Article(id=1222513212646478559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683561600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399463092, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399463092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399463092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399463092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=173, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513212906525410, articleId=1222513212646478559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Engineering control and tuning method for thermal non-minimum phase plant, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The non-minimum phase plants with unstable zeros exists widely in the process of power production. Because of the non-minimum phase characteristics, the control system should ensure internal stability while completing output tracking, and improve response speed while overcoming the undershoot. The general PID control cannot meet the requirements of engineering applications. An engineering control and tuning method for non-minimum phase plants is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a robust PID controller is designed to ensure the stability of the closed-loop control system and overcome the under shoot of the system. Secondly, design a second-order filter that includes system position error, velocity error, and acceleration error to improve the response speed and dynamic performance of the control system. This method is simple, easy to tune, easy to configure in DCS, and has strong robustness to model uncertainty, which is worth promoting in engineering.

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含有不稳定零点的非最小相位对象在电力生产过程中广泛存在,由于存在非最小相位特性,要求控制系统在确保输出跟踪的同时还要兼顾内部稳定性,在克服系统负调的同时,要尽量提高其响应速度,普通的PID控制难以满足工程应用的需要。基于此,首先,提出了一种非最小相位对象工程控制及其整定方法,设计鲁棒PID控制器实现系统无差控制,提高系统稳定性,同时克服系统负调;然后,设计二阶滤波器,并引入系统位置误差、速度误差、加速度误差信息,以提高系统的响应速度,改善系统动态性能。该方法原理简单,整定方便,易于在DCS中组态实现,且对模型不确定性有较强的鲁棒性,具有较好工程应用价值。

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马增辉(1977),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热工过程自动化、智能决策与优化控制,

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马增辉(1977),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热工过程自动化、智能决策与优化控制,

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热工非最小相位对象工程控制及整定方法
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马增辉 1, 2 , 梁枫 3 , 王连刚 4
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(11): 173-179
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(11): 173-179
热工非最小相位对象工程控制及整定方法
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马增辉1, 2 , 梁枫3, 王连刚4
作者信息
  • 1.海南热带海洋学院,海南 三亚 572022
  • 2.海南热带海洋学院崖州湾创新研究院,海南 三亚 572022
  • 3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 4.华能兰州新区热电有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 马增辉(1977),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热工过程自动化、智能决策与优化控制,

Engineering control and tuning method for thermal non-minimum phase plant
Zenghui MA1, 2 , Feng LIANG3, Liangang WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 2.Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 3.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 4.Huaneng Lanzhou Newarea Cogeneration Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305064
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含有不稳定零点的非最小相位对象在电力生产过程中广泛存在,由于存在非最小相位特性,要求控制系统在确保输出跟踪的同时还要兼顾内部稳定性,在克服系统负调的同时,要尽量提高其响应速度,普通的PID控制难以满足工程应用的需要。基于此,首先,提出了一种非最小相位对象工程控制及其整定方法,设计鲁棒PID控制器实现系统无差控制,提高系统稳定性,同时克服系统负调;然后,设计二阶滤波器,并引入系统位置误差、速度误差、加速度误差信息,以提高系统的响应速度,改善系统动态性能。该方法原理简单,整定方便,易于在DCS中组态实现,且对模型不确定性有较强的鲁棒性,具有较好工程应用价值。

非最小相位  /  H控制  /  鲁棒PID  /  二阶滤波  /  改进帝国竞争算法

The non-minimum phase plants with unstable zeros exists widely in the process of power production. Because of the non-minimum phase characteristics, the control system should ensure internal stability while completing output tracking, and improve response speed while overcoming the undershoot. The general PID control cannot meet the requirements of engineering applications. An engineering control and tuning method for non-minimum phase plants is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a robust PID controller is designed to ensure the stability of the closed-loop control system and overcome the under shoot of the system. Secondly, design a second-order filter that includes system position error, velocity error, and acceleration error to improve the response speed and dynamic performance of the control system. This method is simple, easy to tune, easy to configure in DCS, and has strong robustness to model uncertainty, which is worth promoting in engineering.

