Article(id=1222513213376287463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202302013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675267200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399463266, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399463266, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399463266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399463266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513216169693988, articleId=1222513213376287463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Comparative study on steady performance and heating mode of supercritical CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal, columnId=1222513211350442816, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For enhancing the film stiffness of supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) hydrodynamic dry gas seal and reducing the additional power consumption due to the installation of heater in the seal inlet line, a new structure of S-CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal with the heating of the ring body at the back of the static ring is proposed. Based on the conjugate heat transfer model, the pressure and temperature distribution of dry gas seal were simulated utilizing commercial software Fluent. The steady-state performance and flow field distribution of S-CO2 hydrodynamic seal, hydrostatic seal and hydrostatic-dynamic seal were compared and analyzed, and the flow and heat transfer characteristics and power consumption of S-CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seals under different heating modes and heat temperatures were discussed. The results show that the film stiffness of the hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal is improved more than doubled compared with the hydrodynamic dry gas seal, while the leakage rate increased significantly by 35% at the same time. The power consumption under ring heating mode is 44% lower than that under direct gas heating mode, leading to better operating economy. It provides a new idea for the structure design and auxiliary system improvement of compressor dry gas seal in S-CO2 power generation system.

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为提高现有超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)动压型干气密封的气膜刚度和降低因密封进气管路上设置加热器而增加的额外功耗,提出一种基于静环背部环体加热的S-CO2动静压型干气密封新结构。基于共轭热传递模型,采用商用软件Fluent求解密封压力场和温度场,对比分析了S-CO2动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的稳态性能和流场分布,探讨了不同加热模式和热源温度下S-CO2动静压型干气密封的流动传热特性和功率消耗。结果表明:在给定参数下,相较于动压型干气密封,动静压型干气密封的气膜刚度增加到2倍以上,不过泄漏率也增加了35%;相较于直接气体加热模式,环体加热模式下的加热功耗降低44%,密封运行经济性更好。这为S-CO2发电系统压缩机端干气密封的结构设计和辅助系统改进提供了新的思路。

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彭旭东(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为流体密封技术与摩擦学,
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江锦波(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为透平设备密封技术,

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江锦波(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为透平设备密封技术,

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temperature, figureFileSmall=+EN228VPsaFvUgWlmsdpGw==, figureFileBig=6mLVQM9vEk1wuQMhH+k94Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060409562061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同加热模式和热源温度下密封介质流速分布, figureFileSmall=+EN228VPsaFvUgWlmsdpGw==, figureFileBig=6mLVQM9vEk1wuQMhH+k94Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241137060497642449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Convective heat transfer coefficient of seal ring thermal boundary under different heating temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/K表面传热系数/(W·m–2·K–1)
动环外周静环外周静环背面
3608 203.132 881.26166.27
3707 737.822 680.74154.70
3807 387.742 528.14145.89
3907 113.642 407.14138.91
4006 893.232 308.52133.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241137060644443098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同加热温度下密封热边界表面传热系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/K表面传热系数/(W·m–2·K–1)
动环外周静环外周静环背面
3608 203.132 881.26166.27
3707 737.822 680.74154.70
3807 387.742 528.14145.89
3907 113.642 407.14138.91
4006 893.232 308.52133.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241137060749300707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial parameters adopted in the numerical calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
外腔介质压力pout/MPa8槽/孔数Ng12
转速n/(r·min–1)10 000螺旋槽深度hg/μm5
热源温度Th/K360~400螺旋角α/(°)15
气膜厚度h0/μm6周向槽宽比β0.5
弹性模量E/GPa386均压槽深度ht/μm50
泊松比ν0.14节流孔直径d/mm0.20
导热系数k/(W·m–1·K–1)57均压槽外径re2/mm66.00
比热容cp/(J·kg–1·K–1)710均压槽中径rt/mm65.00
密封端面外径ro/mm77.78均压槽内径re1/mm64.00
密封端面内径ri/mm58.42密封腔间隙δ/mm20.00
槽根半径rg/mm69.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241137060870935532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值计算中所采用的初始计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
外腔介质压力pout/MPa8槽/孔数Ng12
转速n/(r·min–1)10 000螺旋槽深度hg/μm5
热源温度Th/K360~400螺旋角α/(°)15
气膜厚度h0/μm6周向槽宽比β0.5
弹性模量E/GPa386均压槽深度ht/μm50
泊松比ν0.14节流孔直径d/mm0.20
导热系数k/(W·m–1·K–1)57均压槽外径re2/mm66.00
