Article(id=1222503115899790254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202212287, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1672416000000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397055840, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397055840, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397055839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397055839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503116168225724, articleId=1222503115899790254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Investigation on the static characteristics of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The hybrid gas foil thrust bearings have excellent performance, but few studies have been reported on them. In this regard, a model of this bearings is proposed and a numerical research is carried out for the static and elasto-hydrodynamic characteristics. Based on MATLAB software, a steady fluid-structure interaction method was proposed for the numerical prediction of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings. The foil deformation, static load and frictional torque were calculated and analyzed at various rotating speeds, supply gas pressures and locations of air supply holes. The influences of operating parameters and locations of air supply holes on the static performance of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings were presented. The results show that: increasing the gas pressure has a small effect on the frictional torque, but increases the axial load of the bearing, and increasing the speed will lead to a significant increase in the frictional torque of the bearing. The location of the gas supply hole arrangement has a large effect on the static characteristics of the hybrid gas foil thrust bearings, so the location arrangement should be reasonably selected. The priority is given to the arrangement of the gas supply hole in the tilted area on the basis of meeting the bearing load requirements. The conclusions are of guidance for the design and application of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings.

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动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承具有优良性能,但目前针对其研究报道较少。对此,提出了该轴承的模型,并针对其静态特性和流弹特性开展了数值研究。基于MATLAB软件建立了动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的双向流固耦合数值预测方法。计算分析了不同转速、供气压力、供气孔布置位置下的箔片变形,静态载荷和摩擦力矩,获得了运行参数和供气孔位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的影响规律。结果表明:增大供气压力对摩擦力矩的影响较小,但会增大轴承轴向载荷,升高转速会导致轴承摩擦力矩明显增大;供气孔布置位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的静态特性影响较大,应合理选择供气孔的布置位置,在满足轴承载荷要求的基础上优先考虑将供气孔布置在倾斜区域。相关研究结论对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承设计和应用具有指导意义。

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孟令海(1986),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂节能环保和轴承转子稳定性,

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孟令海(1986),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂节能环保和轴承转子稳定性,

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孟令海(1986),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂节能环保和轴承转子稳定性,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=流固耦合), Keyword(id=1241694386573070787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=静态特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1241694393128768210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1986, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=8, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=张直明, 张言羊, 谢友柏, journalName=滑动轴承的流体动力润滑理论, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张直明,张言羊,谢友柏.滑动轴承的流体动力润滑理论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1986:8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694393250403034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1986, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=8, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, 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articleId=1222503115899790254, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Distribution of dimensionless pressure and gas film thickness at 4×104 r/min and 0.202 MPa, figureFileSmall=KfTZ5WbZBWNSSEefiPVHKQ==, figureFileBig=YUXbj9p1N6qlxf9a/AsGfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241694391937585810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=CN, label=图17, caption=转速为4×104 r/min、供气压力为0.202 MPa时气膜无量纲压力和无量纲膜厚分布, figureFileSmall=KfTZ5WbZBWNSSEefiPVHKQ==, figureFileBig=YUXbj9p1N6qlxf9a/AsGfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241694392038249110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric dimensions and boundary conditions

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项目数值项目数值
内半径/mm25.4顶箔片角度范围/(°)45
外半径/mm50.8波箔平行部分/(°)30
波箔片角度范围/(°)45波箔倾斜部分/(°)15
波箔片厚度/mm0.102楔形高度/mm0.05
波箔半长/mm1.6流体域温度/K300
波箔单元长度/mm0.5环境压力p0
顶箔片厚度/mm0.15顶箔、波箔泊松比0.29
顶箔、波箔弹性模量/GPa214小孔内直径/mm0.97
供气压力2p0、3p0、4p0、5p0、6p0
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392155689627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几何尺寸和边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
内半径/mm25.4顶箔片角度范围/(°)45
外半径/mm50.8波箔平行部分/(°)30
波箔片角度范围/(°)45波箔倾斜部分/(°)15
波箔片厚度/mm0.102楔形高度/mm0.05
波箔半长/mm1.6流体域温度/K300
波箔单元长度/mm0.5环境压力p0
顶箔片厚度/mm0.15顶箔、波箔泊松比0.29
顶箔、波箔弹性模量/GPa214小孔内直径/mm0.97
供气压力2p0、3p0、4p0、5p0、6p0
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392306684580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503115899790254, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

grid independence verification results

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网格点数目(周向×径向)承载力/N摩擦力矩/(N·m)
30×20376.380.020 47
60×40387.940.021 36
90×60393.590.021 44
120×80396.680.021 51
150×100397.150.021 52
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网格无关性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格点数目(周向×径向)承载力/N摩擦力矩/(N·m)
30×20376.380.020 47
60×40387.940.021 36
90×60393.590.021 44
120×80396.680.021 51
150×100397.150.021 52
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动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性研究
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孟令海 , 鲁浩 , 鲁晓宇 , 李园园
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(10): 153-161
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(10): 153-161
动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性研究
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孟令海 , 鲁浩, 鲁晓宇, 李园园
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 孟令海(1986),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂节能环保和轴承转子稳定性,

