Article(id=1222503111634182943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1686412800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397054822, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397054822, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397054822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397054822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=129, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503113152520996, articleId=1222503111634182943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on multi-objective planning optimization of islanded integrated energy system concerning carbon emissions, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of pollution and high carbon emissions caused by island dependence on diesel energy supply, an islanded integrated energy system multi-objective planning optimization method considering carbon emission was proposed. Based on the construction of equipment model, the annual operation of the system was simulated hourly considering the influence of the climate fluctuation on the output of renewable energy devices, the life cycle costs and life cycle carbon dioxide emissions was taken as the optimization objectives, the multi-objective planning optimization model of islanded integrated energy system was constructed by combining with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, the weighted arithmetic averaging operator was used to make decisions on the optimization results. An island area in Yantai was taken as an example, the influence of typical day and annual hourly data as input on planning results, the influence of investment changes in renewable energy devices and natural gas prices, as as well as wind power and photovoltaic installed capacity and battery capacity on optimization objectives were analyzed. By multi-objective planning optimization of the study area, the optimal capacity of each device under different target weights was obtained. The results showed that the configuration of renewable energy and battery can reduce the life cycle carbon dioxide emissions by 26.95% -55.96%. But when the life cycle carbon dioxide emissions weight was increased from 0.6 to 1, the carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by increasing the battery capacity. At this time, life cycle costs increased by 210.13% and life cycle carbon dioxide emissions only decreased by 8.59%. The proposed island integrated energy system planning method provides a reference for decision makers to balance low carbon cost and energy supply economy when planning islanded low carbon IES.

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针对孤岛依赖传统化石能源供能引起的污染及碳排放高的问题,提出了一种考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化方法。在构建设备模型的基础上,考虑气候参数波动对可再生能源出力的影响,逐时模拟系统全年运行情况,以系统的生命周期成本及生命周期二氧化碳排放为优化目标,结合非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ构建了孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化模型,采用加权平均算子对优化结果决策;以烟台某孤岛为例,分析了以典型日和全年逐时数据作为模型输入对规划结果的影响,探究了可再生能源设备投资变化和天然气价格以及风光装机和蓄电池容量对优化目标的影响,获得了不同目标权重下各设备的最优容量。结果表明,配置可再生能源及蓄电池可使生命周期二氧化碳排放降低26.95%~55.96%,但当生命周期二氧化碳排放权重由0.6增至1.0时,主要依赖增加蓄电池装机容量降低碳排放,生命周期成本增加210.13%,而生命周期二氧化碳排放仅降低8.59%。该孤岛综合能源系统规划方法为决策者在孤岛规划综合能源系统时权衡低碳成本和能源供应经济性提供了参考。

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徐婧(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统能效分析与优化,
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王晓鹰(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统规划及运行优化,

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王晓鹰(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统规划及运行优化,

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王晓鹰(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统规划及运行优化,

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Thermal Power Generation, 2021, 50(5): 94-101., articleTitle=Scheduling scheme of heliostat field of tower solar power station based on NSGA-II, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694397633450840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=8, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=37, authorNames=中华人民共和国国土资源部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国土资源部.光伏发电站工程项目用地控制指标[R].北京:中华人民共和国国土资源部,2015:8-36., articleTitle=光伏发电站工程项目用地控制指标, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694399135011673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=8, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Ministry of Land and Resources, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Land and Resources. Land use control index of photovoltaic power station project[R]. Beijing: Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 2015: 8-36., articleTitle=Land use control index of photovoltaic power station project, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694399210509147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=4, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=风力发电设计规范:GB 51096—2015[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2015:4-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694399294395231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=4, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Code for design of wind farm: GB 51096—2015[S]. 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parameters of each device