non-minimum phase plant  /  H control  /  robust PID  /  second-order filtering  /  imperial competitive algorithm
马增辉, 梁枫, 王连刚. 热工非最小相位对象工程控制及整定方法. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 173 -179 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305064
Zenghui MA, Feng LIANG, Liangang WANG. Engineering control and tuning method for thermal non-minimum phase plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 173 -179 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305064
具有右半复平面零点的对象属于非最小相位对象[1-2]。非最小相位对象在能源系统中广泛存在,热工控制中的锅炉汽包水位和锅炉主蒸汽压力对象、水力发电中的水轮机调速系统等都是典型的非最小相位对象。纯迟延环节用Pade近似或者泰勒级数展开,就会发现具有右半平面的零点存在,也是一类非最小相位对象。
对于非最小相位对象的控制,其解决问题的思路主要分2种[1]:1)基于极点配置的思想,将非最小相位对象的控制问题转化为镇定问题,如滑模控制[3-4]、状态反馈[5-6];2)利用动态特性相近的某最小相位对象替代原非最小相位对象进行控制器的设计,如文献[7]中模块化控制和零点忽略技术[1,8]。近些年一些新的方法也不断涌现,如分数阶PID[9]、Smith预估控制的改进[10-11]、重复控制[12]、自抗扰控制[13]、预测控制[14]、最优控制[15]、自适应控制[16]等。以上方法或是由于结构复杂难以在DCS中组态实现,或是由于参数整定困难,或是由于原理深奥,都难以在实际工程中应用推广。
在工程实际中,对于非最小相位的控制仍是以PID控制为主,这是由于PID控制突出的鲁棒性能和在DCS中方便成熟的组态技术决定的。尽管PID控制可以实现非最小相位对象的无差控制,尤其对于含不稳定零点的非最小相位对象,仅当非最小相位作用不十分剧烈时,利用PID控制超前的误差预测性能,可以克服不稳定零点引起的负调和时滞[8]。但是,对负调的克服是以牺牲系统的响应速度为代价,使得系统的鲁棒性变差,降低了系统的控制品质。尤其当非最小相位作用比较突出时,常规的PID控制无法获得期望的控制品质。也就是说,对于含有不稳定零点的非最小相位对象,所需要解决的主要问题是,在抑制系统负调、确保稳定性的同时,应该尽量提高系统的响应速度、缩短系统的上升时间。事实上,关于非最小相位对象的控制问题始终是工程应用中具有挑战性的问题之一[2]
本文针对含有不稳定零点的非最小相位对象,提出一种工程控制及整定方法。首先为了兼顾非最小相位系统的输出跟踪能力和稳定性,采用鲁棒理论设计PID控制器,使得非最小相位对象闭环稳定,实现其无差控制,同时克服系统由不稳定零点引起的负调;然后,在参考输入端设计二阶滤波器,依次分别引入位置误差项、速度误差项、加速度误差项,以提高系统的响应速度,缩短上升时间,改善系统性能。仿真实验证明,该方法结构简单、整定方便,易于在DCS中组态实现,具有较好的鲁棒性,适合在工程中推广应用。
具有正实部零点的非最小相位对象一般表示为:
G(s)=K(1Tps)(T1s+1)(T2s+1)
汽轮机调节阀扰动下锅炉主蒸汽压力传递函数[8]可表示为:
G(s)=5(10.8s)(1+0.4s)(1+4.8s)
图1为式(2)的非最小相位对象在阶跃扰动下动态特性。由图1可见,非最小相位对象在阶跃作用下,系统输出开始会向反方向变化,具有一定的负调,然后才能跟踪阶跃信号。由不稳定零点引起的负调给最小相位系统的控制带来了非常大的影响。
实际工程应用中,非最小相位特性带来的主要问题有:1)破坏控制系统的状态约束条件,即时域内系统在初始阶段阶跃响应为负,响应速度缓慢,影响系统的稳定性和动态品质;2)使得系统的鲁棒性能变差;3)误导操作人员认为系统调节故障,引起不必要甚至错误的人工干预。