Investigation on the static characteristics of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings
Linghai MENG , Hao LU, Xiaoyu LU, Yuanyuan LI
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co, Ltd, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212287
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动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承具有优良性能,但目前针对其研究报道较少。对此,提出了该轴承的模型,并针对其静态特性和流弹特性开展了数值研究。基于MATLAB软件建立了动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的双向流固耦合数值预测方法。计算分析了不同转速、供气压力、供气孔布置位置下的箔片变形,静态载荷和摩擦力矩,获得了运行参数和供气孔位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的影响规律。结果表明:增大供气压力对摩擦力矩的影响较小,但会增大轴承轴向载荷,升高转速会导致轴承摩擦力矩明显增大;供气孔布置位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的静态特性影响较大,应合理选择供气孔的布置位置,在满足轴承载荷要求的基础上优先考虑将供气孔布置在倾斜区域。相关研究结论对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承设计和应用具有指导意义。

动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承  /  流固耦合  /  静态特性

The hybrid gas foil thrust bearings have excellent performance, but few studies have been reported on them. In this regard, a model of this bearings is proposed and a numerical research is carried out for the static and elasto-hydrodynamic characteristics. Based on MATLAB software, a steady fluid-structure interaction method was proposed for the numerical prediction of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings. The foil deformation, static load and frictional torque were calculated and analyzed at various rotating speeds, supply gas pressures and locations of air supply holes. The influences of operating parameters and locations of air supply holes on the static performance of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings were presented. The results show that: increasing the gas pressure has a small effect on the frictional torque, but increases the axial load of the bearing, and increasing the speed will lead to a significant increase in the frictional torque of the bearing. The location of the gas supply hole arrangement has a large effect on the static characteristics of the hybrid gas foil thrust bearings, so the location arrangement should be reasonably selected. The priority is given to the arrangement of the gas supply hole in the tilted area on the basis of meeting the bearing load requirements. The conclusions are of guidance for the design and application of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings.

