Article(id=1222513211073618749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202301010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675094400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769399462717, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1700841600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769399462717, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769399462717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769399462717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222513210519970621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769399462585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769405983425, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222540560984957090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222513210519970621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222513211417551681, articleId=1222513211073618749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide and structural optimization in vertical straightly-ribbed-tube, columnId=1222513211350442816, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The high-performance supercritical CO2 heat exchanger is the key core equipment to realize the efficient and compact S-CO2 Brayton cycle system. S-CO2 has a low heat transfer coefficient in the smooth channel, and seeking high heat transfer performance and low-resistance heat transfer structure is the key to the development of efficient and compact heat exchangers. Five-axis EDM was used to fabricate the straightly ribbed tube, and the heat transfer behaviors of S-CO2 in the four-headed straight rib tube was experimentally studied, the effect of flow parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of the straight rib tube was systematically analyzed, and the difference in the heat transfer performance between the straight rib tube and the smooth tube was quantitatively evaluated. The influence of structural parameters on the enhanced heat transfer and resistance characteristics was studied by numerical simulation method, and the optimal straight rib tube structure was obtained. The results show that increasing the pressure and mass flow rate can reduce the wall temperature, improve the convective heat transfer coefficient, and the average heat transfer capacity of straight rib tube is about 1.96 times that of smooth tube. Compared with smooth tubes, straight ribbed tubes can effectively delay the occurrence of heat transfer deterioration, the ability to delay the occurrence of heat transfer deterioration by using straightly-ribbed tubes is increased by 0.3~1.8 times. When the fixed rib width W=0.5 mm and the rib height H=2.5 mm, the PEC is the best, and the value of PEC is1.58. However, the fixed rib height is H=0.5 mm, ε=0.33, and PEC of the straightly-ribbed tube is the best, with the value of PEC is 1.22.

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高性能超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)换热器是实现S-CO2布雷顿循环系统高效紧凑化的关键核心设备,S-CO2在光滑通道内换热系数较低,寻求高换热性能与低阻换热结构是发展高效紧凑式换热器的关键。采用五轴电火花成型技术制造出直肋管,通过实验方法研究了S-CO2在四头直肋管内传热规律,系统分析了流动参数对直肋管强化传热特性影响,定量评估了直肋管与光管换热能力的差异;采用数值模拟方法研究了直肋管结构参数对强化传热和阻力特性的影响规律,获得最优的直肋管结构。结果表明:增加压力和质量流速可以降低壁面温度,提高对流换热系数,直肋管的平均换热能力是圆形光管的1.96倍左右;相较于圆形光管,直肋管可以有效延迟传热恶化发生,且使传热恶化延迟能力提升0.3~1.8倍;当固定肋宽0.5 mm,肋高2.5 mm,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合换热因子为1.58;而固定肋高为0.5 mm,高宽比0.33,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合换热因子为1.22。

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雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温高压汽液两相流及先进超临界动力循环技术,
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王亚慧(1997),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳流动换热技术,

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王亚慧(1997),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳流动换热技术,

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王亚慧(1997),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳流动换热技术,

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1—压缩机;2—二氧化碳气瓶;3—增压泵;4—储液罐;5—过滤器;6—二氧化碳柱塞泵;7—稳压器;8—阀门;9—质量流量计;10—冷凝器;11—水冷机。

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Measurement instrument and uncertainty of experimental parameters

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参数仪器仪表精度
入口压力p罗斯蒙特3051型压力变送器0.075%
质量流量M雷奥尼克RHM-08型质量流量计0.05%
外壁面温度TowK型热电偶0.4 ℃
流体温度TbK型铠装热电偶0.4 ℃
加热电压U电压变送器0.2%
加热电流I电流变送器0.2%
热流密度q5.08%
对流换热系数HTC10.6%
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实验参数测量仪表及精度

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参数仪器仪表精度
入口压力p罗斯蒙特3051型压力变送器0.075%
质量流量M雷奥尼克RHM-08型质量流量计0.05%
外壁面温度TowK型热电偶0.4 ℃
流体温度TbK型铠装热电偶0.4 ℃
加热电压U电压变送器0.2%
加热电流I电流变送器0.2%
热流密度q5.08%
对流换热系数HTC10.6%
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Numerical simulation of conditions and structural parameters of straightly-ribbed tubes

