Article(id=1222513213380486034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202301017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674316800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399463266, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399463266, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399463266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399463266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513214861075372, articleId=1222513213380486034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on dynamic response characteristics of hydrogen blended gas turbine with fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio, columnId=1213164439017276071, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new energy power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Driven by the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goal, hydrogen blending and pure hydrogen combustion technology of gas turbines have received widespread attention. Producing “green hydrogen” from renewable energy and applying it for power generation is the development direction of the energy field in the future. However, the fluctuation of hydrogen source will inevitably cause the change of hydrogen blending ratio of hydrogen blended gas turbine fuel. Therefore, the dynamic response characteristics of the gas turbine are studied when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates. Taking an F-class heavy-duty gas turbine as the research object, a dynamic model is built by using the modular modeling method to analyze the response characteristics of key parameters of the unit and the safe operation of components when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates under different loads. The results show that when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates, the turbine inlet temperature (T3) will fluctuate violently, and T3 overtemperature will occur in the high load region, which will lead to the deterioration of the blade working environment and affect the safe operation of the unit. The larger the fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio and the higher the power output, the more obvious T3 overtemperature phenomenon. However, the fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio has a relatively small impact on the compressor, and the compressor can still maintain a reasonable surge margin.

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在“双碳”目标的推动下,燃气轮机掺氢及纯氢燃烧技术备受关注,通过可再生能源制取“绿氢”并用于电力生产是未来能源领域的发展方向。而氢气来源的波动势必会引起氢混燃气轮机燃料掺氢比例的变化,为此研究了掺氢比例波动时燃气轮机的动态响应特性。以某F级重型燃气轮机为研究对象,采用模块化建模方法构建了机组的动态模型,对掺氢比例波动时不同负荷下机组关键参数的响应特性及部件运行的安全性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:当氢气掺混比发生波动时,透平入口温度(T3)将出现剧烈波动,在高负荷区将出现T3超温现象,叶片工作环境恶化,影响机组安全运行;氢气掺混比例波动幅度越大,机组负荷越高,T3超温现象越显著;而氢气掺混比例波动对压气机的影响相对较小,压气机仍能维持合理的喘振裕度。

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李永毅(1990),男,博士研究生,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性及热力系统集成,
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林育超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性,

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林育超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性,

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林育超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性,

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figureFileSmall=W+TPaRaS0vCcFEnURG8Fbw==, figureFileBig=rcX6Y4SoC1mRIRygedK1gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137065400791406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213380486034, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
压气机压比16.9
空气流量/(kg·s–1)675.0
燃料量/(kg·s–1)15.5
燃烧室压损/%2.5
燃烧室出口温度/K1 665.0
透平排气温度/K849.0
转速/(r·min–1)3 000.0
燃气轮机功率/MW282.5
燃气轮机效率/%39.55
), ArticleFig(id=1241137065480483188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213380486034, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
压气机压比16.9
空气流量/(kg·s–1)675.0
燃料量/(kg·s–1)15.5
燃烧室压损/%2.5
燃烧室出口温度/K1 665.0
透平排气温度/K849.0
转速/(r·min–1)3 000.0
燃气轮机功率/MW282.5
燃气轮机效率/%39.55
), ArticleFig(id=1241137065572757885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213380486034, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fuel material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目掺混前掺混后
φ(CH4)/%95.949 476.759 52
φ(CO2)/%3.000 02.400 00
φ(C2H6)/%0.907 50.726 00
φ(C3H8)/%0.136 70.109 36
φ(H2O)/%0.006 20.004 96
φ(H2S)/%0.000 20.000 16
φ(H2)/%020.000 00
QLHV/(kJ·kg–1)46 087.748 049.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241137065686004099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213380486034, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