hybrid gas foil thrust bearing  /  fluid-structure interaction  /  static characteristics
孟令海, 鲁浩, 鲁晓宇, 李园园. 动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 153 -161 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212287
Linghai MENG, Hao LU, Xiaoyu LU, Yuanyuan LI. Investigation on the static characteristics of hybrid gas foil thrust bearings[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 153 -161 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212287
传统的油润滑轴承由于润滑油的高黏性而具有较高的承载能力,因此被广泛应用于旋转机械中。但油润滑轴承不仅需要复杂的供油系统,还存在润滑油泄漏、高温下热损耗大、高转速下摩擦损失大等问题。油润滑轴承的上述局限性使其不适用于超高速、超精密的技术领域,因此亟需研发高性能的气体润滑轴承技术。
气体轴承作为近几十年迅猛发展的、直接依靠工质气体的新型无油润滑技术,具有高转速、耐高温高压、磨损小、无污染等优良性能。其中,动压气体箔片轴承是气体轴承技术中的一个重要分支,其出现使得早期气体轴承的稳定性得到提升[1]。箔片结构通过变形的方式提供轴承所需的刚度和阻尼,还可以通过改变气膜内部的压力分布来改善轴承的承载能力和稳定性。然而,由于气体本身黏性小,承载能力较低,因此动压气体箔片轴承常用于高转速、小功率的微型旋转机械中。另外,低转速下气膜承载力低、转子与箔片之间的磨损也是动压气体箔片轴承亟待解决的问题[2]。针对以上不足,有学者[3-5]通过外部供气的方式将静压效应与动压气体箔片轴承结合起来,提出了动静压混合气体箔片轴承的概念。由于外部高压供气,动静压混合气体箔片轴承的承载能力较高,同时低速下的磨损也较小,可完美契合旋转机械轴承系统的需求。
针对动静压混合气体轴承的静动特性,国内外的一些学者展开了一系列实验和数值研究。针对理论研究方法的改进,2007年,Kim等人[3]将小孔通流流量与供气压力建立关系,在连续方程中增加流量的源项,改写了雷诺方程使其适用于动静压混合气体箔片轴承。后来,Kumar等人[4]使用小扰动法,基于先前对于动静压混合气体箔片轴承静态特性的研究,使用数值方法计算该种轴承刚度和阻尼,并给出了供气参数对轴承动态特性的影响规律。2011年,Lee等人[5]设计出了一种动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承:扇形平箔的中心附近有供气节流孔,在轴承启停过程中,静压气体可提供部分轴向承载力,减弱转子与箔片间的干摩擦,保证轴承的高承载力和高稳定性;朱建军[6]进一步得出正常工况下,静压气体可起到冷却的作用。
对于实验研究,2008年,Kim等人[7]求解出了动静压混合气体轴承的静态载荷和力矩,并通过实验验证了其结果。他们指出:相比于使用传统冷却方式的动压气体轴承,动静压混合气体轴承具有更高的承载能力和较小的摩擦力矩。为了确定动静压混合气体箔片轴承的承载能力,Kumar等人[8]在不同转速下进行了实验并与动压气体箔片轴承进行对比。结果表明:低转速下动静压混合气体箔片轴承具有较好的性能,但在较高转速下动压效应起主要作用。
动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承具有承载能力强、启停阶段磨损小的优良性能,同时外部供气还可以起到轴承冷却的作用,因此其可应用在高转速、高载荷的压气机和涡轮中作为动压气体箔片止推轴承的完美替代。但目前学者们对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的研究还较少。因此本文提出了一种动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承模型,并基于MATLAB自编程方法建立了轴承静态特性的双向流固耦合数值预测方法,以探究供气参数和供气孔布置位置对轴承静态特性的影响规律。
由于目前针对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的研究还较少,因此本文在动压气体箔片止推轴承的基础上进行改进,提出了动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的结构。二者主要的区别在于供气孔的存在。图1给出了动压气体箔片止推轴承的实物图。此结构与Dickman[9]实验所采用的轴承结构一致。动静压气体箔片止推轴承在动压气体箔片止推轴承的基础上增加了供气孔,供气孔穿过箔片结构直接与气膜相连,使高压气体通过供气孔进入气膜内部。表1给出了其具体的几何参数、箔片材料物性和边界条件。
动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承气膜内部的流动受到雷诺方程的控制。如不考虑气膜内部温度变化,其控制方程的基本形式如方程(1)所示:
(ph)t+Ω2(ph)θ=1rr(ph3r12μpr)+1r2θ(ph312μpθ)+RgTm˙sAc
式中:m˙s为通过供气孔的质量流量;Ac为通过计算网格点定义的供气孔通流面积;Rg为空气的气体常数;rθ分别为径向及周向坐标;Ω为旋转角速度;T为供气温度,同时本文推导时采用的等温假设,取供气温度和环境温度相同。
方程(1)与动压气体箔片止推轴承的基本方程的区别仅在于方程最右端项的有无,即在动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承中,外部高压气体带来了一部分流量,使得控制方程的形式发生变化。
对于供气孔而言,由于气体的黏性较小且流速较快,其内部的流动过程可以看作绝热的无黏节流过程,因此供气孔的质量流量可用公式(2)计算:
m˙s=φAs2ρapaψ
式中:φ为供气孔的流量系数,本文取固定值0.83;A为节流面积,由于本文中气膜厚度远小于小孔内径,同时考虑到当地气膜厚度的不同对节流面积的影响,取节流面积Adohh为当地气膜厚度;paρa分别为环境压力和环境压力下的空气密度;ψ为小孔流量的速度系数,其表达式见式(3)。
ψ={[kk1((pps)2/k(pps)(k+1)/k)]1/2 pps>(2k+1)kk1[k2(2k+1)k+1k1]1/2 pps(2k+1)kk1
箔片的结构与变形密切相关,不同型式的箔片结构引起的变形也不尽相同。本文研究的箔片结构如图2所示。将顶箔与波箔结构等效为具有一定刚度和阻尼的模型,其等效模型如图3所示。图3中包含波箔片单元横向刚度kb,顶箔片单位横向刚度kp以及它们之间的阻尼Cf 3个参数。其中波箔的单元横向刚度可由式(4)计算[10]
kb=Eb2(1υb2)(tbl)3
对于顶箔,可近似认为其为厚度为tp的薄板,且满足薄板的小变形假设。由于顶箔片周向不同位置距固定端的距离为θR,因此其单位横向刚度可表示为[11]
kp=Ep12(1υp2)(tpθR)3
式中:EpEb为分别为顶箔和波箔材料的弹性模量;υpυb为顶箔和波箔材料的泊松比;tptb为顶箔和波箔的厚度;l为波箔半长。
综合考虑箔片的刚度和阻尼,可得到箔片变形与所受压力之间的关系:
ppa=kb+kpsu+Cfut
式中:s为波箔单元长度;u为箔片变形;t为时间。
对于动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承而言,平行区域和倾斜区域差异的存在,使气膜厚度在不同区域的表达式不尽相同。气膜厚度的示意如图4所示,其气膜厚度分布表达式可由公式(7)来表示:
h={(1θbβ)δh+h2+uθ[0,bβ]h2+uθ[bβ,β]
式中:β为箔片的张角;b为倾斜区域在周向占箔片的比例,本文取为1/3;h2为平行区域的初始气膜厚度;δh为倾斜区域的高度。
分别对雷诺方程与箔片变形方程进行无量纲化,再考虑到静态特性的计算为定常计算,因此雷诺方程与箔片变形方程中的时间导数项均为0。假设气膜内部的流动为等温过程,ρ/ρa=p/pa,因此无量纲的雷诺方程可以写成如下形式:
Λ(ρ¯h¯)θ=1r¯r¯(ρ¯h¯3r¯12μ¯p¯r¯)+1r¯2θ(ρ¯h¯312μ¯p¯θ)+                  M˙sΔr¯r¯Δθ
式中:无量纲密度ρ¯=ρ/ρa;无量纲压力p¯=p/pa;无量纲动力黏度μ¯=μ/μa,由于气体的动力黏度随压力的变化很小且温度不变,因此可认为气膜内的气体动力黏度不变,均为μa,即无量纲动力黏度μ¯=μ/μa=1;无量纲气膜厚度h¯=h/h2;无量纲半径r¯=r/r2r2为轴承外半径;Λ=6μaΩpa(r2h2)2定义为轴承数,是一个与转速密切相关的无量纲参数;无量纲供气孔流量M˙s=12μaRgTam˙spa2h23Δr¯和Δθ分别为径向和周向相邻网格点距离(图5)。
公式(9)给出了针对箔片变形方程的无量纲化结果:
(p¯1)=1α¯u¯
式中:无量纲箔片综合柔度α¯=1kb+kppash2;无量纲箔片变形u¯=u/h2
气膜厚度的无量纲表达式由公式(10)给出:
h¯={(1θbβ)δhh2+1+u¯θ[0,bβ]1+u¯θ[bβ,β]
采用有限差分法求解雷诺方程,其具体求解过程为:1)赋予初场,计算得到气膜厚度分布,全场的初始压力赋为环境压力;2)根据供气孔所在位置的压力计算出对应供气流量;3)根据差分格式,计算出流场内部每一个网格点的压力值,计算压力场时所需的相邻节点的压力值均使用上一步计算得到的压力值;4)根据计算得到的压力分布求出箔片变形分布以及气膜厚度分布;5)遍历流场内的所有点;6)重复以上操作直到2次压力相对变化量小于所要求的误差为止。
目前对于动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的实验研究较少,因此以Dickman[9]实验中给出的动压气体箔片止推轴承实验数据作为参照,验证了数值方法的准确性,结果如图6所示。由图6可见:轴向载荷在140 N以下时,拟合结果与实验数据吻合良好;但在140 N以上时,模拟结果逐渐偏离实验结果。这是由于当轴向载荷很高时,气膜厚度很小,转子与轴承顶箔产生摩擦接触使得气膜内的扭矩迅速增加。
