Article(id=1222503117690758094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202305371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1684857600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397056267, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397056267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397056267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397056267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503117938222042, articleId=1222503117690758094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of a novel narrow-band metamaterial emitter for high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic power generation system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit sets an upper limit on the efficiency of conventional semiconductor photovoltaic devices. A thermophotovoltaic system (consisting of a heat source, a spectrally selective emitter and low bandgap photovoltaic cell) can work as an alternative to break this theoretical efficiency limit. To further improve the power generation efficiency of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, an emitter with a multilayer cross structure based on metamaterials was designed in this work. Through optimization of its geometric size, the emitter demonstrates an excellent narrow-band emission spectrum. This effectively reduces the loss of low-energy photons below the bandgap of PV cells and avoids the absorption of high-energy photons that exacerbate lattice vibrations to cause thermal losses. Its application to TPV systems enables a perfect match with In0.69Ga0.31As cells with a bandgap of 0.6 eV. Detailed theoretical calculations of this TPV system show that the power generation efficiency can exceed the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit (41%) at 1 117 ℃, and will be further improved as the emitter temperature increases. When the temperature reaches 2 000 K, the efficiency is as high as 46.75%. Additionally, the narrowband emitter shows good angular insensitivity in the range of 0~60 degrees.

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肖克利-奎伊瑟(SQ)极限为常规半导体光伏器件的效率设置了上限。热光伏系统(由热源、光谱选择性辐射器和低禁带光伏电池组成)可以作为一种替代方案,以突破这一理论效率的限制。为提高热光伏系统的发电效率,基于超材料设计了一个多层十字架结构的辐射器,对其几何尺寸优化后,该辐射器展示出良好的窄带发射光谱。这既减少了光伏电池禁带以下的低能光子损失,又避免了高能光子被吸收后加剧晶格振动而造成热损失。将该辐射器用于热光伏系统可以实现与禁带能量为0.6 eV的In0.69Ga0.31As电池完美匹配。通过对该辐射器与光伏电池联用系统的详细理论计算得到:在1 117 ℃下可以实现发电效率突破SQ极限(41%);并且随着辐射器温度升高,发电效率会进一步提高,在2 000 K时电池输出效率高达46.75%;此外,该窄带辐射器在0°~60°内具有良好的角度不敏感性以及极化不敏感性。

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山石泉(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为热辐射与太阳能综合利用,
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杨建荣(1982),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤化工生产技术,

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r=0.45 µm、a=1.1 µm、d=1.5 µm

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高效热光伏发电系统新型窄带超材料辐射器数值研究
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杨建荣 1 , 吴浩金 2 , 庄忠华 1 , 张彪 2 , 袁继禹 1 , 山石泉 2 , 周志军 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(10): 71-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(10): 71-78
高效热光伏发电系统新型窄带超材料辐射器数值研究
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杨建荣1 , 吴浩金2, 庄忠华1, 张彪2, 袁继禹1, 山石泉2 , 周志军2
作者信息
  • 1.宁夏神耀科技有限责任公司,宁夏 银川 750011
  • 2.浙江大学能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 杨建荣(1982),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤化工生产技术,

通讯作者:

山石泉(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为热辐射与太阳能综合利用,
Numerical simulation of a novel narrow-band metamaterial emitter for high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic power generation system
Jianrong YANG1 , Haojin WU2, Zhonghua ZHUANG1, Biao ZHANG2, Jiyu YUAN1, Shiquan SHAN2 , Zhijun ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Ningxia Shenyao Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750011, China
  • 2.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305371
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肖克利-奎伊瑟(SQ)极限为常规半导体光伏器件的效率设置了上限。热光伏系统(由热源、光谱选择性辐射器和低禁带光伏电池组成)可以作为一种替代方案,以突破这一理论效率的限制。为提高热光伏系统的发电效率,基于超材料设计了一个多层十字架结构的辐射器,对其几何尺寸优化后,该辐射器展示出良好的窄带发射光谱。这既减少了光伏电池禁带以下的低能光子损失,又避免了高能光子被吸收后加剧晶格振动而造成热损失。将该辐射器用于热光伏系统可以实现与禁带能量为0.6 eV的In0.69Ga0.31As电池完美匹配。通过对该辐射器与光伏电池联用系统的详细理论计算得到:在1 117 ℃下可以实现发电效率突破SQ极限(41%);并且随着辐射器温度升高,发电效率会进一步提高,在2 000 K时电池输出效率高达46.75%;此外,该窄带辐射器在0°~60°内具有良好的角度不敏感性以及极化不敏感性。