非最小相位对象工程控制方案如图2所示。其中:F(s)为二阶滤波器;C(s)为鲁棒PID控制器;G(s)为被控对象;d为系统扰动。
C(s)为实际PID控制器,其表达式为:
C(s)=Kc+Kis+KdsTds+1
式中:Kc为PID控制器比例增益;Ki为积分增益;Kd为微分增益;Td为PID控制器微分时间。
控制系统的参数整定可以分2步进行,首先令F(s)=1,先设计鲁棒PID控制器;然后再依据系统所期望的动态特性,整定二阶滤波器F(s)。
H控制是针对系统受到的最强干扰和最大程度的模型不确定性进行控制器的优化设计,其基本的控制结构如图3所示。
图3中:ω为外部输入信号,一般包括设定值输入和各种干扰、噪声等;u为控制器输出;y为观测到的系统输出;z为系统性能输出;K(s)为控制器;G(s)为广义被控对象。可以看出,H控制的实质是控制器K(s)的求解问题。H控制系统如图4所示[17]
图4中:r为系统设定值;d为干扰信号;e为系统偏差;u为控制器输出;y为系统输出;G为广义被控对象;K为控制器;z1为系统偏差性能信号;z2为控制器调节性能信号;z3为执行机构输出性能信号;W1W2W3分别为相应性能信号的加权函数。当控制器结构确定时,H鲁棒控制器设计的关键问题是加权函数的选择问题。
S为灵敏度函数,T为补灵敏度函数,即:
S=11+GK
T=GK1+GK
R=SK
T=1S
H控制的主要目的是设计控制器K使得系统闭环稳定并满足:
W1SW2RW3T1
如果被控对象的传递函数含有纯迟延环节eτs,加权函数可以选择为超前环节,即:
Wi(s)=ki(mis+1)nis+1,  mi>ni , i=1,2
如果被控对象传递函数不含有纯迟延环节eτs,简便起见,加权函数一般选择为常数,即Wi(s)=mi
图4中控制器K选择为PID控制器(式(3)),在PID参数确定、控制器保持不变的情形下,使其具有突出的鲁棒性能,对系统干扰和模型参数摄动都有突出的抑制能力是本文研究的目的。鲁棒PID控制器的整定分2步进行[8]
第1步,采用零点忽略技术,将非最小相位对象转化成与之对应的最小相位对象:
eτs=10.5τs1+0.5τs
利用式(10)的Pade近似,可以将式(1)近似为式(11)稳定的二阶纯迟延系统:
G*(s)=K(1+Tps)(T1s+1)(T2s+1)e2Tps
同理,式(2)近似的二阶纯迟延系统为:
G*(s)=5(1+0.8s)(1+0.4s)(1+4.8s)e1.6s
第2步,针对式(11)、式(12)近似的最小相位系统,基于混合灵敏度整定PID控制器参数。
混合灵敏度设计既考虑了外部扰动对控制系统的影响,又考虑了系统内部参数的摄动,能够最大程度地满足系统的鲁棒性能,是鲁棒控制器常用的设计方法。由于灵敏度S是考量系统抗扰能力的主要指标,而补灵敏度T是考量系统鲁棒性的主要指标,合理选择它们的加权函数既可以确保系统的输出跟踪能力,又可以兼顾系统的内部稳定性。因此,灵敏度函数S的加权函数和补灵敏度函数T的加权函数的选择往往是相互影响。
H控制中,直接令表征系统鲁棒性能的补灵敏度函数T等于系统所期望的闭环传递函数,那么依据该闭环传递函数的性能指标衰减率ϕ、最大超调量Mp、上升时间tr、调节时间ts、峰值时间tp、稳态误差ess等,就可以整定PID控制器K的各项参数。以系统的鲁棒性指标设计得到的PID控制器,即为鲁棒PID控制器。
为了突出系统响应速度,缩短系统的调节时间,也可以选取时间与绝对误差乘积积分(ITAE)指标作为系统的目标函数,设计鲁棒PID控制器的参数,采用遗传算法或帝国竞争算法(imperialist competitive algorithm,ICA)进行求解。
ITAE=0t|e(t)|dt
式中:e(t)为闭环系统输出与设定值之间的偏差。
ICA的计算流程如图5所示,其基本内容和运算步骤见参考文献[18]。
帝国的势力是该帝国殖民地国家的势力与殖民地平均势力的和,采用加权求和的方式,即:
Tn=(1δ)i=1NCCiNC+δj=1NPPnjNP
式中:Tn为第n个帝国的势力;Pnj为第n个帝国第j个殖民地的势力;NP为帝国殖民地个数;Ci为帝国所属第i个殖民国家的势力;Nc为殖民国家的个数;δ为加权系数,可令δ=0.1。
