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Article(id=1222503118034691039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305359, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1684684800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397056349, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397056349, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397056349, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397056349, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503118311515117, articleId=1222503118034691039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Long-term service behavior and influence of non-metallic inclusions in 13MnNiMoR steel, columnId=1222503108685583135, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on material properties of generator set, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A concentrated downcomer stub of a boiler drum with 13MnNiMoR steel in a power plant, which was replaced due to cracks and non-metallic inclusions after 14 years in service, was dissected, and the behavior characteristics and influence of the non-metallic inclusion were analyzed through chemical composition analysis, mechanical property testing, microstructure and defect morphology observation. The results show that under service load, non-metallic inclusions become crack sources and microcracks by means of self cracking, interface separation from matrix or hole formation at the end, and microcracks converge to form macro cracks. When tensile and impact tests on the serviced materials, the area without inclusions was cracked and expanded in plastic mode. While innon-metallic inclusions area, the cracks nucleated with non-metallic inclusions and expanded in a brittle mode, resulting in a significant reduction in the strength and plastic toughness of the materials compared with that before service.

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对运行14年后因裂纹和非金属夹杂物而被更换的13MnNiMoR钢制电站锅炉汽包下降管接管座进行解剖，通过化学成分分析、力学性能检测、显微组织和缺陷形貌观察，分析非金属夹杂物服役过程中的行为及其影响。结果发现：服役载荷作用下，非金属夹杂物以自身开裂、界面与基体分离或端部形成孔洞等方式成为裂纹源和产生微裂纹，微裂纹相互聚合而形成宏观裂纹；对服役后的材料进行拉伸、冲击试验时，无夹杂物区域呈塑性开裂和扩展，而存在非金属夹杂物的区域，裂纹以非金属夹杂物形核，并以脆性模式开裂和扩展，导致材料的强度和塑韧性较服役前显著降低。

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陈忠兵（1966），男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为电站构件及其焊接接头完整性，。

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陈忠兵（1966），男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为电站构件及其焊接接头完整性，。

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陈忠兵（1966），男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为电站构件及其焊接接头完整性，。

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ArticleFig(id=1241694392298295970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical Composition of the stub

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CSiMnCrMoCuNiNbPS
检测结果0.1490.2771.2600.2550.3570.1670.8660.0100.0170.007
GB/T 713—2014要求≤0.1500.150～0.5001.200～1.6000.200～0.4000.200～0.400≤0.3000.600～1.0000.005～0.020≤0.020≤0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392403153578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

接管座化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CSiMnCrMoCuNiNbPS
检测结果0.1490.2771.2600.2550.3570.1670.8660.0100.0170.007
GB/T 713—2014要求≤0.1500.150～0.5001.200～1.6000.200～0.4000.200～0.400≤0.3000.600～1.0000.005～0.020≤0.020≤0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392503816881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Tensile test results of the stub material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置抗拉强度Rm/MPa屈服强度ReL/MPa断后伸长率A/%试验温度与取样方向
1/4壁厚67455512.0室温，横向
67655120.5
1/2壁厚511未取得4.5
1821651.0
内表面66754724.0
6285358.5
1/4壁厚5724895.0室温，纵向
4994724.0
1/2壁厚67655221.0
5465032.5
内表面66854723.0
67154923.5
GB/T 713—2014要求570~720≥380≥18室温，横向和纵向
1/4壁厚61447211.5350 ℃，横向
6104729.0
1/2壁厚4544222.5
5044512.5
内表面5674695.0
60646320.0
1/4壁厚2882782.5350 ℃，纵向
364未取得2.5
1/2壁厚61046317.0
61246517.5
内表面60046311.0
61447318.0
GB/T 713—2014要求无要求≥325无要求350 ℃，横向和纵向
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392575120051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

