系统。该系统通过集成预冷-锅炉耦合模块和吸收式发电/制冷耦合模块代替常规预冷器,可以完全回收预冷器的余热,通过多种工作模式,保证系统性能不受环境温度和季节变化的影响。研究结果表明:透平2入口温度、余热回热器1出口过热度和热端温差对系统分流比、能量输出和模块间耦合关系有显著影响;此外,由于不可逆性的改善和㶲损失的减少,中间换热器、透平1和发生器(含精馏塔)的㶲损失分别占比56.1%、6.9%和5.2%;优化后的热效率、㶲效率、产品㶲流成本和净输出功分别达到84.2%、74.1%、9.48美元/GJ和397.4 MW。

布雷顿发电系统  /  氨水吸收式系统  /  联合循环  /  㶲经济性分析

The exhausted heat losses in the PRC and inefficiency in medium and low heat source applications are significant challenges affecting the application of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for renewable energy sources. To achieve efficient utilization, a precooler-free power/cooling combined system with superior heat source adaptability is proposed and analyzed. Integrating with the precooling-heating coupled module and the absorption power/cooling module instead of the PRC, the waste heat from the LTR is completely recovered, moreover, multiple operating modes ensure that the system performance unaffected by ambient temperature and seasonal changes. Parametric studies indicate that the TUR2 inlet temperature, the WHE1 outflow overheat degree, and the hot end temperature difference have significant effects on the Split Ratio, energy outputs, and the coupling relations among modules. Moreover, due to the improvement of irreversibility and the decrease of exergy losses, the three-largest exergy destructions occur in the IHE, the TUR1, and the RET+GEN, which account for 56.1%, 6.9%, and 5.2% respectively. Furthermore, the optimized cases exhibit optimal ηthermal, ηexergy, cP,total, and Wnet of 84.2%, 74.1%, 9.48 dollars/GJ, and 397.4 MW respectively.

Brayton power generation system  /  ammonia-water absorption system  /  combined cycle  /  exergo-economic analysis
韩冰川, 陈永东, 于改革, 邹宏伟, 宋嘉梁. 全回热超临界二氧化碳布雷顿联合循环特性及㶲经济性分析. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 76 -84 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301015
Bingchuan HAN, Yongdong CHEN, Gaige YU, Hongwei ZOU, Jialiang SONG. Study on characteristics and exergo-economic analysis of completely recuperative supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton combined cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 76 -84 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301015