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称最小装机容量/kW负荷范围/%单位装机容量投资/(元·kW–1)生命周期/年额定效率或制冷系数
光伏13 200250.15
风电50015 00025
蓄电池8 28080.70
燃气轮机10020~1009 00015发电:0.24
制热:0.52
余热锅炉20~100120150.85
电锅炉1 000150.95
燃气锅炉70020~100720150.85
吸收式
制冷机
0~100720151.20
压缩式
制冷机
10~100600153.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391165833841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称最小装机容量/kW负荷范围/%单位装机容量投资/(元·kW–1)生命周期/年额定效率或制冷系数
光伏13 200250.15
风电50015 00025
蓄电池8 28080.70
燃气轮机10020~1009 00015发电:0.24
制热:0.52
余热锅炉20~100120150.85
电锅炉1 000150.95
燃气锅炉70020~100720150.85
吸收式
制冷机
0~100720151.20
压缩式
制冷机
10~100600153.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391266497142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Device capacity of typical day and annual planning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目燃气轮机余热锅炉燃气锅炉电锅炉吸收式制冷机压缩式制冷机
典型日8.618.628.04.213.80
全年9.420.429.49.613.87.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391404909181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型日运行规划及全年规划设备容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目燃气轮机余热锅炉燃气锅炉电锅炉吸收式制冷机压缩式制冷机
典型日8.618.628.04.213.80
全年9.420.429.49.613.87.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391501378176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Device capacity of non-renewable energy combined cooling heating and power system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ELCE/万tCLCC/亿元燃气轮机容量/MW余热锅炉容量/MW燃气锅炉容量/MW吸收式制冷机制冷量/MW
78.338.9510.0021.7027.0013.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391614624389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

无可再生能源冷热电多联供系统各设备容量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ELCE/万tCLCC/亿元燃气轮机容量/MW余热锅炉容量/MW燃气锅炉容量/MW吸收式制冷机制冷量/MW
78.338.9510.0021.7027.0013.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391702704781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Device capacity of combined cold heat and power system under different weight ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CLCC权重ELCE权重CLCC/亿元ELCE/万tCLCC变化率/%ELCE变化率/%光伏容量/MW风机容量/MW蓄电池容量/(MW·h)
1.008.5857.22–4.1326.953.82.00.1
0.80.29.1441.132.1247.497.76.00.1
0.60.49.1840.582.5748.199.36.50.7
0.50.59.7438.158.8351.3010.07.01.5
0.40.610.1637.7413.5251.8210.07.02.4
0.20.813.3736.2949.3953.6710.07.014.7
0.01.031.5134.50252.0755.9610.07.084.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241694391811756687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111634182943, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同权重比下冷热电多联供系统各设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CLCC权重ELCE权重CLCC/亿元ELCE/万tCLCC变化率/%ELCE变化率/%光伏容量/MW风机容量/MW蓄电池容量/(MW·h)
1.008.5857.22–4.1326.953.82.00.1
0.80.29.1441.132.1247.497.76.00.1
0.60.49.1840.582.5748.199.36.50.7
0.50.59.7438.158.8351.3010.07.01.5
0.40.610.1637.7413.5251.8210.07.02.4
0.20.813.3736.2949.3953.6710.07.014.7
0.01.031.5134.50252.0755.9610.07.084.0
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考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化
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王晓鹰 1 , 徐婧 1 , 杨兆宇 1 , 冯征 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023,52(10): 129-137
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2023, 52(10): 129-137
考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化
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王晓鹰1 , 徐婧1 , 杨兆宇1, 冯征2
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.国家电投集团综合智慧能源科技有限公司,北京 100032
  • 王晓鹰(1995),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统规划及运行优化,

通讯作者:

徐婧(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统能效分析与优化,
Research on multi-objective planning optimization of islanded integrated energy system concerning carbon emissions
Xiaoyin WANG1 , Jing XU1 , Zhaoyu YANG1, Zhen FENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2.SPIC Integrated Smart Energy Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306027
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针对孤岛依赖传统化石能源供能引起的污染及碳排放高的问题,提出了一种考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化方法。在构建设备模型的基础上,考虑气候参数波动对可再生能源出力的影响,逐时模拟系统全年运行情况,以系统的生命周期成本及生命周期二氧化碳排放为优化目标,结合非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ构建了孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化模型,采用加权平均算子对优化结果决策;以烟台某孤岛为例,分析了以典型日和全年逐时数据作为模型输入对规划结果的影响,探究了可再生能源设备投资变化和天然气价格以及风光装机和蓄电池容量对优化目标的影响,获得了不同目标权重下各设备的最优容量。结果表明,配置可再生能源及蓄电池可使生命周期二氧化碳排放降低26.95%~55.96%,但当生命周期二氧化碳排放权重由0.6增至1.0时,主要依赖增加蓄电池装机容量降低碳排放,生命周期成本增加210.13%,而生命周期二氧化碳排放仅降低8.59%。该孤岛综合能源系统规划方法为决策者在孤岛规划综合能源系统时权衡低碳成本和能源供应经济性提供了参考。

孤岛综合能源系统  /  规划优化  /  生命周期成本  /  二氧化碳排放  /  非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ

Aiming at the problems of pollution and high carbon emissions caused by island dependence on diesel energy supply, an islanded integrated energy system multi-objective planning optimization method considering carbon emission was proposed. Based on the construction of equipment model, the annual operation of the system was simulated hourly considering the influence of the climate fluctuation on the output of renewable energy devices, the life cycle costs and life cycle carbon dioxide emissions was taken as the optimization objectives, the multi-objective planning optimization model of islanded integrated energy system was constructed by combining with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, the weighted arithmetic averaging operator was used to make decisions on the optimization results. An island area in Yantai was taken as an example, the influence of typical day and annual hourly data as input on planning results, the influence of investment changes in renewable energy devices and natural gas prices, as as well as wind power and photovoltaic installed capacity and battery capacity on optimization objectives were analyzed. By multi-objective planning optimization of the study area, the optimal capacity of each device under different target weights was obtained. The results showed that the configuration of renewable energy and battery can reduce the life cycle carbon dioxide emissions by 26.95% -55.96%. But when the life cycle carbon dioxide emissions weight was increased from 0.6 to 1, the carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by increasing the battery capacity. At this time, life cycle costs increased by 210.13% and life cycle carbon dioxide emissions only decreased by 8.59%. The proposed island integrated energy system planning method provides a reference for decision makers to balance low carbon cost and energy supply economy when planning islanded low carbon IES.