燃料成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目掺混前掺混后
φ(CH4)/%95.949 476.759 52
φ(CO2)/%3.000 02.400 00
φ(C2H6)/%0.907 50.726 00
φ(C3H8)/%0.136 70.109 36
φ(H2O)/%0.006 20.004 96
φ(H2S)/%0.000 20.000 16
φ(H2)/%020.000 00
QLHV/(kJ·kg–1)46 087.748 049.4
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掺氢比例波动时氢混燃气轮机动态响应特性研究
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林育超 1 , 李永毅 2 , 何怡冲 1 , 张国强 1 , 管志敏 2 , 杨泽雨 1
热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2023,52(11): 95-104
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热力发电 | 新能源发电技术专题 2023, 52(11): 95-104
掺氢比例波动时氢混燃气轮机动态响应特性研究
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林育超1 , 李永毅2 , 何怡冲1, 张国强1, 管志敏2, 杨泽雨1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 林育超(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性,

通讯作者:

李永毅(1990),男,博士研究生,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性及热力系统集成,
Study on dynamic response characteristics of hydrogen blended gas turbine with fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio
Yuchao LIN1 , Yongyi LI2 , Yichong HE1, Guoqiang ZHANG1, Zhimin GUAN2, Zeyu YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301017
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在“双碳”目标的推动下,燃气轮机掺氢及纯氢燃烧技术备受关注,通过可再生能源制取“绿氢”并用于电力生产是未来能源领域的发展方向。而氢气来源的波动势必会引起氢混燃气轮机燃料掺氢比例的变化,为此研究了掺氢比例波动时燃气轮机的动态响应特性。以某F级重型燃气轮机为研究对象,采用模块化建模方法构建了机组的动态模型,对掺氢比例波动时不同负荷下机组关键参数的响应特性及部件运行的安全性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:当氢气掺混比发生波动时,透平入口温度(T3)将出现剧烈波动,在高负荷区将出现T3超温现象,叶片工作环境恶化,影响机组安全运行;氢气掺混比例波动幅度越大,机组负荷越高,T3超温现象越显著;而氢气掺混比例波动对压气机的影响相对较小,压气机仍能维持合理的喘振裕度。

燃气轮机  /  动态特性  /  掺氢  /  安全运行

Driven by the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goal, hydrogen blending and pure hydrogen combustion technology of gas turbines have received widespread attention. Producing “green hydrogen” from renewable energy and applying it for power generation is the development direction of the energy field in the future. However, the fluctuation of hydrogen source will inevitably cause the change of hydrogen blending ratio of hydrogen blended gas turbine fuel. Therefore, the dynamic response characteristics of the gas turbine are studied when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates. Taking an F-class heavy-duty gas turbine as the research object, a dynamic model is built by using the modular modeling method to analyze the response characteristics of key parameters of the unit and the safe operation of components when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates under different loads. The results show that when the hydrogen blending ratio fluctuates, the turbine inlet temperature (T3) will fluctuate violently, and T3 overtemperature will occur in the high load region, which will lead to the deterioration of the blade working environment and affect the safe operation of the unit. The larger the fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio and the higher the power output, the more obvious T3 overtemperature phenomenon. However, the fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio has a relatively small impact on the compressor, and the compressor can still maintain a reasonable surge margin.