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项目数值
压力p/MPa9.0
质量流速G/(kg·m–2·s–1)800
热流密度q/(kW·m–2)120
加热段L2/mm1 100
最大内径din/mm6
外径dout/mm8
壁厚δ/mm1
肋宽W/mm0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5
肋高H/mm0.400、0.500、0.600、0.625、0.700、1.000、1.200、1.250、1.375、1.470、1.500、2.000、2.500
高宽比ε=H/W0.2~5.0
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直肋管结构参数与计算工况

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项目数值
压力p/MPa9.0
质量流速G/(kg·m–2·s–1)800
热流密度q/(kW·m–2)120
加热段L2/mm1 100
最大内径din/mm6
外径dout/mm8
壁厚δ/mm1
肋宽W/mm0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5
肋高H/mm0.400、0.500、0.600、0.625、0.700、1.000、1.200、1.250、1.375、1.470、1.500、2.000、2.500
高宽比ε=H/W0.2~5.0
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竖直上升直肋管内超临界二氧化碳换热特性与肋结构优化
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王亚慧 , 雷贤良 , 刘云帆 , 方寅 , 李雨声
热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023,52(11): 1-9
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热力发电 | 超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术专题 2023, 52(11): 1-9
竖直上升直肋管内超临界二氧化碳换热特性与肋结构优化
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王亚慧 , 雷贤良 , 刘云帆, 方寅, 李雨声
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 王亚慧(1997),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳流动换热技术,

通讯作者:

雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温高压汽液两相流及先进超临界动力循环技术,
Heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide and structural optimization in vertical straightly-ribbed-tube
Yahui WANG , Xianliang LEI , Yunfan LIU, Yin FANG, Yusheng LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2023-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301010
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高性能超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)换热器是实现S-CO2布雷顿循环系统高效紧凑化的关键核心设备,S-CO2在光滑通道内换热系数较低,寻求高换热性能与低阻换热结构是发展高效紧凑式换热器的关键。采用五轴电火花成型技术制造出直肋管,通过实验方法研究了S-CO2在四头直肋管内传热规律,系统分析了流动参数对直肋管强化传热特性影响,定量评估了直肋管与光管换热能力的差异;采用数值模拟方法研究了直肋管结构参数对强化传热和阻力特性的影响规律,获得最优的直肋管结构。结果表明:增加压力和质量流速可以降低壁面温度,提高对流换热系数,直肋管的平均换热能力是圆形光管的1.96倍左右;相较于圆形光管,直肋管可以有效延迟传热恶化发生,且使传热恶化延迟能力提升0.3~1.8倍;当固定肋宽0.5 mm,肋高2.5 mm,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合换热因子为1.58;而固定肋高为0.5 mm,高宽比0.33,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合换热因子为1.22。

直肋管  /  超临界二氧化碳  /  结构参数  /  强化传热  /  优化设计

The high-performance supercritical CO2 heat exchanger is the key core equipment to realize the efficient and compact S-CO2 Brayton cycle system. S-CO2 has a low heat transfer coefficient in the smooth channel, and seeking high heat transfer performance and low-resistance heat transfer structure is the key to the development of efficient and compact heat exchangers. Five-axis EDM was used to fabricate the straightly ribbed tube, and the heat transfer behaviors of S-CO2 in the four-headed straight rib tube was experimentally studied, the effect of flow parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of the straight rib tube was systematically analyzed, and the difference in the heat transfer performance between the straight rib tube and the smooth tube was quantitatively evaluated. The influence of structural parameters on the enhanced heat transfer and resistance characteristics was studied by numerical simulation method, and the optimal straight rib tube structure was obtained. The results show that increasing the pressure and mass flow rate can reduce the wall temperature, improve the convective heat transfer coefficient, and the average heat transfer capacity of straight rib tube is about 1.96 times that of smooth tube. Compared with smooth tubes, straight ribbed tubes can effectively delay the occurrence of heat transfer deterioration, the ability to delay the occurrence of heat transfer deterioration by using straightly-ribbed tubes is increased by 0.3~1.8 times. When the fixed rib width W=0.5 mm and the rib height H=2.5 mm, the PEC is the best, and the value of PEC is1.58. However, the fixed rib height is H=0.5 mm, ε=0.33, and PEC of the straightly-ribbed tube is the best, with the value of PEC is 1.22.