islanded integrated energy system  /  planning optimization  /  life cycle costs  /  carbon dioxide emissions  /  non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II
王晓鹰, 徐婧, 杨兆宇, 冯征. 考虑碳排放的孤岛综合能源系统多目标规划优化. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 129 -137 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306027
Xiaoyin WANG, Jing XU, Zhaoyu YANG, Zhen FENG. Research on multi-objective planning optimization of islanded integrated energy system concerning carbon emissions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 129 -137 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306027
随着“双碳”目标的提出,进一步加快了绿色供能系统的建设进程[1]。但是山区及海岛等偏远地区多依靠柴油供能[2],存在污染严重,碳排放高的问题,在这些区域构建综合利用太阳能、风能等清洁能源的低碳综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)对推动我国能源转型有重要意义[3-6]。国内外学者已在系统结构、优化算法、优化目标等方面对孤岛IES的规划做了一定研究。文献[7]设计了孤岛式液化天然气冷热电三联供系统。文献[8]就具体区域的柴油混合可再生能源及电池发电系统可行性进行了分析。文献[9]采用人工蜂群算法,以系统的年使用成本作为优化目标,优化了孤岛式柴油机混合可再生能源系统的配置。文献[10]考虑社会及居民的用能成本,采用双层优化模型优化孤岛柴油机/太阳能/储能的IES,获得了位于偏远岛屿的独立多发电能源系统的最优规划及运行情况。文献[11]将海水淡化纳入到海岛IES设计规划中以提高可再生能源的消纳,同时利用光伏运行中的产热实现了冷、热、电三联供。文献[12]和文献[13]采用一种改进灰狼优化算法,以年均系统成本最小为优化目标优化了风光柴蓄混合发电系统各设备容量。
上述研究中多以投资及用能经济性为目标,并未直接将CO2排放量纳入优化目标,规划的方案不能满足区域低碳供能的需要;且规划中仅以区域典型日的气候数据作为参考,未考虑全年气候波动对规划的影响,设计的系统在极端气候条件下存在能源供应不足的问题,不能保证供能系统的可靠性。
针对上述问题,本文提出一种考虑碳排放的孤岛IES多目标规划优化方法,以IES设备数学建模为基础,以孤岛全年的历史气候参数为依托,考虑全年气候波动的边界条件,逐时模拟系统全年运行情况,以生命周期成本(life cycle costs,LCC)和生命周期二氧化碳排放量(life cycle CO2 emissions,LCE)为优化目标构建孤岛IES多目标规划优化模型,结合加权平均算子(weighted arithmetic averaging operator,WAA)与非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,NSGA-Ⅱ)进行寻优,分析不同目标权重下的各供能设备的容量配置,为决策者在规划孤岛低碳IES时权衡低碳成本和能源供应经济性提供参考。
构建孤岛IES是以满足孤岛电、热、冷的用能需求为目标,以最大程度的实现可再生能源消纳为背景,通过对不同种类供能设备容量的科学规划,协同考虑能源转换单元的出力约束、效率特性、碳排放等问题,实现孤岛IES的低碳经济供能。典型的孤岛IES结构如图1所示。由于可再生能源出力具有波动性[14],在配置可再生能源设备的基础上,配置燃气轮机等设备实现孤岛区域的电热冷联供。
孤岛IES中供能设备的数学模型如下。
光伏发电模型为[15]
PPV=ηPV,STCAPVGg×[1+μηPV,STC(TaTSTC)+μηPV,STC×9.55.7+3.9v(TNOC20)800(1ηPV,STC)Gg]