gas turbine  /  dynamic characteristics  /  hydrogen blending  /  safe operation
林育超, 李永毅, 何怡冲, 张国强, 管志敏, 杨泽雨. 掺氢比例波动时氢混燃气轮机动态响应特性研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301017
Yuchao LIN, Yongyi LI, Yichong HE, Guoqiang ZHANG, Zhimin GUAN, Zeyu YANG. Study on dynamic response characteristics of hydrogen blended gas turbine with fluctuation of hydrogen blending ratio[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301017
在“双碳”背景下,为了推进能源结构转型,可再生能源行业得到了长足发展。氢能作为一种清洁、低碳、高效、可再生能源,是未来能源结构的重要组成部分之一[1]。采用可再生能源制氢可以改善在可再生能源发电快速发展下的弃风、弃光等现象,并且降低制氢成本[2]。氢能资源的应用途径广泛,可用于工业原料、氢燃料电池、清洁燃料发电以及分布式供暖等方面[3]。在发电领域,以天然气为燃料的燃气轮机能够实现低碳排放,而进行天然气掺氢燃烧能够进一步减少CO2排放。在可再生能源制氢成本不断降低以及碳减排压力背景下,氢燃气轮机发电具有巨大的发展空间[4]
燃气轮机具有启动速度快、调峰性能强、热效率高以及排放水平低等优点。现如今发展较为成熟的H/J级燃气轮机,其燃气初温已提高至1 500~1 600 ℃,燃气轮机单循环热效率达到40%以上[5]。国内外许多学者从负荷调节策略[6-7]、循环结构[8-12]等方面对燃气轮机及其联合循环的性能优化进行了广泛的研究。肖俊峰等[13]综述了重型燃气轮机燃烧调整技术的研究现状和进展,并给出了燃烧调整技术的发展建议。燃气轮机所选用的燃料会对循环性能以及排放特性产生影响。以氢气为燃料的燃气轮机能够实现从“低碳”向“零碳”的转型。目前,GE公司最先进的HA级燃气轮机机组具备了天然气掺50%氢气燃烧的能力[14]。许多学者对氢混燃气轮机做了大量研究。李祥晟等[15]研究了不同掺氢比对燃烧和排放性能的影响,发现燃用天然气的预混燃烧室在高掺氢比下存在烧毁的可能。马勤勇等[16]分析了掺氢比例(体积分数)对燃气轮机运行特性的影响,指出氢气掺混比的提高会减小压气机的喘振裕度,且燃气轮机的发电效率在高氢气掺混比下会得到提高。王一丰等[17]分析了不同掺氢比例和不同负荷下联合循环机组的运行特性,结果显示在100%负荷下燃气轮机掺混5%、10%(质量分数)氢气时,联合循环输出功率分别提高0.10%和0.16%。崔耀欣等[18]对燃气轮机进行了全温、全压和全流量掺氢燃烧研究,发现氢体积分数在10%~20%内,燃烧能够满足稳定性要求。Qi等人[19]对注水式氢燃气轮机的超临界/跨临界二氧化碳循环进行研究,发现联合循环效率随着水氢比的增加而下降。Pashchenko[20]对采用富氢燃料的联合循环发电厂进行热力学分析,发现当富氢燃料中的氢气体积分数为20%、50%、75%时的二氧化碳的排放量分别减少7.2%、23.5%、51.1%。
国内外学者在对燃气轮机的动态特性研究方面同样做了大量工作。Kim等人[21]采用PID控制器模拟了系统的燃料流量和压气机入口可转导叶(IGV)调节相结合的控制系统,基于所建模型进行负荷变化幅度和斜坡率的影响研究,指出燃气轮机可在负荷快速变化时进行稳定调控。付云鹏等[22]提出了一种考虑变几何特性的建模方法,建立了燃气轮机模型,该法可为燃气轮机的实时仿真提供保证。Samuel等人[23-24]构建了一维压气机模型并结合其他部件建立了燃气轮机动态模型,研究了负载、IGV偏置、中心套管效应对机组动态特性的影响。谢心喻等[25]基于不同压气机特性曲线预测方法,探究了不同预测方法对燃气轮机系统动态性能的影响。任敬琦等[26]建立了某H级重型燃气轮机动态模型,研究了转子转动惯量对燃气轮机动态特性的影响。Palmieri等人[27]提出了一种用于重型燃气轮机的新型负荷控制器,并在Ansaldo EnergiaS.p.a.研发实验室的实时仿真环境中进行仿真,发现与燃气轮机的传统调节相比,燃气轮机动态特性有了显著改善。Gou等人[28]研究了在不同变负荷速率和环境温度情况下燃气轮机热回收过程的动态特性,发现较大的负载变化率可以加快响应速度,但会降低系统的稳定性。