为了进行殖民地分配,建立帝国势力向量:
T=[T1,T2,,TNT]
式中:NT为当前帝国的数量。
为了防止算法过早收敛,在构建初始帝国、殖民地同化、殖民地革命阶段,借用遗传算法的思想进行改进[19]
在算法开始时,利用遗传算法迭代λ次,得到势力最强Nc个国家作为帝国竞争算法的初始帝国。
Ti=1εtFit(i)
式中:Ti为第i个帝国的势力;Fit(i)为第i个帝国的适应度值;εt为调节系数。适应度值越小,其适应度越好,帝国势力越强。
殖民地同化是帝国所属殖民地逐渐趋向殖民国家的过程。在殖民地同化阶段采用部分交叉复制算法,即在殖民国家和殖民地序列中,选取某个或某几个位置的国家和殖民地进行交叉运算,其余位置可以复制,产生新的子代,子代当中势力较强者替换掉原来的殖民地,成为同化殖民地。
殖民地革命阶段采用交换变异算法,即从殖民地个体中选择2个位置的基因,进行互换得到新的殖民地。殖民地革命概率计算公式为:
Pr=εpedλmax(1Pc,iPmax,i)
式中:Pr为殖民地革命概率;d为当前迭代次数;εp是可调系数;Pc,i为第i个帝国的殖民地归一化后的势力;Pmax,i为第i个帝国最大的归一化后势力。
在完成殖民地同化和革命步骤后,对所有帝国和其所属殖民地的势力进行筛查,如果发现殖民地的势力强于其帝国势力,即Pnj>Tn,则交换殖民地和帝国的位置,得到新的帝国。
通过殖民地的再分配,使得势力强的帝国不断获得殖民地,势力弱的帝国不断失去殖民地,直至消失。当帝国竞争算法陷入局部最优时,则重新调用遗传算法进行迭代。
滤波器即输入整形,属于前馈控制范畴,可以消除系统在阶跃扰动下表现出来的振动。对象模型越精确,滤波器对系统振动的抑制效果越好。同样依据系统所期望的二阶振荡传递函数整定式(18)的二阶滤波器。二阶滤波器的极点与所期望的二阶振荡传递函数的极点一致,依据经典控制理论中二阶振荡环节的定义,由二阶振荡环节的阻尼比ξ和振荡频率ωn就可以确定滤波器F(s)的极点,即n1=1、n2=2ωnn3=ωn2。工程应用中,二阶振荡系统的阻尼比ξ在0.4~0.8,通常选取最佳阻尼比ξ=0.707,自然振荡频率ωn=ω0=1。
F(s)=m1s2+m2s+m3n1s2+n2s+n3
式中:m1为加速度误差系数;m2为速度误差系数;m3为位置误差系数。m1m2m3分别表征系统跟踪加速度信号、斜坡信号和阶跃信号的能力,也可以认为分别表征系统所期望的运动加速度、速度和位置[20],可以依据系统所期望的输出稳态误差ess、上升时间tr或延迟时间td来整定。工程应用中,最简单的整定方法可以依据系统所期望的稳态误差ess来确定,即:
m1=αm1Ka=αm11ess
m2=αm2Kv=αm21ess
m3=αm3Kp=1
式中:KpKvKa分别为所期望系统的位置误差系数、速度误差系数和加速度误差系数;αm1αm2αm3分别为二阶滤波器加速度误差项、速度误差项和位置误差项的比例系数。
采用图2的工程控制系统,对式(2)火电机组汽轮机调节阀扰动下的锅炉主蒸汽压力非最小相位对象进行仿真实验分析。
以式(2)的控制对象为例,分别采用Ziegler-Nichols经验整定公式、S-IMC内模方法以及文献[8]中的方法整定PID参数,不同PID参数下系统阶跃响应输出如图6所示。
图6可以看出:曲线1(文献[8]中的方法)虽然没有负调,但响应速度太慢,调节时间明显延长,控制品质降低;曲线2、曲线3(Ziegler-Nichols经验公式和S-IMC内模方法)响应速度虽然很快,但负调严重,振荡加剧,稳定性变差。
普通PID控制器可以实现非最小相位对象的无差控制,确保系统输出跟踪能力,但是稳定性难以保证,振荡加剧,或者牺牲了系统的响应速度,调节时间太慢,品质降低。
F(s)=1,整定鲁棒PID控制器参数:Kc=0.01,Ki=0.014 3,Kd=0.005,Td=1。此时,系统输出没有负调。
1)位置滤波
若式(18)的二阶滤波器中只考虑位置因素,令m3=1,m2=0,m1=0,选取最佳阻尼比ξ=0.707,自然振荡频率ωn=ω0=1,整定二阶滤波器为:
F1(s)=1s2+1.414s+1
系统的阶跃响应曲线以及控制器输出曲线如图7所示。位置滤波器式(22)相当于一个二阶惯性环节,因此,它对系统动态特性的改善有限,而且还有一定的滞后。