比热容cp/(J·kg–1·K–1)710均压槽中径rt/mm65.00
密封端面外径ro/mm77.78均压槽内径re1/mm64.00
密封端面内径ri/mm58.42密封腔间隙δ/mm20.00
槽根半径rg/mm69.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241137060950627315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Steady performance of supercritical CO2 dry gas seals with three different structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目动压型静压型动静压型
开启力Fo/kN49.7951.4554.12
气膜刚度kz/(kN·μm–1)0.650.841.67
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)7.7210.0010.39
出口温度Tout/K323.03318.84320.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061055484918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种结构S-CO2干气密封稳态性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目动压型静压型动静压型
开启力Fo/kN49.7951.4554.12
气膜刚度kz/(kN·μm–1)0.650.841.67
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)7.7210.0010.39
出口温度Tout/K323.03318.84320.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061206479867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Sealing performance and power consumption at different heating temperature and heating modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加热模式项目热源温度Th/K
360380400
气体加热开启力Fo/kN54.1254.0654.04
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)10.509.939.34
出口温度Tout/K323343360
加热功耗Qgas/W0216.0395.8
环体加热开启力Fo/kN54.1254.2354.34
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)10.399.959.46
出口温度Tout/K321344362
加热功耗Qring/W2.3112.3221.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241137061386833923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222513213376287463, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同热源温度和加热模式下密封性能和功耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加热模式项目热源温度Th/K
360380400
气体加热开启力Fo/kN54.1254.0654.04
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)10.509.939.34
出口温度Tout/K323343360
加热功耗Qgas/W0216.0395.8
环体加热开启力Fo/kN54.1254.2354.34
泄漏率q/(g·s–1)10.399.959.46
出口温度Tout/K321344362
加热功耗Qring/W2.3112.3221.1
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超临界二氧化碳动静压干气密封稳态性能和加热模式对比研究
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江锦波 1 , 江鹏 1 , 彭旭东 1 , 彭建 2 , 洪先志 2 , 唐大全 2
热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023,52(11): 46-56
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热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023, 52(11): 46-56
超临界二氧化碳动静压干气密封稳态性能和加热模式对比研究
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江锦波1 , 江鹏1, 彭旭东1 , 彭建2, 洪先志2, 唐大全2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江工业大学机械工程学院,浙江 杭州 310014
  • 2.成都一通密封股份有限公司,四川 成都 610100
  • 江锦波(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为透平设备密封技术,

通讯作者:

彭旭东(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为流体密封技术与摩擦学,
Comparative study on steady performance and heating mode of supercritical CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal
Jinbo JIANG1 , Peng JIANG1, Xudong PENG1 , Jian PENG2, Xianzhi HONG2, Daquan TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering College, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 2.Chengdu Yitong Seal Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302013
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为提高现有超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)动压型干气密封的气膜刚度和降低因密封进气管路上设置加热器而增加的额外功耗,提出一种基于静环背部环体加热的S-CO2动静压型干气密封新结构。基于共轭热传递模型,采用商用软件Fluent求解密封压力场和温度场,对比分析了S-CO2动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的稳态性能和流场分布,探讨了不同加热模式和热源温度下S-CO2动静压型干气密封的流动传热特性和功率消耗。结果表明:在给定参数下,相较于动压型干气密封,动静压型干气密封的气膜刚度增加到2倍以上,不过泄漏率也增加了35%;相较于直接气体加热模式,环体加热模式下的加热功耗降低44%,密封运行经济性更好。这为S-CO2发电系统压缩机端干气密封的结构设计和辅助系统改进提供了新的思路。

超临界二氧化碳  /  干气密封  /  加热模式  /  气膜刚度

For enhancing the film stiffness of supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) hydrodynamic dry gas seal and reducing the additional power consumption due to the installation of heater in the seal inlet line, a new structure of S-CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal with the heating of the ring body at the back of the static ring is proposed. Based on the conjugate heat transfer model, the pressure and temperature distribution of dry gas seal were simulated utilizing commercial software Fluent. The steady-state performance and flow field distribution of S-CO2 hydrodynamic seal, hydrostatic seal and hydrostatic-dynamic seal were compared and analyzed, and the flow and heat transfer characteristics and power consumption of S-CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seals under different heating modes and heat temperatures were discussed. The results show that the film stiffness of the hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal is improved more than doubled compared with the hydrodynamic dry gas seal, while the leakage rate increased significantly by 35% at the same time. The power consumption under ring heating mode is 44% lower than that under direct gas heating mode, leading to better operating economy. It provides a new idea for the structure design and auxiliary system improvement of compressor dry gas seal in S-CO2 power generation system.