目前,对燃气轮机在稳态性能和动态特性等方面的研究已经非常全面,对燃气轮机掺氢燃烧的研究也较为成熟,然而对于氢混燃气轮机的动态特性的研究较少。受到氢气制取、储存、运输等方面的影响,氢混燃气轮机的氢气来源会发生变化。为了分析氢混燃气轮机面对氢气掺混比波动时的动态响应特性,本文构建了氢混燃气轮机的动态仿真模型,分析了不同负荷下掺氢比波动对系统参数的影响,探索了掺氢比波动对燃气轮机部件运行特性的影响规律。
本文以某F级燃气轮机为研究对象,建立燃气轮机非线性动态模型。燃气轮机包括1台15级轴流式压气机、1套由24个干式低NOx混合型燃烧器组成的环形燃烧系统以及1台4级燃气透平。机组的设计参数见表1。透平冷却空气来自压气机第5级、9级、13级和15级后的抽气孔,透平冷却示意如图1所示。
选取的燃气轮机设计燃料为天然气,作为氢混燃气轮机进行仿真计算时,采用设计燃料与氢气按照一定比例混合,以氢气掺混比例20%(体积分数)作为基准工况。燃气轮机设计燃料组分与氢气体积分数为20%时燃料组分及低位热值见表2
在燃气轮机动态仿真模型中,除了压气机、燃烧室和透平等主要部件,还包括了转子、容积、控制模块和燃料混合模块的建模。在计算过程中,为提高模型的仿真精度,考虑了工质物性随状态参数的变化,由烟气热物性计算方法得出空气和燃气的定压比热容。各模块根据参数的匹配关系约束,构成整机模型(图2)。
重型燃气轮机采用多级轴流压气机用于空气压缩,其具有压比高、计算复杂的特点。本文中的压气机模型采用一维逐级叠加方法建立,根据气流速度三角形以及各级进气参数,推导压气机单级的温升ΔT以及压比PPR[24]
ΔT=UλCxcp(tanα1tanα2)
tanα1tanα2=cpTinηUλCx(PPRγ1γ1)
式中:U为叶片周向速度,m/s;λ为做功系数;Cx为气流轴向速度,m/s;cp为工质定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);α1α2为单级叶片进出口绝对气流角,°;Tin为压气机单级入口温度,K;η为压气机级效率。
在变工况下,假定单级动叶出口角效率和级效率仅与动叶入口角相关,流量系数ψ和压头系数ϕ的比值为一常数[29]
将2个冷却抽气口之间的压气机级作为1个级组,计算每段压气机耗功Pc,i为:
Pc,i=Gm,in(houthin)
式中:Gm,in为每段压气机入口空气质量流量,kg/s;hinhout分别为每段压气机进口、出口焓值,kJ/kg。
经压气机压缩后的高压空气与燃料在燃烧室中燃烧形成高温燃气。根据质量守恒和能量守恒,可获得燃烧室出口温度的微分方程式[30]
τccdToutdt=Gm,inhin+Gm,f(QLHVηcc+hf)Gm,outhoutGm,outcp,g
式中:τcc为燃烧室时间常数;Gm,inGm,fGm,out分别为燃烧室入口空气、燃料、出口燃气的质量流量,kg/s;hin、hfhout分别为燃烧室入口空气、燃料、出口燃气焓值,kJ/kg;QLHV为燃料低位热值,kJ/kg;ηcc为燃烧室效率,0.995;cp,g为燃气定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);Tout为燃烧室出口温度,K。
透平遵循恒定的临界流量(阻塞工况),透平的入口流量、温度和压力满足下列关系[31]
GtT3κAp3=
κ=γR(2γ+1)γ+1γ1
变工况下燃气透平的效率可由显式解析式计算[32]
ηtηt0=[10.3(1nn0)2]n/n0Gt/Gt0(2n/n0Gt/Gt0)
式中:GtGt0分别为透平实际、额定质量流量值,kg/s;T3为透平入口温度,K;p3为透平入口压力,Pa;A为透平入口通流面积,m2R为气体常量,J/(mol·K);γ为绝热指数;nn0分别为透平的实际、额定转速,r/min;ηtηto分别为透平的实际、额定效率。
模型中的冷却气流做功过程做如下假设:1)冷却各级静叶的冷却气流在该级静叶前与主流混合,在该级中参与做功;2)动叶的冷却气流仅在该级出口与主气流混合,不参与该级做功。