straightly ribbed tube  /  supercritical carbon dioxide  /  structural parameters  /  enhancing heat transfer  /  optimal design
王亚慧, 雷贤良, 刘云帆, 方寅, 李雨声. 竖直上升直肋管内超临界二氧化碳换热特性与肋结构优化. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (11) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301010
Yahui WANG, Xianliang LEI, Yunfan LIU, Yin FANG, Yusheng LI. Heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide and structural optimization in vertical straightly-ribbed-tube[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (11) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301010
先进超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环系统满足高效、紧凑、清洁发电目标,将在核能、太阳能、地热等诸多领域得到应用,被视为未来最有前景的发电循环技术之一。高性能S-CO2换热器是实现先进S-CO2布雷顿循环系统高效紧凑化的关键核心设备,掌握关键换热部件中超临界流体的高效换热特性对于保障S-CO2布雷顿循环的优化设计与安全运行十分重要。
超临界工质的物性在拟临界点附近呈现出非线性畸变。相较于水,S-CO2的高比热区低,所占据的焓值区小,较小热量输入即可完成高比热区的跨越,因而在较高的热流密度条件下极易诱发传热恶化[1]。为改善微/细小通道内换热性能,研究中多采用异型结构来强化通道内换热[2-3],如采用矩形、梯形和三角形微通道[4-5],Y形[6]、T形[7]、矩形、三角形、梯形[8]、水滴状和半圆形凹槽[9],圆锥形折返腔[10]或椭圆凹腔[11]。肋化结构可有效提升换热性能,较好地抑制近壁区内“气”膜形成,抑制传热恶化。因此,一些研究采用加肋方式改善换热,如采用高迎角三角肋[12]、偏置三角形肋[13]、添加矩形翅片[14]、矩形侧壁添加截断的肋结构[15]、半圆形和半椭圆形肋[16]、双向肋[17]等。与常规光滑通道相比,肋化通道随着肋化率增加,大幅增加热表面与流体的接触面积,提高换热效率。同时,由于肋化管表面的结构改变了壁面附近流体区内湍流特性,有效地降低了边界层内热阻,增强换热,大幅提升了换热性能。Zhu等人[18]对S-CO2在槽管换热器冷却条件下对流换热特性展开研究,发现当壁面附近CO2温度梯度较大时,在较小间距的螺旋肋管中流体受到更大干扰,Nu数更高,螺旋肋管的总传热系数是光滑管的2~3倍。再者,由于肋化结构可有效抑制或延迟传热恶化发生,大幅提升临界热负荷,因而在超临界锅炉垂直管水冷壁常采用内螺纹强化换热技术。超临界水换热系数大于5 000 W/(m2.K),相较于超临界水,S-CO2比热较低,换热系数亦较低,约为2 000 W/(m2.K)。一些学者[18-23]对内螺纹管和内凸管换热特性开展了研究。虞中旸等[24]采用CFD方法对S-CO2在螺旋槽管内流动换热特性进行研究,计算得到同工况下的最优螺旋槽管结构。颜建国等[25]实验研究了S-CO2在内凸管内对流传热特性,并与光滑管实验进行了对比。邱晗等[26]采用CFD对内径22.12 mm,长960 mm螺旋槽管内的冷却换热进行了研究,获得了入口雷诺数、入口压力、有无浮升力对管内流动传热的影响,并与水平光管内的冷却换热进行了对比。然而,针对内肋管的研究仍较少,且多集中于传热强化工况。受制于超临界流体湍流传热的复杂性[27-29],采用数值方法准确捕捉与解析传热恶化的发生规律仍存在一定难度,而采用实验的方法可有效得到高热流条件下内肋管中传热规律。
因此,本文采用五轴电火花加工技术定制出特定尺寸的四头直肋管,并对其展开系统性实验分析,研究不同流动参数下S-CO2在直肋通道内流动与换热特性,定量比较直肋管与光管换热能力的差异;采用数值模拟方法对直肋管的结构进行优化设计,探究了结构参数对换热、阻力系数以及综合性能的影响规律,以期获得最优直肋通道结构,为换热设备的设计与优化提供理论依据与技术支撑。
S-CO2流动换热实验系统如图1所示,实验所用工质为高纯二氧化碳(99.999%)。