supercritical carbon dioxide  /  dry gas seal  /  heating mode  /  film stiffness
江锦波, 江鹏, 彭旭东, 彭建, 洪先志, 唐大全. 超临界二氧化碳动静压干气密封稳态性能和加热模式对比研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 46 -56 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302013
Jinbo JIANG, Peng JIANG, Xudong PENG, Jian PENG, Xianzhi HONG, Daquan TANG. Comparative study on steady performance and heating mode of supercritical CO2 hydrostatic-dynamic dry gas seal[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 46 -56 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302013
超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)布雷顿循环发电因具有效率高、体积小和环境友好等显著优势而有望成为未来的主流发电技术[1]。离心压缩机是S-CO2循环发电的心脏设备,其轴端密封的低泄漏和高运行稳定性是保证系统高运行效率和实现低发电成本的关键[2-4]
当离心压缩机功率等级超过1 MW时推荐采用干气密封替代迷宫密封。不同于以氮气为密封介质的常规干气密封,S-CO2压缩机干气密封因密封腔介质工况处于近临界状态,其介质物性特殊性使得干气密封间隙内的流动传热规律较为复杂[5-6]。目前研究人员主要聚焦于研究S-CO2密封中的各种实际流体效应及其对密封稳动态特性的影响。Fairuz[7-8]、沈伟[9]、Zhang[10-11]、马润梅[12]和严如奇[13-14]等研究了实际气体效应、惯性效应、阻塞效应和湍流效应对S-CO2密封稳态性能的影响。江锦波[15]和Si[16]研究了各实际流体效应对S-CO2密封动态特性的影响。同时,高压高速条件下运行的S-CO2干气密封热流固耦合模型及其热力变形也是关注的重点[17-19],各实际流体效应、端面变形和介质特殊物性共同作用下密封间隙内介质液相凝析值得关注。相关试验[20]和数值研究[21-22]表明,如果S-CO2密封进口温度不够高,使得密封出口温度较低可能引起介质液相凝析,从而破坏流体膜的完整性而致失效。为避免间隙内的不利相变,目前工程中常用方法是在密封进气管路上增设加热器以提高进气温度,不过这也会带来辅助系统复杂和额外功耗增加的问题。
以螺旋槽干气密封为代表的动压型干气密封是目前S-CO2密封中的主流方案。Du[23-24]、袁韬[25]和王宇飞[26]等探索了螺旋槽参数优化及其衍生结构对提高S-CO2密封开启力、气膜刚度和降低泄漏率的作用效果,不过单纯通过型槽改型优化所获得的密封气膜刚度提升效果有限。通过引入静压节流结构的氮气介质静压干气密封在低速搅拌设备和离心压缩机中已得到应用。车健[27]、赵艳凤[28]等获得了静压干气密封节流孔和均压槽的优选参数,指出环形均压槽密封具有最大的气膜刚度。张树强[29]和扈中平[30]等指出动静压干气密封相较于纯动压和纯静压型干气密封有更大的密封开启力和气膜刚度。Trivedi等人[31]探索了一种S-CO2中应用自加压式静压干气密封的可行性,并测试了密封气膜刚度,但其研究中并未涉及动静压结构及多种结构密封性能之间的对比研究。综上,在S-CO2压缩机中采用动静压干气密封的作用效果有待进一步探索。