式中:PPV为光伏系统每小时的输出功率,kW;ηPV,STC为光伏组件在标准测试条件下的效率;APV为在阵列功率峰值的光伏阵列面积,取1 m2Gg为太阳总辐射强度,kW/m2μ为输出功率的温度系数,取–0.006 4 /℃;Ta为环境温度,℃;TSTC为标准测试条件下的温度,为25 ℃;v为风速,m/s;TNOC为标准工作单元的温度,为45 ℃。
风电机组的功率输出PWT(kW)为[16]
PWT{0                      v<viηmηeρAWTCpv32vi<v<vrPWT,r                 vr<v<v00                      v>v0
式中:vivrv0为风力特征曲线的切入、额定和切出速度,分别取3、10、20 m/s;ηmηe为风电机组的机械效率和发电效率,分别取0.80、0.95;ρ为空气密度,取1.225 kg/m3AWT为转子面积,m2Cp为动力系数,取0.4;PWT,r为风力发电机额定功率,kW。
布置蓄电池可促进可再生能源的消纳,根据以下方程计算电池荷电状态。
充电过程:
SSOCbat(t)=SSOCbat(tΔt)[1δsd]+ηBPinΔt
放电过程:
SSOCbat(t)=SSOCbat(tΔt)[1δsd]ηBPoutΔt
式中:SSOCbat(t)t时段结束时蓄电池的剩余电量,kW·h;SSOCbat(tΔt)为第t–Δt个时段结束时蓄电池的剩余电量,kW·h;t为计算参数时的时间步长,h;δsd为Δt时间段蓄电池的自放电率,取0.002 /h;ηB为电池组的效率;Pin为充电功率,kW;Pout为放电功率,kW;Δt为充放电时间,h。
燃气轮机发电功率PGT(kW)及热功率QGT(kW)的数学模型可描述如下:
PGT=13 600ηGT,eVg,GTqg
QGT=13 600ηGT,hVg,GTqg
式中:ηGT,e为燃气轮机的发电效率;Vg,GT为燃气轮机天然气消耗率,m3/h;qg为天然气热值,取38 931 kJ/m3(标况下);ηGT,h为燃气轮机的制热效率。
燃气轮机变工况特性为[17]
ηGT,e=ηGT,e,N(0.088 8+0.024 1fGT2.332 8×104fGT2+8.414 3×107fGT3)
ηGT,h=ηGT,h,N(1.04590.001 3fGT+8.740 3×106fGT2)
式中:ηGT,e,NηGT,h,N分别为燃气轮机的额定发电效率、额定热效率;fGT为燃气轮机的负荷率。
余热锅炉、电锅炉及燃气锅炉的数学模型如下:
QWB=ηWBQGT
QEB=ηEBPEB
QGB=13 600ηGBVgqg
式中:QWB为余热锅炉输出热功率,kW;ηWB为余热锅炉的运行效率;ηEB为电锅炉的运行效率;QEB为电锅炉输出热功率,kW;PEB为输入电锅炉的电功率,kW;QGB为燃气锅炉热功率,kW;ηGB为燃气锅炉的运行效率;Vg为燃气轮机天然气消耗率,m3/h。
吸收式制冷机和压缩式制冷机的数学模型如下:
QAC=CCOPACQAC,H
QEC=CCOPECPEC
式中:QAC为吸收式制冷机的制冷功率,kW;QAC,H为吸收式制冷机的输入热功率,kW;CCOPAC为吸收式制冷机的制冷系数;QEC为压缩式制冷机的制冷功率,kW;PEC为压缩式制冷机输入电功率,kW;CCOPEC为压缩式制冷机的制冷系数。
本文提出的考虑碳排放的孤岛IES多目标规划优化方法流程如图2所示。在对孤岛IES系统设备建模的基础上,将光伏、风电、蓄电池容量和区域气候负荷数据作为多目标规划优化模型的边界输入,逐时模拟系统运行,以LCC和LCE为优化目标,基于NSGA-II算法进行多目标规划优化得到Pareto解集,结合基于加权算术平均算子的决策方法得到不同优化目标权重下的推荐方案。
在规划优化中通过逐时模拟系统全年运行情况的方式对系统各设备定容。
其中,光伏、风电和蓄电池的容量为规划的变量,燃气轮机、余热锅炉、电锅炉、燃气锅炉、吸收式制冷机和压缩式制冷机的容量取模拟运行过程中最大出力为设备容量。图3为孤岛IES规划运行策略。
孤岛IES规划需满足能量供需平衡、设备容量及负载范围约束。能量供需平衡约束指在系统运行各时刻电热冷输出功率与负荷的平衡。设备容量约束指各个设备装机容量应为最小容量的整数倍。负载范围约束为设备运行时的负载的上下限。表1给出了各设备相关参数[18-19]
Le+Pbat+PEB+PEC=PPV+PWT+PGT
Lh=QWB+QEB+QGB
Lc=QAC+QEC
式中:LeLhLc分别为电、热、冷负荷,kW;Pbat为电池负荷,kW,充电时为正,放电时为负。