图1可见,CO2先通过增压泵将其压至储液罐中,再由储液罐经过滤器和阀门进入高压柱塞泵,经高压柱塞泵后分为两路:一路为旁路,部分工质经旁路回到储液罐,用于调节系统压力与流量;另一路为主路,工质经质量流量计进入实验段,完成设定热流密度下工况,受热后工质经由冷凝器冷却,并回流至储液罐完成循环。
实验选取圆型光管与直肋管作为实验段,均采用垂直向上布置,直肋管采用五轴电火花技术制造。为减小材料电阻率随温度变化对实验段加热功率影响,选用镍基合金Inconel625材质。其中光管内径为6 mm,外径为8 mm;直肋管外径为8 mm,最大内径为6 mm,肋宽和肋高均为1 mm,等效直径5.14 mm。管总长度均为1 400 mm,加热段长度1 100 mm,加热段前后分别设置200 mm和100 mm的稳定段。实验段进出口流体温度使用Φ0.255 mm的K型铠装热电偶测量,实验段进口压力由Rosemount 3051C压力传感器测量,加热段外壁面温度由K型热电偶测量,圆管外表管沿程共布置32个温度测点;直肋管由于肋高与肋底处厚度的差异,因而顶底位置各布置1个热电偶,共布置64个热电偶,具体如图2所示。为全面获得高热流密度下低焓值区内壁温变化规律,入口段热电偶布置较为密集。整个试验段用40 mm厚硅酸盐保温层包裹以减少热量损失。
结合回热式再压缩S-CO2布雷顿循环系统中高、低温回热器中热流体侧以及预冷器中实际运行的温压条件,本文的实验范围选取:p=7.5~10.0 MPa,G=400~1 000 kg/(m2·s),q=30~360 kW/m。实验参数测量仪表及精度见表1
实验中主要结构参数与操作参数的计算如下。
等效直径d(等体积法):
d=4VπL
热平衡效率η(经多次校验,热平衡效率为95%):
η=G(houthin)×πd24UI
截面处流体平均焓值Hi
Hi=Hin+QηGAΔLL
内壁面温度Twi
Twi=Twoqdin2λw(12din2dout2din2lndoutdin)
综合评价因子(performance evaluation criterion,PEC):
PEC=Nu/Nu0(f/f0)1/3
式中:V为管段的体积,m3L为管长度,m;G为质量流速,kg/(m2·s);A为实验件横截面面积,m2A =π·d2/4;d为等效直径,m;Q为电加热功率,通过电源提供的电压和电流计算得到,kW;houthin分别为实验件进、出口的焓值,kJ/kg;Hi为实验件第i热电偶处所对应的流体平均焓值,kJ/kg;Hin为实验件入口截面处工质的平均焓值,kJ/kg;ΔL为第i截面位置与实验段入口截面位置距离,m;Twi为实验段内壁面温度,℃;Two为实验段外壁面温度,℃;dout为外径,mm;λwall为实验段金属材料的导热系数,W/(m·K)。
图3给出了压力为p=8 MPa、质量流速为G=800 kg/(m2·s)、Re=44 465时,壁面温度和对流换热系数随热流密度的变化规律。
图3可见,当热流密度较低(q<164 kW/m2)时,壁面温度缓慢增加,对流换热系数呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势。随着热流密度增加,壁面温度在拟临界温度前快速增加,出现明显峰值,且随着热流密度的增加,壁温峰值向低焓区移动。这是因为在低热流条件时管中心流体远离大比热区,近壁流体定压比热容逐渐上升,流体吸热能力增强,流体与壁面进行充分热量交换。随着热流密度继续增加(q>194 kW/m2),管壁面附近流体快速跨出大比热区,比热处于低值,同时密度、黏度、导热系数均快速降低,近壁区形成比热小、导热低、难脱离的“气”膜,换热能力下降,壁温快速上升,传热发生恶化。
图4给出了压力p=7.5 MPa、q=180 kW/m2壁面温度和对流换热系数随雷诺数的变化。
图4可见,不同质量流速条件下,壁面温度在低焓值区缓慢增加,在高焓值区迅速增加,对流换热系数呈先降低再增大再降低的变化趋势。增加入口雷诺数(Re=22 532~56 331),壁面温度降低,对流换热系数提高。增大质量流量,低焓值区传热明显改善;在高焓值区,由于工质热物性趋于平缓,增加质量流速对传热改善有限。这是因为管内工质随着质量流速的增加,与雷诺数正相关的湍流强度增大,因而在低焓值区近壁面流体与壁面间热交换量增大,传热增强,而高焓值时由于雷诺数已达较高值且物性变化趋缓,因而增加质量流速对换热系数影响减弱。
图5给出了质量流速G=1 000 kg/(m2·s)、热流密度q=400 kW/m2工况下,不同压力对传热性能的影响。由图5可见,不同压力条件下,沿流动方向壁面温度逐步上升,对流换热系数则逐渐减小。随着压力由7.5 MPa增至9.0 MPa,拟临界区附近壁温从200 ℃降至150 ℃,局部换热系数从2.0 kW/(m2·K)升至3.5 kW/(m2·K),显然提升压力可改善传热。这是因为随着压力提高流体热物理性质趋缓。