本文以S-CO2循环发电压缩机端密封为研究对象,对比了动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的稳态性能和流场分布,探讨了引入静压节流结构对改善密封稳态性能的作用效果;研究了加热模式和热源温度对S-CO2动静压干气密封稳态性能和功率消耗的影响,分析了加热模式对干气密封流动传热特性和稳态性能的影响机制。相关研究工作为S-CO2干气密封的性能提升和热管理系统设计提供了新的思路,有望显著降低密封运行能耗。
图1为S-CO2压缩机自加压式动静压干气密封结构及其加热模式。图1中,hb为气膜厚度,hg为动压槽深度,he为均压槽深度,poutpin分别为介质出入口压力。
动静压干气密封的主要结构包括固定于转轴并随之旋转的动环和挠性安装于静环座上的静环,静环与静环座之间设有辅助密封和弹性元件。在密封环端面上开设有沿周向均布的泵入螺旋槽,在螺旋槽下游侧的静环端面上开设有环形均压槽和节流孔,节流孔与静环背部腔室相连通。为避免介质在密封间隙内发生液相凝析,一般需要提高密封介质的温度。图1也给出了2种不同的加热模式:一种是气体加热模式,也即在进气管路上增设加热器以直接加热气体,这也是目前S-CO2干气密封普遍采用的调温模式;本文提出了一种在静环背部增设加热元件,通过加热密封静环,进而利用静环与密封间隙流体的热传递以间接加热间隙内密封介质的环体加热模式。
图2为动静压干气密封端面结构及其参数定义示意。在密封端面槽根半径rg至外径ro间开设有数量为Ng、深度为hg、螺旋角为β的螺旋槽;1个周期内螺旋槽和密封堰对应周向夹角分别为θgθl。螺旋槽的下游侧设有深度为ht的环形均压槽,其外径、中径和内径分别为re2rtre1;在均压槽内设有数量为Ng、直径为d0的节流孔,用以将密封外腔内的介质引入密封端面。定义周向槽宽比δ为螺旋槽周向夹角θg与1个周期周向夹角(θg+θl)之比。当端面没有螺旋槽时,则该结构为静压型干气密封;当没有均压槽和节流孔时,则为动压型干气密封。
本文重点分析不同加热模式和升力垫结构的S-CO2干气密封泄漏和成膜特性。为简化计算,有必要对数值模型做如下假设:1)流体与密封环接触面无相对滑移;2)动静环端面和槽底面均为光滑表面,也即不考虑粗糙度的影响;3)动静环为刚体,暂不考虑压力和温度作用下密封环端面热力变形,密封间隙始终保持平行;4)忽略密封介质的体积力。
考虑到高压S-CO2干气密封间隙内流体流动容易处于湍流状态,本文采用商用软件ANSYS Fluent 15.0的SST k-ω湍流模型来计算干气密封间隙内流体域的压力场、速度场和温度场,涉及的控制方程包括连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程和动静环热传导方程[30]。采用Coupled算法耦合求解流体域、固体域的传热和流动控制方程以获得密封间隙流场分布。
干气密封流体域和固体域的网格划分采用ICEM软件,ICEM划分的网格可通过几何接口导入Ansys、CFX等求解软件中。网格划分时采用流体域和固体域分别整体划分的方法。网格形式采用六面体网格,其相较于四面体网格在计算精度、变形特性和抗畸变程度方面更有优势[32]图3为动静压干气密封1个周期的固体域与流体域网格划分示意。由于节流孔直径与密封端面尺寸相差较大,在划分节流孔附近网格时采用O-block方法;节流孔与均压槽相交处网格进行局部加密以提高网格质量,更好地捕捉均压槽内和节流孔出口附近的流体流动参数。取特征切面A为密封气膜的轴向中面,特征切面B为沿着螺旋槽迎风侧壁和下游径向线的径向切面,用以方便表达密封气膜状态参数沿端面和径向的分布。密封端面的外径和内径分别为压力入口边界和压力出口边界,流体域周向两侧边界为周期性压力边界。
计算域网格数量对计算效率和精度影响显著。在满足计算精度的前提下,选择合适的网格数至关重要。取流体域和固体域的最大网格数为250万,研究了计算域网格数对密封开启力、泄漏率和流体膜最高温度的影响,以三者与最大网格数下的参数相比相对误差不超过0.5%为基准获得了动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的计算域网格数。其中,本文动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封计算域的网格数分别为102万、149万和172万。