根据质量守恒和能量守恒,冷却气流和主气流在透平级内混合后的燃气比焓hm, out为:
hm,out=Gm,inhin+Gm,coolhcoolGm,in+Gm,cool
式中:Gm, inGm, cool分别为混合前的燃气、冷却空气质量流量,kg/s;hinhcool分别为混合前的燃气、冷却空气比焓,kJ/kg。
本模型在压气机和燃烧室之间加入了容积惯性模块,以模拟管道的容积影响。工质流经容积管道遵守动量守恒和质量守恒,容积模块常微分方程式为[30]
dpoutdt=kRToutVp(Gm,inGm,out)
式中:Vp为当量容积;R为气体常数,J/(mol·K);k为多变指数,可由绝热指数γ近似表示。
燃气轮机采用单轴布置方式,由燃气透平提供动力以带动压气机和负载。当燃气透平的输出功率与压气机和负载的功率之和相等时,燃气轮机系统处于稳定工况。当机组受到外界扰动而产生工况变化时,功率平衡被破坏,转子转速发生改变,从而使得系统处于过渡状态,直至系统在控制系统调节下重新达到稳定工况。燃气轮机具有较大的转动惯性,根据角动量平衡方程得到机组转子转速n的微分方程为:
dndt=900Iπ2PtPcPln
式中:I为转轴的转动惯量,kg/m2PtPcPl分别为透平输出功率、压气机耗功和负载消耗的功率,kW。
在氢气掺混比波动时,燃料的组分以及低位热值发生变化,故此需要对混合燃料进行组分计算。在动态模型中加入了燃料混合计算模块,其结构如图3所示。模块的输入参数包括了天然气组分、天然气和氢气的低位热值以及氢气掺混比变化信号,在氢气波动时,通过模块计算输出燃料的组分和低位热值。
为了研究氢混燃气轮机面对氢气掺混比波动时动态响应特性,以氢气掺混比为20%的燃气轮机为研究对象,掺混比的波动范围为–20%~+20%。变化信号以阶跃形式在仿真的第15 s加入,仿真时长为100 s。在动态过渡过程中,负荷需求保持在对应负荷值不变,控制系统仅通过燃料量将转速控制在额定转速,调节机组输出功率与对应负荷相匹配。
图4图5分别为带额定负荷燃气轮机的氢气掺混比例分别发生不同程度的正向和负向阶跃(±5%、±10%、±15%和±20%)时,转速、空气质量流量、燃料质量流量和透平入口温度T3的动态响应曲线。以氢气掺混比正向阶跃10%为例,单位质量的燃料放热量增加。由图4可见,阶跃初始阶段,T3开始迅速升高,燃气轮机输出功率增加,转子转速因过盈的功率出现跃升。转速偏差触发转速控制系统,通过燃料控制信号减少投入燃烧室的燃料量,从而降低燃气轮机的输出功率,抑制转速的上升并逐渐恢复稳定。在燃料调节过程中,T3在产生了较大的波动后重新达到稳定,且新的稳定值较初始值有所降低。如图4b)所示,受到部件通流匹配的约束,空气流量在扰动初期出现小幅度陡降,随着燃料量的调节,逐步恢复稳定。
图4所示,氢气掺混比阶跃幅值增大将使系统参数的波动更加明显,稳定时间略有延长。随着氢气掺混比阶跃幅值增大,T3波动过程中相对于设计值的正向最大动态偏差分别达到8.9、18.9、30.1、42.7 K。过高的燃气温度有导致喷嘴、动叶等热部件损坏的风险,影响流道通流特性和机组的使用寿命。
对比图4图5可以明显看出,当氢气掺混比发生负向阶跃时,燃气轮机各参数的变化趋势与掺混比发生正向阶跃时的变化趋势相反。随着阶跃幅值的增加,各参数的波动同样更加明显。在相同阶跃幅值下,掺混比正向阶跃时的系统参数最大动态偏差大于负向阶跃。以掺混比波动20%为例,正向阶跃和负向阶跃时转速最大动态偏差值分别为+13.9 r/min和–9.7 r/min,T3的最大动态偏差分别为+42.7 K和–28.2 K。这是因为在较高掺混比例时氢气掺混比对燃料热值的影响更加明显。此外,不同于氢气掺混比正向阶跃,负向阶跃时的T3超温情况出现在燃料调节过程中,超温的幅度较小。
为了研究不同负荷下燃气轮机氢气掺混比波动的动态响应特性,选取100%、75%和50%负荷点,氢气掺混比由20%阶跃上升至30%。转速变化情况如图6所示。由图6可见,在相同氢气掺混比变化情况下,高负荷下转速的波动更加明显,100%、75%和50%负荷点最大动态偏差分别为6.7、5.1、3.8 r/min。这是因为负荷越低,投入燃烧室的燃料量越少,当掺混比发生波动时,T3的变化值越小。