接管座材料拉伸试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置抗拉强度Rm/MPa屈服强度ReL/MPa断后伸长率A/%试验温度与取样方向
1/4壁厚67455512.0室温，横向
67655120.5
1/2壁厚511未取得4.5
1821651.0
内表面66754724.0
6285358.5
1/4壁厚5724895.0室温，纵向
4994724.0
1/2壁厚67655221.0
5465032.5
内表面66854723.0
67154923.5
GB/T 713—2014要求570~720≥380≥18室温，横向和纵向
1/4壁厚61447211.5350 ℃，横向
6104729.0
1/2壁厚4544222.5
5044512.5
内表面5674695.0
60646320.0
1/4壁厚2882782.5350 ℃，纵向
364未取得2.5
1/2壁厚61046317.0
61246517.5
内表面60046311.0
61447318.0
GB/T 713—2014要求无要求≥325无要求350 ℃，横向和纵向
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392679977656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Impact test results of the stub material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置测量值KV2/J平均值KV2/J取样方向
1/4壁厚32.0、36.0、34.534.2横向
1/2壁厚31.0、26.5、43.033.5
内表面72.5、73.0、56.567.3
1/4壁厚30.5、15.5、19.021.7纵向
1/2壁厚26.5、28.0、31.528.7
内表面39.0、35.0、34.036.0
GB/T 713—2014要求≥47.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392780640957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503118034691039, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

接管座材料冲击试验冲击吸收能量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
取样位置测量值KV2/J平均值KV2/J取样方向
1/4壁厚32.0、36.0、34.534.2横向
1/2壁厚31.0、26.5、43.033.5
内表面72.5、73.0、56.567.3
1/4壁厚30.5、15.5、19.021.7纵向
1/2壁厚26.5、28.0、31.528.7
内表面39.0、35.0、34.036.0
GB/T 713—2014要求≥47.0
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长时服役13MnNiMoR钢中非金属夹杂物行为及其影响
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陈忠兵 1 , 赵轶 2 , 赵明凯 2 , 尚建路 1 , 姚祥宏 1
热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023,52(10): 25-30
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热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023, 52(10): 25-30
长时服役13MnNiMoR钢中非金属夹杂物行为及其影响
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陈忠兵1 , 赵轶2, 赵明凯2, 尚建路1, 姚祥宏1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州热工研究院有限公司，江苏　苏州　215004
  • 2.中国能源建设集团广东火电工程有限公司，广东　广州　510735

    • 陈忠兵（1966），男，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为电站构件及其焊接接头完整性，。

Long-term service behavior and influence of non-metallic inclusions in 13MnNiMoR steel
Zhongbing CHEN1 , Yi ZHAO2, Mingkai ZHAO2, Jianlu SHANG1, Xianghong YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215004, China
  • 2.China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510735, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305359
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摘要
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对运行14年后因裂纹和非金属夹杂物而被更换的13MnNiMoR钢制电站锅炉汽包下降管接管座进行解剖，通过化学成分分析、力学性能检测、显微组织和缺陷形貌观察，分析非金属夹杂物服役过程中的行为及其影响。结果发现：服役载荷作用下，非金属夹杂物以自身开裂、界面与基体分离或端部形成孔洞等方式成为裂纹源和产生微裂纹，微裂纹相互聚合而形成宏观裂纹；对服役后的材料进行拉伸、冲击试验时，无夹杂物区域呈塑性开裂和扩展，而存在非金属夹杂物的区域，裂纹以非金属夹杂物形核，并以脆性模式开裂和扩展，导致材料的强度和塑韧性较服役前显著降低。

非金属夹杂物  /  13MnNiMoR钢  /  汽包  /  裂纹  /  力学性能

A concentrated downcomer stub of a boiler drum with 13MnNiMoR steel in a power plant, which was replaced due to cracks and non-metallic inclusions after 14 years in service, was dissected, and the behavior characteristics and influence of the non-metallic inclusion were analyzed through chemical composition analysis, mechanical property testing, microstructure and defect morphology observation. The results show that under service load, non-metallic inclusions become crack sources and microcracks by means of self cracking, interface separation from matrix or hole formation at the end, and microcracks converge to form macro cracks. When tensile and impact tests on the serviced materials, the area without inclusions was cracked and expanded in plastic mode. While innon-metallic inclusions area, the cracks nucleated with non-metallic inclusions and expanded in a brittle mode, resulting in a significant reduction in the strength and plastic toughness of the materials compared with that before service.