2)速度、位置滤波
若式(18)的滤波器中考虑位置、速度因子,整定得到速度滤波器为:
F2(s)=4.4s+1s2+1.414s+1
系统的阶跃响应曲线以及控制器输出曲线如图8所示。由图8可见,在滤波器中加入了速度项之后,系统的响应时间明显加快,动态特性得到了明显的改善。
3)加速度、速度、位置滤波
若式(18)的滤波器中考虑位置、速度、加速度因子,整定得到的加速度滤波器为:
F3(s)=4.8s2+6.8s+1s2+1.414s+1
系统的阶跃响应以及控制器输出曲线如图9所示。由图9可见,在加入系统运动加速度项之后,系统的响应速度进一步加快,动态特性得到进一步改善。开始阶段工程中允许范围内的微小负调,也是系统提高响应速度的结果。
本文的PID控制器依据H控制设计。H控制是针对最大程度的模型不确定性进行控制器的优化设计。因此,当控制对象参数发生大范围跃变时,以此来检验系统的鲁棒性是有效的。
当控制对象模型参数变化或者模型存在误差时,系统的稳定性由PID控制器保证。对于可确定的误差范围,总可以依据鲁棒H理论设计控制器以足够的稳定裕度来确保系统鲁棒稳定。同样,也可以依据最佳阻尼比、自然振荡频率以及系统所期望的运动位置、速度、加速度来设计二阶滤波器。
式(1)、式(2)的非最小相位对象参数KTpT1T2分别增大20%时,鲁棒PID控制器C(s)和速度滤波器F(s)的参数保持不变,其阶跃响应曲线如图10所示。
图10可以看出,系统对比例增益的变化比较敏感,不稳定零点和极点的变化对系统的影响较小。对于某一参数发生慢时变的对象,可以利用对象的在线辨识技术,以此来实现控制器参数的自校正,这样可以进一步提高系统的鲁棒性能。
1)控制对象的非最小相位特性给控制系统带来很大的挑战,普通的PID控制虽然可以实现非最小相位对象的无差控制,但是难以获得能够满足工程需要的控制品质。主要表现在:一方面要确保非最小相位系统的输出跟踪能力,又要兼顾过程的稳定性;另一方面,在克服系统负调的同时,还要尽量提高系统的响应速度,满足工程应用的需求。
2)本文提出了一种非最小相位对象工程控制及其整定方法。依据H理论设计PID控制器,以实现非最小相位对象的无差控制,并提高其稳定性,同时尽量减小系统负调;设计二阶滤波器,并逐步加入系统位置误差信息、速度误差信息、加速度误差信息来改善系统性能,提高系统的响应速度。实例分析证明本文提出的方法具有较好的鲁棒性,并且结构简单、整定方便、易于组态实现,具有工程应用推广价值。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(623RC506)
  • 海南热带海洋学院科研项目(RHDRC202004)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305064
  • 接收时间:2023-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-09
基金
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(623RC506)
海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(623RC506)
Hainan Tropical Ocean University Initial Scientific Research Fund(RHDRC202004)
海南热带海洋学院科研项目(RHDRC202004)
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    1.海南热带海洋学院,海南 三亚 572022
    2.海南热带海洋学院崖州湾创新研究院,海南 三亚 572022
    3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    4.华能兰州新区热电有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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