表2给出了网格点数目对计算结果的影响。从表2可以看出:轴承承载力和摩擦力矩均随着网格点数增加而增大;但当网格点数目增加到120×80后,继续增加网格点数目对计算结果的影响已在0.2%以下,可认为此时网格点数对计算结果无影响,因此本文选取网格数目为120×80。
本文重点针对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的静态特性及其影响因素进行研究。由于动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承存在供气孔,其静态特性必然与动压气体箔片止推轴承存在差异,因此本节主要探究供气压力和供气孔位置对轴承静态特性的影响规律。
单个箔片无量纲承载力和无量纲摩擦力矩的表达分别由公式(11)和公式(12)给出:
W¯=0βr4/r21p¯r¯dr¯dθ
T¯=0βr4/r21(h¯2p¯θr¯+Λ6r¯3h¯)dr¯dθ
由于本文中止推轴承全周共有6个箔片,因此轴承的承载力和摩擦力矩可表示为:
{W=6W¯par22T=6T¯pah2r22
图7给出了动压气体箔片止推轴承单个箔片的压力分布。从图7可以看出,不同位置的压力分布显然不同,因此供气孔位置的差异必然导致压力分布的不同,进而影响动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性。以下研究将箔片分为平行区域和倾斜区域,并从径向和周向分别研究供气孔位置对轴承静态特性的影响规律。
图8给出了供气孔布置位置示意。图8中,供气孔的位置均为按比例布置,绿色和红色部分代表周向和径向供气孔距离的比例关系,但不表示具体距离数值。为了更容易区分,平行区域和倾斜区域中央的供气孔分别用不同的代号来表示。
首先在平行区域内沿径向取5个供气孔布置位置(孔1—孔5),具体位置关系如图8所示。图9给出了供气孔径向布置位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的影响规律。由图9可知,在平行区域内供气孔的径向布置位置对轴向载荷影响较大(转速为2×104 r/min时相邻2点最大相对变化率可达33.2 %),供气孔布置在中间位置时的轴承载荷最大(转速为2×104 r/min时最大载荷为414.489 N)。同时随着转速升高,轴承的轴向载荷减小。从控制方程(公式(1))来看,转速升高会导致Ω2(ph)θ项的增大,从而导致气膜压力增大,轴向载荷提升,但同时气膜压力增大也会导致气膜厚度增大,进而引起供气孔节流面积的迅速增大,使控制方程RgTm˙sAc项迅速增大,反而使气膜压力减小,因此轴承的轴向载荷反而减小。从图9中还可知,在平行区域内供气孔的径向布置位置对摩擦力矩的影响较小(转速为2×104 r/min时相邻2点最大相对变化率仅为5.8%)。由于供气孔对气膜压力沿周向的梯度和气膜厚度的影响只局限于供气孔附近的区域,气膜内部的其他区域压力梯度和气膜厚度几乎不受影响,因此结合公式(12)可知供气孔位置对摩擦力矩的影响较小。但转速的升高会明显提高轴承的摩擦力矩,且高转速下供气孔位置对摩擦力矩的影响变得更加明显。由公式(12)可知,转速的升高导致轴承数的提高,因此摩擦力矩显然增大。图10图11对比了2个供气孔位置的无量纲压力和膜厚分布。
通过图8孔6—孔10研究供气孔沿周向布置位置对轴承静态特性的影响规律,结果如图12所示。由图12可见:在平行区域内供气孔的周向布置位置对轴向载荷影响较大,其中供气孔布置在孔7时的轴承载荷最大(转速为2×104 r/min时达到428.651 N);同时随着转速升高,供气孔布置在大部分位置(孔7—孔10)时轴承的轴向载荷均减小,其原因如前所述;但当供气孔布置在孔6时转速的升高会提升轴承的轴向载荷,这是由于孔6处的流体动压效应剧烈,控制方程中RgTm˙sAc项的增大不能抵消转速升高引起的流体动压力的升高,因此轴承的轴向载荷仍增大。对摩擦力矩而言,供气孔的周向布置位置会对摩擦力矩产生较大影响(图12中转速为2×104 r/min时相邻2点最大相对变化率为12.7%),且在高转速下影响更显著。
图13给出了在倾斜区域不同径向位置(孔11—孔15)下的轴承静态特性。从图13可以看出,在倾斜区域供气孔的径向布置位置对轴向载荷存在较大影响(转速为2×104 r/min时相邻2点最大相对变化率为19.5%),但比平行区域供气孔径向布置位置的影响(33.2%)小得多。转速为2×104 r/min时,轴向载荷最大位置出现在孔14处,为120.913 N,远小于供气孔布置在平行区域时的轴向载荷。同时转速的升高会导致轴向载荷的升高,这是由于在倾斜区域内气膜厚度本身较大,由转速升高引起的膜厚变化占比较小,控制方程中RgTm˙sAc项的增大不能抵消流体动压力的升高,因此轴承的轴向载荷随着转速的升高而增大。对于摩擦力矩,转速升高会导致摩擦力矩增大。低转速下供气孔的径向布置位置对摩擦力矩的几乎无影响,在高转速下这种影响才开始显现。
图14给出了倾斜区域内供气孔周向布置位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的影响规律。从图14可知,供气孔的周向位置越靠近平行区域与倾斜区域交界线时周向载荷越大。这是由于此位置流体动压效应较剧烈,产生的流体动压力也较大。同时随着转速的提高,轴承的轴向载荷也增大。原因与前述类似,供气孔带来的控制方程中源项RgTm˙sAc的增大幅度较小,不能抵消由于转速升高引起的流体动压力的增大,因此轴承的轴向载荷随着转速的升高而增大。在倾斜区域内,摩擦力矩几乎不随供气孔周向布置位置的变化而变化,且随着转速的升高摩擦力矩明显增大。从公式(12)可知,被积函数h¯2p¯θr¯+Λ6r¯3h¯中第2项的轴承数Λ与转速成正比,因此转速的升高会导致摩擦力矩的增大。