non-metallic inclusion  /  13MnNiMoR steel  /  drum  /  crack  /  mechanical property
陈忠兵, 赵轶, 赵明凯, 尚建路, 姚祥宏. 长时服役13MnNiMoR钢中非金属夹杂物行为及其影响. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 25 -30 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305359
Zhongbing CHEN, Yi ZHAO, Mingkai ZHAO, Jianlu SHANG, Xianghong YAO. Long-term service behavior and influence of non-metallic inclusions in 13MnNiMoR steel[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 25 -30 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305359
正文
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某电站锅炉服役14年后，其汽包集中下降管接管座出现裂纹，进一步检查发现接管座母材内还存在大量非金属夹杂物。根据安全性评定结果，对该接管座进行了更换。非金属夹杂物会破坏金属基体的连续性，导致材料的加工性能、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能等降低，严重者会导致部件失效造成重大事故[1-6]。杨权等[7]对制造过程中的20MnMo钢汽包集中下降管接管座上的裂纹分析表明，裂纹产生的原因是该批接管座内部存在非金属夹杂物，A—D类夹杂物级别之和达到9.0级，夹杂物呈条状聚集分布，在锻造成形及后续热处理过程中，裂纹在夹杂物聚集区域产生。文献[8-10]在在役锅炉锅筒上检测到裂纹和非金属夹杂物，裂纹沿夹杂物长度方向萌生和扩展并最终导致锅筒在运行过程中发生泄漏。Pavan等人[11]报道了一例夹杂物导致SA-106Gr.B管道热弯过程中出现沿管道长度方向和管道周向的裂纹。Xia等人[12]对存在非金属夹杂物的15Cr1Mo1V主蒸汽弯头进行跟踪，分别在其服役6 000、118 000、138 000 h时进行检验，发现随着服役时间增加，材料强度、冲击吸收能和蠕变断裂强度降低，韧脆性转变温度升高；运行10万h后，MnS、SiO2等塑性夹杂物尖端裂纹扩展较小，而脆性夹杂物诱发裂纹扩展较大。
非金属夹杂物对材料性能的影响与其特性和行为有关。人们在实验室中通过原位观察[13-15]、模拟计算[16-18]等研究发现，非金属夹杂物与基体热膨胀系数和弹性模量的差异、非金属夹杂物与基体的结合力和应力集中等，是导致材料性能降低的重要因素。夹杂物对材料性能的影响，既与夹杂物的类型、尺寸、几何特征和分布有关，也与所受载荷有关。对于实际服役的工程构件，服役时承受多种载荷而不同于实验室试验时的单一载荷。通过工程试样对非金属夹杂物在实际工况下长时服役行为及其影响进行研究，可以进一步揭示非金属夹杂物的行为规律，其可为材料非金属夹杂物的控制提供技术案例，更可为在役部件的检验检测和安全性评定等结果的分析判断提供工程依据。
1　设备和缺陷概况
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某电站锅炉汽包集中下降管接管座材料为13MnNiMoR钢，规格为ϕ628 mm×104 mm，结构如图1所示。接管座由2块13MnNiMoR钢板轧制的半圆形瓦片焊接而成，所发现裂纹和非金属夹杂物均位于接管座母材中。
对更换的接管座无损检测后，在接管座纵缝区域外取样进行成分分析、力学性能检测、显微组织和缺陷形貌观察。采用等离子体发射光谱法分析元素成分，采用Zeiss Axio Observer A3倒置显微镜观察显微组织，在100kN AG-IC岛津电子万能材料试验机上进行拉伸试验和弯曲试验，在Zwick RKP 450摆锤冲击试验机上进行冲击试验，利用Zeiss Sigma 300场发射扫描电子显微镜观察缺陷和断口形貌，采用OXFORD Instruments X-maxn能谱仪分析元素含量。