热光伏  /  窄带辐射器  /  超材料  /  数值模拟  /  效率分析

The Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit sets an upper limit on the efficiency of conventional semiconductor photovoltaic devices. A thermophotovoltaic system (consisting of a heat source, a spectrally selective emitter and low bandgap photovoltaic cell) can work as an alternative to break this theoretical efficiency limit. To further improve the power generation efficiency of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, an emitter with a multilayer cross structure based on metamaterials was designed in this work. Through optimization of its geometric size, the emitter demonstrates an excellent narrow-band emission spectrum. This effectively reduces the loss of low-energy photons below the bandgap of PV cells and avoids the absorption of high-energy photons that exacerbate lattice vibrations to cause thermal losses. Its application to TPV systems enables a perfect match with In0.69Ga0.31As cells with a bandgap of 0.6 eV. Detailed theoretical calculations of this TPV system show that the power generation efficiency can exceed the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit (41%) at 1 117 ℃, and will be further improved as the emitter temperature increases. When the temperature reaches 2 000 K, the efficiency is as high as 46.75%. Additionally, the narrowband emitter shows good angular insensitivity in the range of 0~60 degrees.

thermophotovoltaic  /  narrow-band emitter  /  metamaterial  /  numerical simulation  /  efficiency analysis
杨建荣, 吴浩金, 庄忠华, 张彪, 袁继禹, 山石泉, 周志军. 高效热光伏发电系统新型窄带超材料辐射器数值研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305371
Jianrong YANG, Haojin WU, Zhonghua ZHUANG, Biao ZHANG, Jiyu YUAN, Shiquan SHAN, Zhijun ZHOU. Numerical simulation of a novel narrow-band metamaterial emitter for high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic power generation system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305371