在数值计算中,将固体域与流体域作为1个整体计算,并在接触面上设置热交换耦合面,分别由热传导方程和能量方程计算环体和气膜的温度分布。图4为2种加热模式下动环和静环的热交换边界,气膜与密封端面间的表面传热系数由软件内部算出,密封环外周面与密封腔流体间为对流换热。
本文采用经验关联式初步计算密封环与密封腔流体接触面的表面传热系数。其中静环与密封腔流体表面传热系数Hs可表示为[33]
Hs=Nusk2δs
动环与密封腔的表面传热系数Hr可表示为[33]
Hr=Nurkd
式中:NusNur分别为静环和动环外周流道的努塞特数;k为导热系数;δs为静环外周面与密封腔内壁面之间径向间隙;d为动环外周密封腔内流体周向流动水力直径;上述参数相关取值详见文献[34]。
由于动环背部、动环内周面、静环内周面与安装座之间存在一定的间隙,阻碍了密封环与安装座之间热量传递,且流体流动较弱,因此可视之为绝热边界。对于环体加热模式,在静环背部加热元件的恒温加热作用下,静环背部可视为等温边界;对于气体加热模式,静环背部与密封腔流体之间为对流换热边界。
在气体加热模式下,不同加热温度时各对流换热边界的表面传热系数计算结果见表1。由表1可知,动环外周密封腔内由于介质流动性最强,其表面传热系数最高,静环外周次之,而静环背部由于介质流动性弱,其表面传热系数最小。
在S-CO2干气密封设计中需兼顾下述目标:增大密封开启力和刚度以提高气膜稳定性,降低泄漏率以提高密封性,提高密封出口温度以避免出现液相凝析甚至形成固态干冰,减少功率消耗和采用更简单辅助系统以提高运行经济性。
图5为本文数值计算流程。在数值求解时,将通过ICEM软件划分好的计算域网格导入Fluent求解器中进行求解参数设置。其中,CO2物性参数可通过调用NIST数据库获得,流态模型选择SST k-ω湍流模型,耦合求解热传导方程和流体控制方程后求解出密封气膜的流场分布。当进出口质量流量qm和流体膜平均温度Tav相对误差都满足小于0.1%时,则认为计算过程收敛。在此基础上,基于文献[35]的计算公式获得密封开启力、气膜刚度、泄漏率等稳态性能参数。
对比研究了S-CO2动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的气膜流场分布和稳态性能参数,重点研究了加热模式和热源温度对动静压型干气密封流动传热规律和运行性能的影响。数值计算中所采用的结构参数、工况参数和介质物性参数见表2,其中动环和静环的材料都为碳化硅。
首先对比分析了动压型、静压型和动静压型干气密封的开启力、气膜刚度、泄漏率和密封出口温度等4个主要性能指标,结果见表3。从开启力和气膜刚度来看,动静压干气密封最大,动压型干气密封最小,这说明静压节流结构的引入可显著提高动压型干气密封气膜承载力和刚度,增强其抵抗外界扰动的能力,其中开启力提高9%,气膜刚度增加到2倍以上。进一步,相较于动静压干气密封,没有动压槽的静压型干气密封开启力和气膜刚度都显著高于没有静压节流结构的动压型干气密封,这说明在给定工况下,静压节流结构对于提高干气密封的气膜承载力和刚度效果比动压槽更强。
从控漏效果来看,静压节流结构的引入也会带来介质泄漏增加和密封出口温度降低的不利影响,如动静压干气密封的最低温度相较于动压型干气密封降低2 K,这主要是因节流气的引入使得密封出口处的气流速度增大所致。动压型干气密封具有最佳的控漏效果,动静压干气密封的气体泄漏率相较于前者提高了35%。密封出口温度的高低意味着介质发生不利相变可能性的大小,出口温度越高,发生相变的几率越小,因此对于动静压干气密封,还需采用合适的加热模式以提高密封出口温度,避免发生液相凝析而破坏流体膜的稳定性。
干气密封的稳态性能与密封间隙内介质流动特性紧密相关,从气膜压力和介质流速分布可直观地分析气膜承载力和泄漏率大小,从气膜温度分布可分析其出口温降特性。图6图7图8分别为3种结构S-CO2密封的介质压力场、速度场和温度场。从膜压分布来看:由于密封介质压力较高,流体静压效应占主导,动压型干气密封的槽根处并未出现明显的高压区;不过由于动压槽的设置,气膜压力在开槽区的压降得到一定程度延缓。由于节流孔的引入,高压气体通过节流孔进入均压槽后提高了密封端面气膜压力。