2　检测检验结果
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2.1　化学成分
在无损检验未检出缺陷区域取样进行化学成分分析，结果见表1。材料成分符合GB/T 713—2014中钢13MnNiMoR要求。
2.2　显微组织
试样的显微组织为铁素体+贝氏体，组织未见老化（图2）。
光镜下，非金属夹杂物呈长条状或颗粒状，部分颗粒状夹杂物呈链状分布。按GB/T 10561—2005标准中的A法评级，其A、B、C、D各类的级别分别为3.0级、1.0级、0.5级和3.0级。其中，某一区域D类3.0级夹杂物形貌如图3所示。GB/T 713—2014对非金属夹杂物级别无规定，参照GB/T 5310—2017的要求，即各类夹杂物级别应不大于2.5级、A—D类夹杂物级别总数应不大于6.5级，该接管座材料非金属夹杂物级别超标。
2.3　力学性能
依据《金属材料 拉伸试验 第1部分：室温试验方法》（GB/T 228.1—2010）和《金属材料 拉伸试验第2部分：高温试验方法》（GB/T 228.2—2015）进行拉伸试验，结果见表2，其中一个试样断口形貌如图4所示。从表2可以看出，室温拉伸各项性能均达不到标准要求，而且各试样性能值差异极大。350 ℃拉伸试验结果类似，抗拉强度不合格且性能值差异大。
依据《金属材料 夏比摆锤冲击试验方法》（GB/T 229—2007）进行–20 ℃冲击性能试验，结果见表3，其中一个试样断口形貌如图5所示。表3中，横向冲击吸收能量仅表面位置达到GB/T 713—2014要求的47.0 J，纵向冲击吸收能量无论单值还是均值均低于GB/T 713—2014要求的47.0 J。
依据《金属材料 弯曲试验方法》（GB/T 232—2010）进行弯曲试验，压头直径3a。结果显示：1/2厚度位置弯曲试样均出现裂纹，部分试样甚至断裂；1/4和1/2厚度位置纵向弯曲试样也存在裂纹。弯曲性能不满足标准要求。
2.4　缺陷观察
2.4.1　裂纹
接管座内外表面及内部均检测到裂纹，裂纹基本平行于接管座纵向，长度从数毫米至最长330 mm不等，外表面裂纹形貌如图6所示。
根据无损检测结果，某一剖开截面显示的缺陷形貌如图7所示。由图7可知，剖面上可见长度3～10 mm不等的线性显示，方向平行于接管座纵向或成一定角度。取图7中线性缺陷金相观察发现其为裂纹，穿晶扩展（图8），大部分裂纹中可观察到非金属夹杂物（图9），还可观察到部分微裂纹起源于夹杂物（图8）。
2.4.2　非金属夹杂物
接管座母材内部和表面均可观察到非金属夹杂物。能谱分析表明，夹杂物的类型有MnS、Al2O3、MgO和SiO2，图10所示为一处含Al2O3、MgO和MnS的复合夹杂物。
对10余处夹杂物观察表明，服役后材料中的夹杂物处于以下几种状态：1）与基体紧密结合（图10）；2）与基体结合紧密但自身已开裂（图11方框区域）；3）与基体边界分离（图12中区域1）；4）端部生成空洞（图12中区域2）或微裂纹（图8方框区域）；5）位于裂纹中（图9）。
3　结果分析
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3.1　夹杂物与接管座裂纹
汽包制造完成后，对该接管座及其焊缝进行了磁粉和超声波检测，均未发现裂纹缺陷，因此该裂纹产生于服役过程中。根据对裂纹和夹杂物的观察，可以确定该裂纹是由母材中的非金属夹杂物所致：在部分夹杂物端部可以观察到空洞（图12）或微裂纹（图8），部分裂纹中则可以直接观察到夹杂物的存在（图9），部分未观察到夹杂物的裂纹，可能是裂纹扩展段。
汽包下降管接管座在运行时承受由工作介质引起的拉应力和剪应力，在机组变负荷和启停时承受由于温度、压力变化导致的疲劳载荷。文献[13]报道SEM原位观察低碳钢和C-Mn钢拉伸变形过程中夹杂物的行为，发现裂纹主要在夹杂物与金属基体的界面、孪晶界面、晶界处形核；而裂纹的扩展，一是主裂纹前缘的不断向前推进，二是主裂纹与微裂纹的聚合。吴海利等[14]采用SEM原位观测疲劳载荷作用下夹杂物的微观行为，发现裂纹萌生在夹杂/基体界面的基体一侧，然后向远离夹杂的基体扩展，夹杂物的尺寸、形状均对疲劳寿命产生影响。本文观察到的现象与这些实验室观察结果完全吻合，说明在服役工况多种载荷作用下，裂纹也优先在非金属夹杂物与金属基体界面形核，形核的方式，或为夹杂物自身开裂，或为夹杂物与基体界面分离，或为夹杂物端部萌生空洞或微裂纹；形核后的空洞或微裂纹在服役载荷作用下相互聚合，最终形成宏观裂纹。