不同负荷下透平入口温度变化情况如图7所示。由图4d)图7可知,100%、75%和50%负荷下T3的最大动态偏差分别为18.9、18.4、17.5 K,而其设计值分别为1 668.51、1 601.82、1 506.61 K。因此,在低负荷下T3较低,掺氢比例波动对透平运行的安全性影响减弱。
图8给出了在不同负荷下氢气掺混比分别正向和负向阶跃20%时压气机工况点的最大偏离位置。由图8可见,当氢气掺混比发生20%阶跃扰动时,压气机能够保持在设计点附近运行,压气机仍然具有较大的喘振裕度。因此,在低氢气掺混比的情况下,掺混比的变化对压气机运行的安全性影响较小。
以电网稳定运行允许的频率波动范围±0.4%为参考[33],转速的变动范围为2 988~3 012 r/min。图9为在不同负荷下氢气掺混比正向波动过程中的最大转速和负向波动过程中的最小转速的分布情况。由图9可见,对于氢气掺混比为20%的燃气轮机,在80%~100%负荷区域,当氢气掺混比波动+20%时,机组在动态过渡过程中的最大转速超过了最高转速线,而在其余情况下,机组转速能够在转速控制作用下满足允许变动范围。
图10给出了氢气掺混比发生–20%~+20%阶跃波动时T3动态最大值的分布规律。
图10可以明显看出,负荷在85%以上,氢气掺混比发生20%以内波动时可能出现T3超温(超过设计值)的问题,且负荷越高,发生T3超温的氢气掺混比波动阈值越低。氢气掺混比的正向阶跃出现T3超温的阈值低于负向阶跃,如在85%负荷下,氢气掺混比正向阶跃20%时T3出现超温现象,20%以内的负向阶跃不会发生超温,95%负荷下氢气掺混比正向阶跃7.5%时T3即出现超温现象,20%以内的负向阶跃不会发生超温。因此,T3超温主要位于高负荷区域,氢气掺混比发生波动越大超温越严重,透平工作越不利;而在中低负荷区域,当氢气掺混比发生波动时,则不会出现该问题。因此,燃气轮机在采用掺氢燃烧时应注意掺氢比例波动所带来的运行安全隐患,需明确限制掺氢比例波动的范围。
此外,当烟气温度出现超温情况时,除了进行燃料量的调控,还应采用其他温度调控手段,如进行IGV调节等。
本文采用模块化建模方法,构建了重型燃气轮机动态仿真模型,并在模型中加入了燃料混合计算模块以计算不同氢掺混比下燃料的组分和低位放热量。基于动态仿真模型,研究了氢混燃气轮机在不同负荷下掺混比发生波动时的动态响应特性。所得结论如下。
1)氢气掺混比的变化会引起透平入口温度的大幅波动,透平热部件存在运行安全风险。氢气掺混比波动越大,系统参数的波动越明显,且系统的调整时间略有延长。而随着负荷的降低,氢气掺混比波动的影响减弱。
2)在高负荷区域,当氢气掺混比正向波动时,透平入口温度会出现超温现象;在满负荷情况下,当氢气掺混比负向波动时,由于超调量的存在,也会出现透平入口温度超温的现象。为避免出现安全问题,可以考虑增加燃料热值控制以及采用IGV调节等温度控制手段,减小烟气超温的风险。
3)在氢气掺混比为20%的情况下,掺混比波动对压气机的影响较小,压气机的工作点能够维持在设计点附近,保持较大的喘振裕度。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2021MS078)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301017
  • 接收时间:2023-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-22
基金
National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-I-0009-0009)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-I-0009-0009)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021MS078)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2021MS078)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003

通讯作者:

李永毅(1990),男,博士研究生,讲师,主要研究方向为燃气轮机联合循环运行特性及热力系统集成,
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