图6给出了直肋管与光滑管内S-CO2在不同热流密度条件下,壁面温度和换热系数的变化规律。由图6a)可见,当热流密度较低时,相近热流密度工况下,光管内壁温度总高于直肋管。而当热流密度q>224 kW/m2时,直肋管中壁温出现明显快速上升。由图6b)可见,直肋管内对流换热系数呈先增大后减小趋势,在低焓值区出现明显峰值,当H=280 kJ/kg,局部对流换热系数达10.0 kW/(m2·K),而对应高焓值区换热系数仅2.0 kW/(m2·K),二者相差达5倍;而光管内的换热差异明显,当热流密度q>80 kW/m2时,换热系数在拟临界点前快速减缓,在拟临界点前其换热系数远低于内肋管,而拟临界点后由于二者均进入物性变化平缓的高焓值区,二者的变化均趋于平缓,但直肋管的换热系数仍高于光管。
为评定恶化发生的界限,研究多以D-B传热预测关联式为参考。显然,从图6可见,对于光管,发生传热恶化的热流密度在q=80~120 kW/m2之间,而直肋管中虽换热系数高于D-B预测值,但从其内壁温的演变可看出,出现明显壁温上升阶段,因而根据壁温评估其界限热流密度q=224 kW/m2
同时,选取工况进一步比较直肋管与光管传热的差异。图7给出了p=8.0 MPa、G=600 kg/(m2·s)、光管和直肋管换热系数及二者比值随工质焓值的变化。
图7a)同样可见,相较于光管,直肋管内传热能力大幅提升,在拟临界焓值(H=338.8 kJ/kg)附近,直肋管内换热系数高达9 kW/(m2·K),远高于光管内换热系数。由图7b)可看出,直肋管的对流换热系数在拟临界点前是光管的5.50倍,且其高焓值区约为光管的1.20倍,整个焓值区内直肋管平均换热系数为光管的1.96倍。
根据上述对传热恶化的界定,对比分析了光管与直肋管在不同工况条件下的传热恶化起始点,结果如图8所示。由于研究中的热流密度非连续变化,因而采用Zhu等人[30]提出的光管传热恶化起始点公式(q/Ghpc>5.126×10–4)计算。
图8可见,直肋管的恶化起始点在质量流速400 kg/(m2·s)、压力7.5 MPa时,对应热流密度为194 kW/m2。随着质量流速的增加,恶化起始点增加。而当压力增至9.0 MPa时,其恶化的起始热流密度略有降低,为179 kW/m2。显然,与光管相比较,直肋管传热恶化的起始热流密度远高于光管,采用直肋管延迟传热恶化发生的能力提升了0.30~1.80倍。
采用商用CFD软件对S-CO2在垂直上升直肋管中的流动与换热特性进行数值分析,直肋管的计算模型与结构参数如图9表2所示。受内部流体空间限制,肋宽与肋高相互制约,肋宽为0.5 mm时,肋高最大可取为2.5 mm。
选用压力基隐式双精度求解器和Simple算法进行求解,对流项使用二阶迎风格式,壁面为无滑移边界,施加恒定热流密度,入口为充分发展的边界条件,出口设定为9.0 MPa。物性参数通过分段插值法输入热物性数据库中,拟临界处由于物性变化剧烈,选取点间距更小。管材为Inconel625,其物性参数通过分段插值法输入求解器中。
对直肋管的流体域和固体域进行分块,采用六面体结构化网格划分,网格划分如图10所示。为获得网格独立性解,采用3种不同的网格5 295 701、2 296 678、1 887 689进行划分并计算,结果显示相对误差分别为2.82%、3.16%、5.82%。当网格数量为2 296 678时,计算获得的壁面温度曲线与实验结果吻合良好。因此,最终选择网格数为2 296 678。
湍流模型的选取对于超临界流体传热准确预测具有重要影响。结合本文获取S-CO2垂直上升直肋管内的实验数据对湍流模型选取进行检验,选取压力p=9.0 MPa、质量流速G=800 kg/(m2·s)、热流密度q=120 kW/m2Tin=10 ℃的工况下,分别使用两方程湍流模型(如Standard k-ɛ、Realizable k-ɛ、RNG k-ɛ、SST k-ɛ)进行模拟分析(图11)。比较结果发现,当湍流模型为SST k-ɛ模型,湍流普朗特数为Tang的Prt模型时,计算结果与实验数据的壁温变化曲线基本一致,模型预测结果和实验数据的最大误差在8%以内,二者吻合良好。因此,后续使用SST k-ɛ湍流模型对直肋管内流动换热特性展开深入分析。
肋结构参数对管内S-CO2换热具有重要影响。为提高换热效率,减少流动阻力,提升设备整体换热性能,引入综合评价因子PEC对直肋管的综合换热能力进行评估,PEC评价指标综合考量内肋管和光管的阻力系数fNu数的比值。
图12给出了肋高对直肋管Nu数、阻力系数f和综合评价因子PEC的影响。图12选取直肋管肋高宽比ε分别为1.00~5.00、0.50~2.00、0.33~1.33、0.20~0.75、0.200~0.588。