从3种结构干气密封密封间隙中面温度分布和流速分布来看,三者均呈现出在靠近密封间隙入口处温度较高、出口处温度较低的特征,特别是在靠近密封端面出口处会出现显著的局部温降,密封出入口最大温差达到36 K。动静压和静压型干气密封在节流孔附近出现低于同半径位置的显著低温区,这是因节流孔附近多股气流汇流造成气流速度增加所致,说明静压节流结构的引入对于控制液相凝析是不利的,有必要进一步探索静压和动静压干气密封的出口温度提高策略。从密封出口处流速来看,动压型干气密封最小,动静压干气密封最大,这是因为从节流孔处引入新的气体流量,且均压槽与密封端面内径之间的阻流密封坝径向宽度小,阻流作用较动压型干气密封的密封坝更小所致。
为进一步定量分析3种结构干气密封间隙内的压力和温度分布,特别是考察其在靠近密封出口附近的压降和温降特性,获得了特征切面上干气密封的径向温度和压力分布,结果如图9所示。
图9可看出:静压型和动静压干气密封在均压槽区的气流阻力较小,出现压降很小的压力平缓区;由于上游螺旋槽的动压泵送作用,动压和动静压干气密封在上游槽区的压降较静压型干气密封显著更小。在上述两者的共同作用下,在密封端面整个径向宽度范围内,动静压干气密封都具有显著更高的气膜压力。从温度分布来看,由于节流孔的焦汤效应,静压型和动静压干气密封的节流孔附近会出现局部的W形低温区,进而使得密封出口处出现较动压型干气密封更大的温降,其最低温度降低了3.7 K。
如前所述,相较于常用的动压型干气密封,S-CO2动静压干气密封在增大气膜承载力和刚度的同时,其密封出口温降也有所增加,有必要采用合适的加热模式以提高密封出口温度。对此,研究了不同热源温度下加热模式对S-CO2动静压干气密封出口温度和稳态性能的影响,并通过对比进出口质量流量和流场分布以探究加热模式对干气密封稳态性能的影响机制。
图10为2种加热模式下热源温度对动静压干气密封特征面上气膜径向温度分布的影响。因气体加热模式是对进气管路中的气体进行加热,故密封入口温度随热源温度的提高而提高。此处假设在加热器中进行了充分的热交换,且从加热器至密封腔内没有热量损失,也即热源温度等于密封入口温度。环体加热模式是通过静环背部的加热元件以间接加热密封间隙内的气体,故密封入口温度不随热源温度而变化。在气体加热模式中,密封出口温度随着入口温度的升高而呈现线性递增,且入口和出口温差维持在40 K左右。在环体加热模式中,密封出口温度也随热源温度的提高而提高,不同的是均压槽附近出现不同程度的温度波动。当通过环体对气体加热时,由于气体的导热性较差,致使气体无法均匀地被加热到相同温度,即节流孔内远离壁面处的气体温度低于壁面温度,且气体从节流孔流出时受节流效应影响,气体温度再次下降,进入均压槽后混合使得均压槽内的气体温度下降。在热源温度相同时,2种加热模式对应的密封出口温度差异不大,也即可实现对密封出口温度近似的调控效果,但是这2种加热模式所耗功率和密封稳态性能会有所不同。
图11为2种加热模式下热源温度对动静压干气密封稳态性能的影响。气体加热模式下的开启力随热源温度的升高而减小,而环体加热模式下密封开启力则随热源温度的升高而增大。虽然变化幅值很小,但两者的这种规律性差异有必要进一步分析。从泄漏率来看,2种加热模式下的介质泄漏率都随热源温度的升高而减小,且气体加热模式下的泄漏率降幅更大。
以热源温度360 K时作为基准,获得了不同热源温度下动静压干气密封气膜压力差值。图12为不同热源温度下气膜压力差值的径向分布。由前述图10可知,不同加热模式下密封端面均压槽内的温度差异明显,表现为环体加热时均压槽区域介质温度显著更低。因气体密度随温度的升高而降低,而黏度随温度升高而增大,因此环体加热时均压槽区域的介质密度更大,而黏度更小。环体加热模式中更小的介质黏度意味着介质通过节流孔时的流阻更小,则进入均压槽内的节流后压力会更高,均压槽内压力的升高会进一步提高整个密封端面的气膜压力,因此环体加热模式下密封开启力随热源温度的升高而增大。