综合2.1.1和2.1.2节分析结果可知,供气孔布置在平行区域时轴向承载能力更强,且最大承载能力出现在孔7处,转速在2×104 r/min时为428.652 N。在大部分平行区域内布置供气孔时,动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承不具有承载能力随转速升高而增大的特性;在倾斜区域布置供气孔时轴承承载能力较小,但具有随转速升高而增大的优良特性。无论在平行区域还是倾斜区域,供气孔布置位置对摩擦力矩的影响均较小。随着转速的升高,轴承的摩擦力矩明显增大,同时高转速下供气孔布置位置对摩擦力矩的影响也更加显著。
图15给出了研究供气压力时的供气孔位置,其中红色和绿色字表示供气孔的相对位置和孔之间的相对距离。固定3个供气孔的位置,改变供气压力和转速,探究不同转速下供气压力对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的影响规律。
供气压力对轴承静态特性的影响规律如图16所示。从图16可知,轴承轴向载荷随着供气压力的增大而增大,这是显而易见的,供气压力的增大使静压作用增强,轴承承载能力提升。同时随着转速的升高,轴向载荷减小,这是由于控制方程中RgTm˙sAc项迅速增大,抵消了转速升高带来的流体动压力的增大,反而使动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的轴向载荷减小。从图16还可知,供气压力对轴承的摩擦力矩影响较小(相邻2点相对变化率均在5%以下)。从式(12)可以看出,供气压力对摩擦力矩的影响主要表现在气膜压力梯度和气膜厚度2方面上。图17给出了供气压力0.202 MPa下的气膜无量纲压力和膜厚分布。从图17可知,供气压力影响区域主要集中在供气孔附近,其所引起的压力梯度和气膜厚度的变化也均集中在这些区域,对其他区域影响不大。而在供气孔附近,式(12)中h¯2p¯θr¯项增大而Λ6r¯3h¯项减小,2项之和变化不大,因此供气压力对摩擦力矩的影响也较小。由图16还可以看出转速对轴承摩擦力矩的影响:转速的升高会导致轴承摩擦力矩的增大。
本文基于MATLAB软件建立了动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承静态特性的双向流固耦合数值预测方法,研究了供气压力及供气孔布置位置对轴承静态特性的影响规律,得到以下结论:
1)供气孔布置位置对动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的静态特性存在较大影响,布置在平行区域时轴承的轴向承载能力强,是同转速下供气孔布置在倾斜区域时的轴向载荷的2.6倍左右。最大承载能力出现在孔7处,转速在2×104 r/min时为428.652 N。因此在实际应用中,应合理选择供气孔的布置位置以满足轴承的载荷要求。
2)在倾斜区域布置供气孔时动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承具有静态特性随转速升高而增大的优良特性。在设计过程中,可在满足轴承载荷要求的基础上优先考虑将供气孔布置在倾斜区域。
3)无论在平行区域还是倾斜区域,供气孔布置位置对摩擦力矩的影响较弱(均小于13%)。随着转速的升高,轴承的摩擦力矩明显增大,同时高转速下供气孔布置位置对摩擦力矩的影响也更加显著。
4)供气压力的增大会使动静压混合气体箔片止推轴承的轴向载荷增大,但对摩擦力矩的影响较小(相邻2点相对变化率均小于5%)。转速的升高会导致轴承的摩擦力矩明显增大。
  • 国家科技重大专项(HT-J2019-I-0003-0004)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ-H42)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202212287
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2022-12-31
基金
National Science and Technology Major Project(HT-J2019-I-0003-0004)
国家科技重大专项(HT-J2019-I-0003-0004)
Science and Technology Project China Huaneng Group(HNKJ-H42)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ-H42)
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    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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