热光伏(TPV)系统可以将热能直接转换为电能,是一种可用于余热回收[1]、太阳能收集[2]和太空应用[3]的有前景且环境友好的发电技术,由于其具有较高的理论效率而逐渐受到学者关注[4]。该系统由热源、光谱选择性辐射器和低禁带光伏电池组成。高温辐射器辐射出的光子被光伏电池接收,在其内部转化为电子-空穴对,从而输出电能[5]。通过引入低禁带的电池以及与其外部量子曲线相匹配的辐射器,可以弥补传统光伏系统中能量损失的问题,效率可以突破肖克利-奎伊瑟(SQ)极限[6]。SQ极限由2个主要固有损失机制构成:1)亚带隙辐射损耗,即太阳能电池无法吸收其带隙能量以下的光子以激发电子;2)能量过高的光子会引发电池中晶格的不规则热运动,从而导致热损失。因此,设计不同辐射器以调整其辐射光谱与低禁带光伏电池匹配成为目前的研究热点[7]
目前,广泛用于热光伏系统中的低禁带电池包括GaSb(0.72 eV)和InGaAsSb(0.55 eV)电池。在绝大部分辐射器的设计中,超材料被广泛应用,其可被设计成特定形状来满足所需要的辐射特性[8]。这是因为超材料尺寸在纳米级别,小于入射光的特征波长,这就会在其表面产生各种等离子体。不同辐射器设计的结构不同,其内部激发的等离子体种类也不同,从而具有不同的光谱响应[9]
2012年,Yeng等人[10]设计出圆柱槽阵列的钨超材料辐射器与InGaAsSb电池相匹配,经计算温度在1 500 K下可获得40.6%的热光伏系统效率。2013年,Veronika Rinnerbauer等[11]利用相同结构设计出了钽超材料辐射器。根据其辐射器的发射率,计算出在1 200 K下取得31.7%的系统效率。2014年,Veronika Rinnerbauer等[12]通过改进辐射器结构并将其成功制作出来,使得系统效率有所提升,但是发射光谱仍然需要改善。2016年,Alok Ghanekar等[13]利用Mie谐振超材料设计了用于热光伏系统热辐射器,并首次提出将钨纳米球嵌入二氧化硅层中以吸收特定波长的光子,1 500 K下所设计的辐射器有效辐射率为0.72。2018年Chang等人[14]利用传统三明治结构设计了一种耐高温的超材料辐射器,其由顶层钨圆盘、中间氧化铝介电层和底层钨基底组成;与InGaAsSb电池匹配连用时,在1 380 K下系统效率为35.8%。2019年,浙江大学Jiang等人[15]设计了多层圆环堆叠结构的辐射器,与InGaAsSb电池实现了良好匹配,该辐射器在0.5~2.4 µm波长内取得了91%的平均发射率,在1 600 K下,该辐射器的光谱效率为85.6%。2020年,Meijie Chen等[16]设计出性能更优的基于纳米球嵌入结构的选择性辐射器,通过改变纳米球的材料、半径、体积分数等,可以调整辐射光谱以匹配不同光伏电池。2021年,张文斌等[17]采用贝叶斯优化方法设计了高效的非周期性多层膜选择性辐射器,以匹配GaSb电池,利用多靶磁控溅射系统进行了样品加工制备,根据实测的样品发射率计算了不同温度下热光伏系统理论效率,得到最高理论效率为42.92%。然而,这些辐射器的设计仅考虑了抑制低能量光子的辐射,对高能光子没有限制,即发出宽带辐射。这也是热光伏系统效率无法实现较大突破的主要原因。
近年来有学者注意到进一步提升热光伏系统效率,必须设计一种窄发射带的辐射器来抑制高能量光子的发射,从而减少SQ极限中的双向热损失。2016年,浙江大学Hu等人[18]基于有限时域差分算法设计了一个高效的钽基窄带辐射器,用于热光伏系统。2018年,他们对该结构进一步优化,并揭示了窄带辐射的物理机制[19]。该辐射器利用局域表面等离子体共振效应实现了对波长为1.25 µm光子的强吸收,并展示出较窄的发射光谱。将其与禁带为0.81 eV的光伏电池匹配,可以实现效率超过SQ极限。但是这一效率是在较高温度(>1 800 K)下取得的,在实际中很难达到。这主要是因为电池禁带较高,与其相匹配的辐射器发射峰值处于较短波长。根据黑体辐射定律,辐射器需要在较高温度下工作才能取得较高效率。2022年Zhenhui Lin等[20]设计了一种由光学塔姆态(OTS)激活的一维光子晶体结构的光谱选择性辐射器,该结构由在钼衬底上交替堆叠的二氧化铪和二氧化硅层组成,该辐射器在1.9 μm处仅具有48 nm的极窄发射光谱。