夹杂物导致裂纹萌生的原因在于夹杂物与材料基体性能的差异和夹杂物引起的应力集中。以非金属夹杂物MnS为例，其0～800 ℃线膨胀系数为18.8×10–6/℃，而低合金钢0～800 ℃线膨胀系数在12.5×10–6/℃左右[13]。由于线膨胀的差异，部件升降温时二者的应变量不一致，使MnS与材料基体界面产生内应力，达到一定量的应变时，夹杂物自身开裂或在界面形成空洞，进而发生空洞聚合，引起微裂纹[13]。文献[16]采用有限元模拟材料宏观力学行为与微观缺陷的关联，发现夹杂与基体弹性模量差别越大，产生的局部应力集中越大，多夹杂引起的应力场强化作用还与夹杂排列方向与加载方向相关，这也解释了本接管座部分夹杂物仍与基体保持紧密结合而界面未开裂。
3.2　夹杂物对力学性能的影响
根据制造记录，本接管座加工前钢板母材检测结果如下：屈服强度ReL=494 MPa，抗拉强度Rm= 622 MPa，断后伸长率A=22.5%，–20 ℃时冲击吸收能量KV2=71.3 J。该结果远高于接管座服役后性能。汽包服役温度368 ℃，材料组织并未发生老化损伤（图2）。由此可以推测，服役后接管座性能下降的原因，非金属夹杂物是极为主要的因素。
观察1/2壁厚处室温纵向拉伸试样断口形貌（图4），断裂起源区存在大量孔洞，部分孔洞内还可观察到夹杂物，夹杂物区域的断裂面明显较无夹杂物区域的平坦；在扩展区，无夹杂物区域断裂呈韧窝形貌，而在部分夹杂物区域，则可发现解理断裂面，同时断面上还可观察到微裂纹。这说明，在拉伸过程中，存在非金属夹杂物的区域，裂纹以非金属夹杂物形核，并以脆性开裂模式扩展，加上裂纹对基体的割裂，导致材料的强度和塑性均严重降低，甚至使局部区域强度降至不能测得（表2）。
观察冲击吸收能量为31 J的1/2壁厚处横向冲击试样断口形貌（图5）可看出，断口上存在夹杂物、孔洞、微裂纹和分割台阶，部分区域裂纹以非金属夹杂物形核而向两侧扩展，在有夹杂物的区域，呈现光滑的解理面，而无夹杂物的区域则呈韧窝断口。
综合上述观察和分析可看出，虽然服役前非金属夹杂物对本接管座材料力学性能影响不明显，但长时服役后，由于夹杂物与基体界面的分离、空洞和裂纹的形成，存在夹杂物和/或裂纹的区域，材料的开裂模式由塑性开裂转变为脆性开裂，从而使材料的性能大幅降低，甚至局部区域性能完全丧失。
基于非金属夹杂物在服役中的上述行为，为了避免夹杂物导致的部件失效，材料使用前应严格把控原材料质量，如宏观检查、显微组织检验和无损检测等；对于在役部件发现的夹杂物缺陷，则应定期跟踪检查，以掌握夹杂物区域缺陷的萌生和扩展情况。
4　结论
收起
1）服役载荷作用下，非金属夹杂物以自身开裂、与基体界面分离、在其端部形成孔洞或微裂纹等方式而成为裂纹源。随着服役时间的增加，微裂纹相互聚合、扩展而形成宏观裂纹。
2）含非金属夹杂物的材料，长时服役后拉伸或冲击载荷下，无夹杂物区域呈塑性开裂和扩展，而存在夹杂物的区域，材料的开裂模式发生改变，裂纹以脆性开裂模式萌生和扩展，加上裂纹对基体的割裂，使材料的强度和塑韧性较服役前显著下降。
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305359
  • 首发时间：2026-01-26
  • 出版时间：2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期：2023-05-22
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    1.苏州热工研究院有限公司，江苏　苏州　215004
    2.中国能源建设集团广东火电工程有限公司，广东　广州　510735
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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