孤岛IES规划的优化目标是CLCCELCECLCC可表示为[20]
CLCC=CICC+n=1Nan(1+i)n(1tr)+           r=1RCICC,c(1+I)rlc(1tr)s(1+i)Nn=1Ndn(1+i)ntr
式中:CLCC为系统生命周期成本,元;CICC为系统的初始资本成本,元;N为系统设计生命周期,本文取25年;n为指项目的第n年;dn为第n年折旧费用,元;i为利率,%;tr为税率,%;at为年度维护和运营成本,元;R为生命周期内总更换次数;r是指在项目设备替换的第r次;CICC,c为要更换组件的投资成本,元;lc为要更换组件的使用寿命,年;s为设备残值,元。生命周期内总更换次数R为该设备生命周期的函数,由以下方程给出:
R=floor(Nlc)1
式中:floor为MATLAB软件中的向下取整函数,将数字舍入到下一个较小的整数。
ELCE可表示为:
ELCE=11 000γgas(Ngas,GT+Ngas,GB)
式中:ELCE为生命周期二氧化碳排放量,t;γgas为天然气二氧化碳排放系数,取2.11 kg/m3Ngas,GTNgas,GB分别为生命周期内燃气轮机、燃气锅炉消耗的天然气量,m3
NSGA-Ⅱ算法是一种建立在自然选择的建模基础上的启发式算法[21],现已被广泛应用于各种多目标优化问题上[22-23],算法流程如图4所示。本文在MATLAB软件中编写NSGA-Ⅱ算法对孤岛IES规划方案进行多目标寻优。
由于CLCCELCE量纲不同,会影响到决策结果,需对数据进行规范化处理:
Xscale=XmaxXXmaxXmin
式中:X为原始数据;Xscale为规范化处理后的数据;Xmax为数据集中的最大值;Xmin为数据集中的最小值。结合WAA对优化目标决策,对于(XLCC,i, XLCE,i)有:
WAAi=wLCCXLCC,i+wLCEXLCE,i
式中:wLCCwLCECLCCELCE在决策中的权重,范围为[0,1]。取WAA值大的作为推荐方案。
本文以山东烟台某孤岛区域为研究对象,该区域地理位置为N 37°55′,E 120°44′,陆地面积12.8 km2,当地天然气价格为3.63元/m3
由Meteonorm8数据库获得区域2020全年和典型日逐时气候数据,结果如图5图6所示。由于研究区域全年逐时负荷数据无法获得,以区域各季节典型负荷作为对应季节每日负荷,具体如图7所示。根据国土资源部发布的《光伏发电站工程项目用地控制指标》要求[24],区域孤岛的太阳能光伏装机容量限制在10 MW之内。由风速数据结合式(2)可得风能利用潜力,将风电机组容量限制在7 MW之内[25]
据3.1所述,将光伏、风电容量分别设置为最大容量10 MW和7 MW,分别以典型日逐时气候数据和全年逐时气候数据作为多目标规划模型的输入,计算得到燃气轮机等设备的容量,结果见表2
计算结果表明,全年逐时模拟规划的IES各设备容量要高于典型日规划得到的设备容量。以典型日数据规划得到的IES各设备容量在实际供能时,会出现设备所需出力高于设备容量的情况,无法满足实际的负荷需求。
当光伏装机成本在现价的60%~100%之间变化时,CLCC与光伏装机容量的关系如图8所示。
当风电装机成本在现价的60%~100%间变化时,CLCC与风电装机容量的关系如图9所示。
图8图9可以看出,CLCC随着光伏和风电设备容量的改变呈现相同的变化趋势,即CLCC随着设备容量的增加先下降后上升。随着光伏和风电设备单位装机容量成本的降低,CLCC随设备装机容量变化的拐点向设备容量增加的方向移动,即当光伏、风电的装机成本降低时,可在更大范围内通过增加装机容量降低CLCC。这是因为随着光伏、风电设备容量的增加,其设备成本和用于消纳可再生能源的电锅炉和压缩式制冷机的成本会相应增加,而燃气轮机和余热锅炉的成本会降低,所以,系统CLCC呈现降低趋势。但燃气轮机的装机容量受可再生能源设备出力低谷期负荷的约束,随光伏、风设备装机容量的进一步增加,燃气轮机CLCC降低趋势变缓,系统CLCC又会逐渐增加。
图10图11分别表示天然气价格在现价的80%~120%间波动时,CLCC分别随光伏装机容量和风电装机容量的变化关系。
图10图11可以看出,当天然气价格升高时,系统CLCC随光伏、风电装机容量升高呈现先降低后升高趋势。但当天然气价格降低时,CLCC随设备装机容量的增加而升高。
将只依靠天然气供能,不配置光伏、风电及蓄电池时的IES规划结果作为基准案例,系统各供能设备装机容量见表3。此时系统ELCE为78.33万t,CLCC为8.95亿元。