将其与太阳吸收器以及0.6 eV的光伏电池联用时,取得了33.7%的系统效率。该效率值低于41%是因为系统中引入的太阳吸收器在工作时会产生较多的能量损失。在热光伏系统中,如果电池禁带较小,虽然对辐射器的温度要求不高,但是电池本身较低的光电转化性能会导致系统效率下降,这也是上述辐射器与InGaAsSb(0.55 eV)电池相匹配时系统效率不高的另一个原因。因此,本文选取禁带为0.55~0.72 eV的光伏电池,如In0.69Ga0.31As(0.6 eV)[21]电池来保证在较低温度下取得系统效率上的突破。
本文提出一种多层十字架结构超材料辐射器,并通过数值模拟优化了其几何尺寸,所得辐射光谱与所选光伏电池匹配较好;引入效率分析模型,对该辐射器与相应电池在热光伏系统中的效率进行了理论计算;分析了该超材料辐射器结构尺寸对辐射特性的具体影响;最后,根据该结构的表面电场分布探索了更深层次的发射机制,并且验证了其发射角度无关性。
在光电转换过程中,电池只能吸收能量大于禁带的光子,并将其转换为电子-空穴对。同时,能量远远高于禁带的光子被电池吸收时会显著提高电池温度,产生热化损失从而降低电池效率。所以,辐射器的辐射特性直接决定了所辐射的光子能量分布,同时决定了电池效率。理想辐射器应该为窄带辐射器,只辐射稍大于光伏电池禁带能量的光子。
超材料表面的辐射特性计算可以通过求解表面电磁场的方式来实现。亥姆霍兹方程用来描述电磁场,并通过有限元的方法来求解[22]
×(μr1×E)k02εrE=0
式中:E为电磁场;k0为波数;εr为介电函数;μr为磁导率。
热功率密度可以表示为:
Qr=12ε0ωε''|E|2
式中:ε0为真空介电常数;ε′′为材料介电函数虚部。通过对式(2)积分便可计算得到吸收或辐射的能量。并采用Floquet周期性边界条件对超材料单元进行模拟。
本文设计提出的辐射器由金属钽(Ta)和二氧化硅(SiO2)这2种材料组成,结构示意如图1所示。Ta熔点为3 253 K,SiO2熔点为2 000 K,2种材料的高熔点特性允许该辐射器在高温下稳定工作。同时,Ta在长波段下的发射率较低,从而抑制了低于电池禁带的光子发射。Ta和SiO2的介电常数取自于文献[23]。本文通过对多层十字架各尺寸进行参数扫描优化,得到接近理想的窄带发射光谱。优化后辐射器几何参数为:a=320 nm,b=130 nm,d=9 nm,p=600 nm,h1=h2=100 nm。
为了保证计算结果与传统光伏效率具有可比性,对该辐射器采用通用光伏系统中效率的SQ分析[6],忽略光子循环过程带来的影响。在光子循环过程中,那些没有被光伏电池吸收或者电池自身辐射出去的光子会被辐射器重新吸收利用,这一过程会提高电池效率。但在实际过程中,要实现光子循环有许多条件,在SQ极限分析中不包含这一过程,因此本文分析时也忽略了这一点。
太阳能电池的效率由辐射器辐射特性所决定,可定义为电池输出电能与辐射器辐射能量之比,计算公式为[24-25]
ηSC=Ueff(T,Eg)veff(T,Eg)im(Vop)
式中:T为辐射器温度;Eg为电池禁带能量,eV;Vop为电池开路电压。
式(3)展示了电池效率包含的3个部分:Ueff(T, Eg)为理想最终效率,等于被激发的电子-空穴对中包含的能量与辐射器辐射的能量之比;Ueff(T, Eg)的大小取决于入射到光伏电池上的光谱特性,计算公式见式(4)。如果辐射器的辐射光谱低于带隙能量,则最终效率会降低;如果电池吸收的光谱刚好位于禁带之上,则最终效率会达到最大值。在计算时,假设能量高于电池禁带的光子仅激发出1对电子-空穴对。
Ueff(T,Eg)=02πdϕ0π2sin(2θ)dθEgεemit(E,θ,ϕ)IBB(E,T)EgEdE02πdϕ0π2sin(2θ)dθ0εemit(E,θ,ϕ)IBB(E,T)dE
式中:E为辐射器发出光子的能量,eV;ϕ为偏振角;θ为入射角;εemit为辐射器的发射率;IBB(E, T)为温度T的黑体辐射光谱。
实际电池的效率还会被式(3)中第2项和第3项削减。第2项代表开路电压Vop与带隙电压Vg的比值,由于Vop<Vg,从而产生了系数veff(T, Eg):
veff(T,Eg)=VopVg=VCVgln(fQe(T,Eg)Qc(Tc,Eg))