超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环具有高灵活性、布局紧凑和模块化设计特性,受到广泛关注[1-2]。S-CO2布雷顿循环最早由Feher和Angelino等在1968年提出[3]。布雷顿循环可与聚光太阳能、风能、地热能、核能、常规化石燃料发电等中温、高温热源结合使用[2,4-8]
相关研究表明,预冷器释放的废热占热源供热量的50%以上,其热损失已成为进一步提高系统效率的关键[9-10]。此外,当透平入口温度低于300 ℃时,相应的热效率低于20%[9,11-12]。因此,布雷顿系统的性能提升仍有巨大潜力,布雷顿循环与低品位热利用循环集成似乎是不同热源利用场合最有前景的替代方案[10,13-17]。尽管在布雷顿联合循环方面已经开展了大量研究,就目前来看,似乎还没有尝试在预冷器中实现低品位废热的完全利用。
为提高S-CO2布雷顿循环的综合能量利用效率,可以通过构建一些具有多种功能输出的联合系统,实现预冷器的S-CO2侧废热的进一步利用,如采用低沸点工质-氨水作为底循环,由于氨水本身具有典型的非共沸特征,且随着浓度的改变,可以在较宽的温度范围内,充分改善系统的不可逆性。因此,本研究提出了一种新型的布雷顿联合循环的热源自适应电冷联供系统,具体如图1所示。该系统省却了预冷器,利用预冷-锅炉一体化模块,取代常规预冷器所承载的功能。同时,针对季节变化和能量需求变化,灵活调整供能方式,从㶲和㶲经济性的角度分别对系统及主要部件的特性进行研究,并优化集成系统性能。
图1中红色线框表示布雷顿模块,其流程与常规的布雷顿循环相同。离开低温回热器(LTR)的流股8被分成2股流,流股8a和流股8b。流股8a进入黄色线框的预冷器-锅炉集成模块的余热回收换热器1(WHE1)、发生器(GEN)和余热回收换热器2(WHE2)以高、中、低3个不同的温区依次加热氨水溶液流。蓝色线框表示吸收式发电/制冷子循环,离开吸收器2(ABS2)的饱和氨水浓溶液流股31在增压泵2(P2)中加压。氨水浓溶液吸热变成过热蒸汽后,进入氨透平2(TUR2)膨胀,推动透平做功、发电,TUR2出口的低压高温氨混合物蒸汽在溶液换热器1(SHR1)中放热,并进入吸收器1(ABS1)中,与氨水稀溶液流股30混合,形成基本溶液,在分流器(SPL)中分成2股物流,其中流股16依次进入SHR1、溶液换热器2(SHR2)和精馏塔塔底(RET)回收热量,并分离为氨水稀溶液流股和氨蒸汽流股(质量分数99.8%),同时,RET顶部的氨蒸汽在冷凝器(CON)中冷凝为饱和液氨,节流后进入蒸发器(EVA)产生制冷效果,与加压的基本溶液流股17汇合,重新混合成氨水浓溶液。
新系统的主要特点如下。
1)由于低温热沉的存在,S-CO2布雷顿循环的预冷器被预冷-锅炉集成模块代替。
2)3种典型的运行模式:①相对较高的环境温度(如夏季),发电/制冷模式;②在相对较低的环境温度下(如冬季),发电/制热模式;③发电/制冷/制热三联供模式,如过渡季节。
为简化分析,本文做了一些合理的假设:
1)假设稳态工况,忽略连接管可能的泄漏和压降;
2)忽略主要装置和管道对环境的散热;
3)假设CON、ABS1、ABS2出口处的水为常压饱和水;
4)假设泵和透平具有特定的等熵效率。
所提出的系统的每个组件都可以被认为是具有入口和出口流股、能量传递和做功相互作用的控制体[18]。因此,对于多个流入和流出流股的开式、稳态㶲平衡方程为:
Ew,i·=Eq,i·+Ein,i·Eout,i·Ed,i·
式中:Ew,i·为与输出功相关的㶲率,kW;Eq,i·为与输入热能相关的㶲率,kW;Ein,i·Eout,i·分别为与入口和出口流量相关的㶲率,kW;Ed,i·为相关控制体的㶲损率,kW。
对于特定组件的流入和流出流股,忽略磁场、核能、电能和表面效应的影响,以及机械能的变化,某一流股的㶲值是物理和化学㶲的总和。㶲率表达式为:
E·=Eph·+Ech·
物理㶲可以表达为:
Eph·=m·[(hhref)Tref(ssref)]
式中:m·为质量流量,kg/s;h为比焓,kJ/kg;s为比熵,kJ/(kg·K);下标ref为CO2在298.15 K和0.1 MPa时所处的参考状态(环境)。氨水混合物在不同浓度下的化学㶲表达为:
Ech·=m·[(XMNH3)ech,NH3,0+(1XMH2O)ech,H2O,0]