图12表示不设蓄电池时,可再生能源装机容量对ELCE的影响。
图12可见,随风电与光伏装机容量的增加,ELCE降低,布置可再生能源能够有效降低ELCE。在光伏装机10 MW,风电装机7 MW时,ELCE为44.90万t,相较于无可再生能源装机的基准案例,CO2减排33.43万t,减排42.68%。
图13表示当光伏发电装机10 MW,风电装机7 MW时,蓄电池容量对CLCCELCE的影响。由图13可见,随着蓄电池容量增加,ELCE降低速率变缓,在蓄电池装机容量为100 MW·h时,ELCE为34.18万t,CLCC为36.29亿元,相比未设置储能的供能系统,进一步碳减排23.87%,但CLCC增加了243.79%,经济性差。所以,在多目标规划优化时将蓄电池容量上限设置为100 MW·h。
ELCECLCC为目标,采用NSGA-Ⅱ求解,种群大小设置为200,迭代次数为500,交叉率设置为0.8,变异率设置为0.2,光伏、风电、蓄电池容量上线分别设置为10 MW、7 MW、100 MW·h。图14为多寻优求得的帕累托解集。由图14可见:CLCCELCE呈现相反的变化趋势,随着ELCE的减少,CLCC会逐渐增加;当CLCC增加至10亿元后,ELCE缓慢降低,而CLCC急剧增加。
CLCCELCE权重不同时,最优方案的光伏、风电及蓄电池容量会有所差异,具体见表4。由表4可见,相较于无可再生能源的供能系统,不同权重下的7个方案可使系统ELCE降低26.95%~55.96%,CLCC变化率在–4.13%~252.07%。其中,当ELCE权重由0增至0.6,主要通过增设光伏、风电装机容量来降低ELCE,此时CLCC增加了13.51%,而ELCE降低了33.32%;当ELCE权重由0.6增至1.0,通过增加蓄电池容量来降低ELCE,但ELCE降低8.59%的同时CLCC增加了210.13%,碳减排效果不明显,但经济成本大幅增加。因此,在孤岛IES规划时,需要权衡低碳成本和能源供应成本。
本文提出了一种考虑碳排放的孤岛IES多目标规划优化方法,该方法亦适用于类似区域供能系统的规划。以山东烟台某孤岛为案例做IES规划,分析得到以下结论。
1)与以典型日逐时数据规划方法相比,考虑全年气候波动的逐时模拟方法规划得到的各供能设备装机容量增大,但其可满足在各边界条件下的孤岛的实际用能需求,保证供能的可靠性。
2)随着可再生能源设备容量的增加,CLCC呈先降低后升高的趋势;随着可再生能源设备成本的降低,CLCC随设备装机容量变化的拐点向容量增加的方向移动;天然气价格升高,CLCC随可再生能源装机容量升高先降低后升高,天然气价格降低,CLCC随可再生能源设备装机容量的增加而升高。
3)在孤岛IES增设可再生能源设备,能够有效降低CO2排放量,当光伏装机10 MW,风力发电机装机7 MW时,相较于无可再生能源的供能系统,CO2减排33.43万t,减排42.68%,碳减排效果明显;蓄电池的配置可进一步降低CO2的排放量,但是投资成本将大幅增加。
4)以CLCCELCE为目标进行孤岛IES规划时,CLCCELCE的权重不同,光伏、风电、蓄电池设备的容量会有差别。当ELCE权重增大时,CLCC会相应的增加;当ELCE权重由0.6进一步增加时,IES的碳减排主要依赖增设蓄电池实现,碳减排效果不明显,但经济成本大幅增加。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51906171)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306027
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-06-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51906171)
国家自然科学基金项目(51906171)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.国家电投集团综合智慧能源科技有限公司,北京 100032

通讯作者:

徐婧(1989),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统能效分析与优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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