式中:VC=KBTC/q为电池电压;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;TC为电池温度;Vg=Eg/q为电池禁带电压;q为电子电荷;f=fcte/2tc为非理想因素因子,其包括了非辐射重组因素fc、电池对辐射器辐射的光子的非完全吸收概率te以及环境温度的影响tc,本文假设1个理想的太阳能电池具有平面几何的辐射器和电池,f取0.5[24]QC(TC, Eg)表示当电池被温度为TC的黑体环绕时照射到电池表面的光子数通量;Qe(T, Eg)为从辐射器发射到电池上的光子数通量。
Qe(T,Eg)=2πh3c20π2sin(2θ)dθEgεemit(E,θ)E2dEexp(EkBT)1
Qc(Tc,Eg)=2πh3c2EgE2dEexp(EkBTc)1
式中:h为普朗克常数;c为真空中的光速。式(3)中第3项为阻抗匹配因子:
im(Vop)=zm2(1+zmezm)(zm+ln(1+zm))
VopVc=zm+ln(1+zm)
为验证超材料辐射特性计算方法的合理性,对Yeng等人[26]设计的钨纳米光子超材料结构进行了辐射特性计算,并与其具体实验数据进行对比,结果如图2所示。由图2可以看出,文献[26]模拟数据和实验数据变化趋势一致,共振峰在波长和幅度上均一致,对应辐射率差别不大,符合实验和模拟数据之间的正常误差。由于对材料刻蚀产生的腔体壁面上的轻微不均匀性和刻蚀技术等原因,实验测试结果相对于模拟值会出现轻微变宽和衰减。
图3为辐射器辐射特性曲线。从图3可见:该辐射器在1 690 nm处有1个明显的发射峰;在大于电池禁带能量(0.6 eV)的光谱范围内实现了很好的窄带发射,窄带带宽约为0.4 eV,而在小于电池禁带能量的光谱范围内几乎不向外辐射光子;该辐射器在410 nm和770 nm处也存在2个次级发射峰,这是由于Ta和SiO2本身的辐射特性导致的。
但由于中低温的黑体辐射在该波段附近辐射功率很小,与发射率相乘后得到的辐射能量很少,避免了短波段的辐射导致电池温度升高使电池效率下降的问题。该辐射器在1 700 K下实现了非常好的窄带辐射,在短波段和波长大于电池禁带的波段处几乎不向外辐射能量。
利用电池效率计算模型,计算In0.69Ga0.31As电池在不同温度辐射器照射下的发电效率以及式(3)中的每一项,结果如图4所示。
图4可见,该电池在辐射器的照射下展现出较高的效率。在辐射器温度为1 390 K即1 117 ℃时电池的效率便可以突破SQ极限(41%)。当辐射器温度达到2 000 K时,电池效率高达46.75%。已有学者计算了禁带为0.6 eV的热光伏电池在黑体辐射下的发电效率:在1 323 K的黑体辐射下,电池效率仅为19.1%[27];在相同温度下本文设计的超材料辐射器的照射下,该电池效率可以提高到39.5%,效率提高了2倍之多。由此可见,设计的窄带辐射器有效减少了热光伏系统的能量损失,大大提高了效率。
为了解超材料结构对辐射器辐射率的具体影响,对十字架结构尺寸以及单元周期和基底厚度进行了参数化扫描。图5展示了十字架长边尺寸、短边尺寸以及单层十字架厚度对辐射器辐射特性的影响。
图5可见,十字架长边长度主要影响了辐射器辐射峰的位置,随着十字架长边长度的增加,辐射峰向长波段移动,且辐射强度基本保持不变。因此,可以通过改变十字架长边的长度来设计匹配不同禁带热光伏电池的窄带辐射器。十字架短边长度主要影响辐射器辐射峰的强度,随着短边长度的增加,辐射强度先增大后减小,当短边长度为130 nm时,最大辐射率接近于1。而十字架结构中的单层十字架厚度影响辐射峰的位置,同时也影响辐射峰的强度。随着单层十字架厚度的增大,辐射峰的位置向短波段移动;且辐射强度随着单层十字架厚度的增大先增大后减小,当单层十字架厚度为9 nm时,最大辐射率接近1。
图6展示了超材料辐射器单元周期p和基底介质厚度h1对辐射器辐射特性的影响。最底层Ta金属的作用是防止光透过辐射器,当h2大于最小不透光厚度时,改变h2对辐射器的辐射特性没有影响,本文h2设为100 nm。
图6可见:随周期p的增加,辐射器最大辐射率先增大后减小,当单元周期p为600 nm时,最大辐射率接近1;随周期p的增大,辐射峰逐渐向短波端移动。而介质厚度h1则主要影响辐射率的大小。由图6可见,随着h1从60 nm增至140 nm,最大辐射峰先增大后减小,当h1为100 nm时,最大辐射率接近1。这也说明了超材料微纳结构的尺寸对于其辐射率影响较大。