图12可见,当肋宽为定值且W≤1.5 mm时,直肋管的Nu数、阻力系数f和综合评价因子PEC随肋高的增加而增加。这是由于随着肋高的增加,肋附近扰动更为强烈,边界层内传热受到影响,对流换热系数增强;同时肋高增加,直肋管内表面换热面积增加,流动截面面积减小,截面流速增加,流体与壁面的对流换热能力提高。同时,肋高越大,流体与壁面接触面积越大,壁面切应力越大,直肋管的阻力系数相应增加。由PEC的变化特性可知:随着肋高的增加,PEC提升;当肋宽W>1.5 mm时,随着肋高的增加,阻力系数增长较快,Nu数增长较慢,PEC呈现先降后增的变化趋势,出现低值。如当肋宽W=2.0 mm,肋高H=0.6 mm,即肋高宽比ε=0.30时,Nu/Nu0数出现谷值;而当H=1.0 mm,肋高宽比ε=0.50时,PEC出现谷值。
比较不同肋高条件下PEC的相对大小,发现当肋宽W=0.5 mm,肋高H=2.5 mm,直肋管综合换热能力最好,综合评价因子PEC=1.58(图12a))。
图13给出了高宽比对直肋管Nu数、阻力系数f和综合评价因子PEC的影响,选取的直肋管肋高宽比ε分别为0.20~1.00、0.40~2.00、0.60~3.00。
图13可见,固定肋高,随着肋宽增加,直肋管Nu/Nu0和综合评价因子PEC均降低,阻力系数f均呈先增后减变化,ε为中间值时达到峰值(如H=0.5 mm,ε=0.33;H=1.0 mm,ε=0.66;H=1.5 mm,ε=1.00)。当肋高不变,改变肋宽时,直肋管的流通面积减小,直肋管当量直径减小,雷诺数Re=Gd/η减小,换热减弱。比较图13可知,当肋高H=0.5 mm、ε=0.33时,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合评价因子PEC=1.22。
本文通过实验方法研究了超临界二氧化碳在四头直肋管内传热规律,系统分析了流动参数对直肋管强化传热特性影响,定量评估了直肋管与光管换热能力的差异;采用数值模拟方法研究了直肋管结构参数对强化传热和阻力特性的影响规律,获得最优的直肋管结构。
1)低热流密度工况,直肋管内传热无壁温飞升,处于强化模式;而在高热流密度条件,壁温出现飞升。直肋管换热系数总体高于光管换热系数。增加压力和质量流速可降低壁面温度,提高对流换热系数,改善传热,直肋管中的流动可以延迟传热恶化的发生。
2)直肋管的对流换热系数在拟临界点前是光管5.5倍,在高焓值区约为光管1.20倍,因而其平均换热系数的相对大小为光管1.96倍。相较于光管,直肋管传热恶化的起始热流密度远高于光管,采用直肋管可使延迟传热恶化能力提升0.30~1.80倍。
3)肋高与肋宽对直肋管超临界二氧化碳换热存在显著影响。当固定肋宽0.5 mm,肋高2.5 mm,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合评价因子为1.58。而固定肋高0.5 mm,肋高宽比0.33,直肋管的综合换热能力最好,综合评价因子为1.22。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U1867218)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H87-04)
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2023年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202301010
  • 接收时间:2023-01-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1867218)
国家自然科学基金项目(U1867218)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H87-04)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H87-04)
作者信息
    西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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雷贤良(1984),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为高温高压汽液两相流及先进超临界动力循环技术,
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