图13为不同热源温度下从不同通道进入密封间隙内的气体流量变化,图14图15分别为不同热源温度下2种加热模式对应的密封间隙介质密度和流速分布。随着热源温度的升高,CO2介质的密度逐渐减小,密封间隙内气体流速有所增大,故通过密封端面外径入口进入密封间隙的气体流量差异不明显;不过通过节流孔进入密封间隙的气体流速变化不大,而密度显著降低,故引起对应的气体流量显著下降。两者综合作用的结果是使泄漏气体质量流量随热源温度的升高而单调递减。进一步,因环体加热时端面均压槽附近的温度更低,这种差异在较高热源温度时越发明显,故环体加热时通过节流孔进入密封间隙内的气体质量流量较气体加热时随热源温度的提高而具有更大的降幅。
为提高密封介质进气温度而设置的加热器不可避免地会引起额外功耗地增加,较小的功率消耗和简单的结构布置是干气密封系统设计中所需重点考虑的问题。对于气体加热模式而言,其需要将密封腔内的气体整体加热到一定温度,对应的加热气体量等于通过密封间隙泄漏的气体量,其功耗可表示为:
Qgas=cpqΔT
式中:cp为CO2介质定压比热容;q为介质泄漏率∆T为热源温度与气源温度之差,后者取为360 K。
环体加热模式对应的功耗计算公式为:
Qring=Aq1dA
式中:q1为加热元件与静环背部接触面的热流密度;A为静环背部端面面积。
表4为不同热源温度和加热模式条件下密封的开启力、泄漏率、出口温度和加热功耗。由表4可知,气体加热模式比环体加热模式要消耗更多的能量,前者近似为后者的2倍,且加热功耗随着热源温度的升高而增大。综合来看,相较于传统的气体加热模式,通过加热静环进而间接加热密封间隙内气体的环体加热模式具有显著更低的功率消耗,且这种优势在更高的热源温度下愈发明显,如在热源温度为400 K时,加热功耗降低44%,不过也会带来气体泄漏略有增加的问题。
1)相较于经典S-CO2动压型干气密封,动静压干气密封能获得显著更大的气膜承载力和气膜刚度,其中气膜刚度增加到2倍以上,开启力增幅为9%,不过也会带来介质泄漏率增加35%和最低温度降低2 K的不利影响。
2)。相较于传统进气管路加热器的气体加热模式,本文提出的通过在静环背部增设加热元件以间接加热密封间隙内介质的环体加热新模式具有更低的功率消耗,且这种优势随热源温度升高而突显,在热源温度为400 K时,加热功耗降低44%。
3)加热模式的改变可能会引起密封环热力变形的改变,本文中暂未考虑,后续有必要建立S-CO2干气密封的热流固耦合模型,并开展加热模式对于密封环热力变形影响的对比研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52075491; 52076195)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(LD21E050002)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202302013
  • 接收时间:2023-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52075491; 52076195)
国家自然科学基金项目(52075491; 52076195)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LD21E050002)
浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(LD21E050002)
作者信息
    1.浙江工业大学机械工程学院,浙江 杭州 310014
    2.成都一通密封股份有限公司,四川 成都 610100

通讯作者:

彭旭东(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为流体密封技术与摩擦学,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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