为了进一步探究窄带辐射器的发射峰形成原因,计算了特征峰波长下的辐射器表面电场分布,结果如图7所示。由图7可见,在前2个特征峰对应波长的光照射下,辐射器表面未产生明显强电场。这是因为前2个峰是由材料本征激发造成的,并没有引起辐射器的局部表面等离子体共振。而在第3个特征峰时,可以在十字架的金属交替处观察到明显的电热点。这是由于当入射光的频率和十字架结构的共振频率相匹配时,电磁能量通过电子振荡被收集并增强。同时,在该处会产生局部表面等离子体共振,光被紧紧地限制在这个结构的表面,由于强烈的光电耦合效应,光可以被完全吸收,产生100%辐射[19,28]。通过对辐射峰处的电场分析可知:辐射器的窄带发射形成的原因并不相同,前者是由Ta和SiO2的本征激发引起的,而后者则是由辐射器结构所激发的局部表面等离子体共振引起的。
在热光伏系统中,辐射器会向各个方向辐射出光子。如果在一定角度范围内不能保持选择性窄带辐射,那么电池接收的能量就会被削减,系统效率也不会达到较高水平。因此,在设计辐射器时应考虑其对不同偏振下入射角和极化角的依赖性。图8为辐射器角度不敏感性。从图8a)可以看出,在极化角从0°变化到90°的过程中,辐射器辐射特性保持不变。这是由于辐射器结构中心对称,改变极化角不会对光的发射产生影响。由图8b)、图8c)可以看到,在不同入射角下,辐射器依旧保持良好的窄带辐射特性,辐射峰位置始终保持在1 690 nm处,且辐射率变化较小。因此,该设计在0°~60°内具有良好的角度不敏感性。
本文面向热光伏发电技术,设计了能够与低禁带热光伏电池(In0.69Ga0.31As,0.6 eV)匹配的超材料辐射器,并建立了相应的系统效率模型。通过详尽的数值模拟和效率分析,可得到以下结论。
1)该超材料辐射器由耐高温材料组成,具有一定的稳定性,并且为对称结构,可以在较宽的角度变化范围内保持良好的辐射特性。
2)辐射器的层数、长度差等参数对其发射特性影响显著。通过对该超材料辐射器几何参数的调整,可获得与In0.69Ga0.31As电池具有良好匹配度的发射光谱,发射器的最优几何参数为:a=320 nm,b=130 nm,d=9 nm,p=600 nm,h1=h2=100 nm。
3)该超材料辐射器上表面为多层十字架结构,能够在特定波长有效激发表面等离子体共振,进而形成发射峰,其提供了一个良好的窄带辐射光谱,减少了热光伏系统中的能量损失。
4)该超材料辐射器在辐射器温度为1 390 K时电池效率便可突破SQ极限(41%),并且随着辐射器温度升高而升高,当温度为2 000 K时,热光伏电池效率高达46.75%。
  • 宁夏回族自治区2017年重点研发计划项目(沿黄河试验区科技创新专项)(2017BY049)
  • 宁夏回族自治区2018年重点研发计划项目(重大科技专项)(2018BCE01004)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202305371
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-05-24
基金
Ningxia Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2017BY049)
宁夏回族自治区2017年重点研发计划项目(沿黄河试验区科技创新专项)(2017BY049)
Ningxia Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2018BCE01004)
宁夏回族自治区2018年重点研发计划项目(重大科技专项)(2018BCE01004)
作者信息
    1.宁夏神耀科技有限责任公司,宁夏 银川 750011
    2.浙江大学能源工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027

通讯作者:

山石泉(1993),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为热辐射与太阳能综合利用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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