式中:X为氨在氨水溶液中的质量分数,%;ech,NH3,0ech,H2O,0分别为氨和水的标准参考态化学㶲值,kJ/kg;MNH3MH2O分别为氨和水的摩尔质量,kg/mol。
从热力学第一定律的角度,系统的整体热效率表示为:
ηen=Wnet,Brayton·+Wnet,absorption·+Qrefrigeration·Qinput·
式中:ηen为热效率,%;Wnet,Brayton·为布雷顿子模块发电量,kW;Wnet,absorption·为吸收式子模块发电量,kW;Qrefrigeration·为吸收式子模块制冷量,kW;Qinput·为热源输入热量,kW。
从热力学第二定律的角度,系统的整体㶲效率表示为:
ηex=Wnet,Brayton·+Wnet,absorption·+Erefrigeration·Einput·
式中:ηex为㶲效率,%;Erefrigeration·为吸收式子模块制冷㶲量,kW;Einput·为热源输入㶲量,kW。
由于常规能量分析和经济分析无法揭示系统的不可逆性和经济可行性,因此,对该联合系统进行了㶲经济性分析[19-20]。基于经济平衡原理,输入热㶲、入口㶲流和设备支出的总成本率等于输出功和出口㶲流的总成本率[21]。㶲经济性平衡方程表示为:
Cout,i·+Cw,i·=Cin,i·+Cq,i·+Zi·
式中:Cout,i·Cin,i·分别为与每个流股有关的输出和输入㶲成本率,美元/h;Cw,i·为与输出功有关的㶲成本率,美元/h;Cq,i·为输入热量的㶲成本率,美元/h;Zi·为与设备支出有关的成本率,美元/h。
C·=cE·
式中:c为每个流股的比㶲成本率,美元//GJ。
Zi·=Zi,CI·+Zi,OM·
式中:Zi,CI·Zi,OM·分别为与年化资本投资成本、运营和维护相关的成本率有关的值,美元/h。表1列出系统各组成部分的资本投资金额。
为了从㶲经济学的角度评估所提出的系统,整个系统的产品㶲流成本Cp,total表示为:
CP,total=i=1nfcfiEfi·+i=1nkZk·i=1npEpi·
布雷顿循环最常见的热交换器是印刷电路热交换器(PCHE),与典型的体积庞大的管壳式换热器相比,PCHE是一种新型紧凑微通道换热器,但其价格较高[22]。为准确计算所需设备投资,SUS316L材质扩散焊PCHE芯体的成本价为50美元/kg,蚀刻通道直径、通道间距、板厚的尺寸分别为1.5 mm、0.5 mm和1.5 mm,PCHE的截面和几何尺寸特征如图2所示。此外,积分平均温差(IMTD)的定义和传热面积的计算如图3所示。
对于HTR、LTR和IHE的PCHE的资本成本,所需的传热面积采用积分平均温差法计算[23-24]。考虑到物性变化的影响,相关传热面积采用将传热长度划分为极小节点来表征物性的影响和局部温差的积分平均温差(IMTD),代替对数平均温差(LMTD)[25]
dQ=UidAiΔT
0Q0dQΔT(Q)=0AiUidAi
Q=UATDIMTD
式中:dQ为换热器微元段换热量,kW;U为总体传热系数,W/(m2·K);dAi为微元段换热面积,m2;∆T为当地换热温差,K;Q为总体换热量,kW;TDIMTD为积分换热温差,K。
假设CON、ABS1、ABS2和EVA的进入冷却水流的比功用成本为0。因此,可以得到相关燃料和产品㶲流的㶲成本平衡方程,可以使用Python环境下开源库包Scipy1.7辅助求解。
为揭示系统整体性能和各模块之间的耦合关系,通过系统基本情况性能和参数敏感性分析,研究热效率、㶲效率、净输出功及产品㶲流成本对新系统和布雷顿系统的影响。
图4为系统TUR1入口温度T5变化时,新型联合系统与布雷顿系统的热效率ηthermal、㶲效率ηexergy、净输出功Wnet及产品单位㶲流成本的对比。由图4可知,对于2个系统,在所研究的温度范围内,热效率、㶲效率和净输出能力随着进口温度T5的升高趋于增加,而产品单位㶲流成本趋于降低。随着布雷顿发电模块T5的升高,TUR1发电量增加,HTR冷端的流出焓增加,H8H3aH2的焓值保持不变,分流比减少,MCP的功耗增加,而RCP的功耗减少,系统总耗电量在减少,热效率、㶲效率和净产能均呈上升趋势,产品单位㶲流成本大幅下降。
对于新型联合系统,随着分流比的减小,流至吸收式发电/制冷模块的质量流量增加,净功率输出量和制冷量也随之增大,平均热效率超过60%,平均㶲效率是布雷顿系统的120%以上。
比较2个系统还可以发现,当TUR1入口温度从350 ℃升至650 ℃时,LTR热侧的出口废热完全被吸收到吸收式发电/制冷模块中,因此,在较宽的温度范围内,特别是在相对较低的入口温度(T5为350 ℃时,ηthermal=57.8%,ηexergy=34.7%)下,该系统仍具有较好性能。适合于太阳能、地热能等低、中温可再生能源的利用场景下。
图5给出了2个系统性能随着TUR2进口压力p11的变化情况。对于布雷顿发电系统,在所研究的TUR2进口压力p11变化范围内,LTR的热侧出口温度T8从161.4 ℃上升到194.5 ℃,分流比从0.387下降到0.486,TUR1的发电量保持不变,MCP的功耗呈下降趋势,RCP的功耗呈上升趋势,RCP的增长率占支配地位。燃料㶲流成本、系统部件成本和产品的㶲成本率随p11的增加而下降,但产品㶲成本率的下降率占主导地位。结果表明:随着p11的升高,热效率、㶲效率和净输出能力有降低的趋势,而产品单位㶲流成本则呈线性成比例增加。
吸收式发电/制冷模块的质量流量保持在138 kg/s,制冷量大约保持在104 MW,发电量从152 MW显著提高到330.5 MW,热效率和㶲效率分别从64.5%和57.4%提高到67.0%和58.3%。且以布雷顿发电模块为主,系统净输出能力逐渐下降。燃料㶲流、系统部件和产品㶲成本率随p11下降,但三者下降速率基本一致,因此,产品㶲流的单位成本约为13.1美元/GJ。
新型联合系统与布雷顿系统的热效率、㶲效率、净输出能力和产品㶲流的具体成本随ΔT11变化的对比如图6所示。
对于布雷顿发电模块,一般来说,ΔT11对系统性能的影响与TUR2进口压力p11相当,原因也非常相似。LTR热侧出口温度T8和分流比随着出口过热度的增大而增大,TUR1的发电量保持不变,而分流比的增大导致压缩机整体功耗显著增加。
对于吸收式发电/制冷模块,TUR2的发电量和净功率输出能力都在增加,质量流量略有下降,因此冷却能力下降,综合效应导致净输出能力下降。因此,该系统的热效率、㶲效率和净输出能力分别从67.2%下降到64.7%,从59.5%下降到54.6%,从215.9 MW下降到199.5 MW。燃料㶲流成本、系统部件成本、产品㶲率随ΔT11下降,但产品成本率下降幅度小于燃料成本和系统部件成本下降幅度,产品单位成本由12.88美元/GJ增加到14.05美元/GJ。
图7所示为2个系统的热效率、㶲效率、净输出能力及产品㶲流的具体成本随X11变化的对比。由图7可知,2个系统的热效率、㶲效率和净输出能力均随X11的增加而增加,而产品㶲流的比成本则呈现相反的趋势。
对于布雷顿发电模块,随着TUR2氨流入质量分数X11的升高,LTR热侧流出温度T8从192.4 ℃下降到150.1 ℃,分流比从0.481下降到0.342,TUR1的发电量保持不变,而MCP和RCP的功耗下降,净输出功率从76.8 MW增加到106.6 MW,因此热效率和㶲效率有逐渐提高的趋势。燃料㶲流成本、系统部件成本和产品的单位㶲成本率随X11的增加而增加,且产品成本率的增长率大于前二项,因此,产品的单位成本从18.33美元/GJ逐渐下降到14.35美元/GJ。
吸收式发电/制冷模块的质量流量从136.2 kg/s增加到148.2 kg/s,净输出功增加,且与布雷顿发电模块相同,其热效率、㶲效率和净输出容量分别从64.6%增加到83.6%、57.5%增加到67.2%和203.9 MW增加到289.3 MW。此外,随着TUR2流入质量分数X11的变化,该系统表现出优异的性能,单位产品成本从13.35美元/GJ逐渐下降到11.40美元/GJ。
布雷顿系统各部件的㶲损失分布如图8所示,联合循环系统各部件的㶲损失分布如图9所示。由图8图9可知:对于布雷顿系统,总㶲损失为312.2 MW,IHE的㶲损失最大,占㶲损失总量的43.1%,相对较高的传热温差是其主要原因,PRC和LTR分别占据㶲损失的24.2%和13.8%;但对于所提出的新型系统,由于系统不可逆性的改善,总㶲损失为287.8 MW,IHE的占比56.1%,同时,该系统的总体㶲损失下降了24.4 MW。
在流动换热、能量转换的物理机制方面:与分流再压缩式布雷顿循环相比,新型联合循环系统省却了预冷器,取而代之的是预冷-锅炉集成模块,对于该模块,CO2侧(高温侧)依次流经WHE1、GEN、WHE2 3个换热器,其共同替代了常规分流再压缩式布雷顿循环的预冷器所承载的功能;对于吸收式发电/制冷模块,WHE1作为氨水侧(低温侧)的过热锅炉,将部分饱和(或未饱和的)氨水溶液加热至过热氨水蒸汽状态,WHE2作为氨水侧(低温侧)的加热锅炉,将高压过冷氨水溶液加热至部分饱和(或未饱和的)氨水溶液状态,GEN的作用为将溶液回热器2出口的氨水溶液进一步精馏提纯,从而使得基本浓度的氨水溶液分离为纯氨蒸汽和氨水稀溶液。其中,纯氨蒸汽冷凝后可以用于制冷,氨水稀溶液用于与透平2出口的氨水浓溶液混合为基本浓度的氨水溶液,从而使吸收式发电/制冷模块具有类似卡琳娜循环的运行特征,即其蒸发吸热过程是一个非共沸过程,可以与变温热源(来自于布雷顿模块的原预冷器的余热)实现更好的匹配;对于ABS1中的冷凝放热过程,由TUR2出口经氨水稀溶液稀释后的基本浓度氨水溶液可以与常见的恒温冷源(如冷却水、空气等)间实现匹配。
总体来说,相比于分流再压缩式布雷顿循环的预冷器,新型联合循环采用的布雷顿模块、预冷-锅炉集成模块、吸收式发电/制冷模块的有机组合的形式,蒸发吸热过程、冷凝放热过程可以与变温热源侧、恒温冷源侧实现较好的匹配,同时预冷器的㶲损失得到大大改善,使得与布雷顿循环相比,系统的热效率、㶲效率、热㶲经济性都得到提高。
为了进一步揭示所提系统可能的性能改进潜力,基本情况下,新型联合系统各主要设备的设备投资价值成本率Zi、㶲损失成本率Cd,i和㶲经济因子值fi图10所示。
图10可知:从㶲损失分布来看,IHE的设备投资成本率最高,为2 180.3美元/h,㶲破坏成本率为5 589.2美元/h;从㶲经济的角度来看,IHE、TUR1和LTR的㶲损最显著;此外,ABS1、ABS2、CON、EVA、SHR1和SHR2的可忽略的㶲经济性因子fi表明,相应设备的相关热效率和㶲效率性能可以在更小的传热温差和更高的资本投资的代价下得到提高。
由于影响系统性能的因素种类繁多,且各有不同的变化趋势,因此需要同时分析影响系统整体性能的多个重要因素。本文采用直接搜索全局优化算法进行分析,优化目标是使热效率ηthermal、㶲效率ηexergy、产品㶲cP、总的单位成本最小,决策参数为{T5p5p11、ΔT11、ΔT8X11εHTR}。
表2图11分别给出了基本情况及热效率、㶲效率和单位㶲成本情况下因变量参数对的优化选择和系统性能。
表2图11可知,3种优化方案的性能均有显著提高,最大热效率、最大㶲效率、最低产品单位成本和净输出能力分别达到84.2%、74.1%、9.48美元/GJ和397.4 MW,热效率和㶲效率分别提高17.6%和15.8%,比产品单位成本提高72.1%。187.7%的净产出能力为基本情况性能,然而,相关的操作条件各不相同。热效率情况下,TUR1进口温度较高,HTR效率较低;㶲效率情况下,TUR1进口压力、TUR2进口氨质量分数、WHE1夹点温差和HTR有效度较高。对比㶲效率和单位产品成本的情况,㶲效率每上升2.0%,产品的单位成本会增加0.1美元/GJ。
本文提出并研究了一种具有较好适应性的布雷顿/吸收式联合系统。该系统由布雷顿发电模块、吸收式发电/制冷模块、预冷-锅炉模块组成,可实现LTR余热的全回收,并提供多种能量输出,主要结论如下。
1)该系统的TUR1入口温度和TUR1入口压力与ηthermalηexergyWnet呈正相关,与典型的布雷顿循环相同,且该系统的最佳TUR1入口压力为 27 MPa,可获得最小成本CP,total,共13美元/GJ,为单独布雷顿循环的74.5%。
2)㶲分布表明,与典型的布雷顿循环的㶲损 失相比,系统的不可逆性明显改善,IHE、TUR1和RET+GEN的㶲损失占比分别为56.1%、6.9%和5.2%。
3)综上所述,在布雷顿循环中集成预冷-锅炉模块和吸收式发电/制冷模块,可以显著提高系统性能和环境条件适应性,特别是在中、低温可再生能源高效利用场景下。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金项目(2008085ME152)
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司博士科技基金项目(2020011748)
  • 安徽省重点研究与开发项目(202104a05020024)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301015
  • 接收时间:2023-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-13
基金
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085ME152)
安徽省自然科学基金项目(2008085ME152)
Doctor Science Fundation of Hefei General Machinery Research Institute(2020011748)
合肥通用机械研究院有限公司博士科技基金项目(2020011748)
Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province(202104a05020024)
安徽省重点研究与开发项目(202104a05020024)
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    合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,安徽 合肥 230021
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