Article(id=1222503111030199204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202211285, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669651200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397054679, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397054679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397054679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397054679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503111361549247, articleId=1222503111030199204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Flow performance analysis and design optimization of gas fuel control valve for gas turbine, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the gas fuel control valve of gas turbine as the research object, based on the computational fluid dynamics method, the flow field distribution and flow change rule of the gas fuel control valve under the actual operating conditions are studied, and the flow characteristic curve of the valve is fitted. The results show that the mass flow of the control valve at the same opening has nothing to do with the change of the pressure behind the valve, and is in a blocked flow state when the pressure in front of the valve is 2.650 MPa and the pressure ratio behind the valve to that in front of the valve is 0.49~0.78; Under the same pressure ratio, the discharge coefficient is approximately linear with the opening, which is consistent with the actual requirements of the project; There is a linear correlation between the flow coefficient and throat area. By optimizing the valve core profile, the linear curve of throat area with opening is improved, and the linearity of the flow characteristic curve is improved.

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以燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀为研究对象,基于计算流体力学方法,研究了气体燃料控制阀在实际运行工况下的流场分布以及流量变化规律,拟合了该阀的流动特性曲线。结果表明:在阀前压力2.650 MPa、阀后与阀前压力比为0.49~0.78,相同开度下的控制阀质量流量与阀后压力变化无关,处于阻塞流状态;相同压比下的流量系数与开度近似线性相关,与工程实际要求相吻合;流量系数与喉部面积具有线性相关关系,通过优化阀芯型线,改善喉部面积随开度的线性曲线,提高了流量特性曲线的线性度。

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徐前(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为热力机械及流动分析,

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徐前(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为热力机械及流动分析,

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keyword=数值计算)], refs=[Reference(id=1241694393229439906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=29, pageStart=5096, pageEnd=5102, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=蒋洪德, 任静, 李雪英, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋洪德,任静,李雪英,等.重型燃气轮机现状与发展趋势[J].中国电机工程学报201434(29):5096-5102., articleTitle=重型燃气轮机现状与发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241694394718417832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=29, pageStart=5096, pageEnd=5102, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=JIANG Hongde, REN Jing, LI Xueying, journalName=Proceeding of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Hongde, REN Jing, LI Xueying, et al. 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label=图11, caption=阀芯优化后流量系数曲线对比, figureFileSmall=cmTmHCGD6SF8Kx1ogSgGrQ==, figureFileBig=EA3DNoG0XOl3BvEFfW64LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241694392357024636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation parameters

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项目参数设置
传热模型Total Energy
湍流模型k-epsilon
参考压力/Pa1.013×105
进口总压/MPa2.65
进口总温/℃200
出口静压/MPa1.288、1.535、1.842、2.018
壁面边界无滑移壁面
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392470270852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数设置
传热模型Total Energy
湍流模型k-epsilon
参考压力/Pa1.013×105
进口总压/MPa2.65
进口总温/℃200
出口静压/MPa1.288、1.535、1.842、2.018
壁面边界无滑移壁面
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392570934153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Independent verification of grid

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项目网格数/万出口质量流量/(kg·s–1)
网格1882.773
网格21012.777
网格31552.789
网格42092.790
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392654820235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503111030199204, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目网格数/万出口质量流量/(kg·s–1)
网格1882.773
网格21012.777
网格31552.789
网格42092.790
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燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀流动性能分析与设计优化研究
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徐前 , 朱志劼 , 范雪飞 , 刘网扣 , 李连翠 , 徐望人
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023,52(10): 162-169
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2023, 52(10): 162-169
燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀流动性能分析与设计优化研究
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徐前 , 朱志劼, 范雪飞, 刘网扣, 李连翠, 徐望人
作者信息
  • 上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240
  • 徐前(1992),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为热力机械及流动分析,

Flow performance analysis and design optimization of gas fuel control valve for gas turbine
Qian XU , Zhijie ZHU, Xuefei FAN, Wangkou LIU, Liancui LI, Wangren XU
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202211285
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以燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀为研究对象,基于计算流体力学方法,研究了气体燃料控制阀在实际运行工况下的流场分布以及流量变化规律,拟合了该阀的流动特性曲线。结果表明:在阀前压力2.650 MPa、阀后与阀前压力比为0.49~0.78,相同开度下的控制阀质量流量与阀后压力变化无关,处于阻塞流状态;相同压比下的流量系数与开度近似线性相关,与工程实际要求相吻合;流量系数与喉部面积具有线性相关关系,通过优化阀芯型线,改善喉部面积随开度的线性曲线,提高了流量特性曲线的线性度。

气体燃料控制阀  /  流量系数  /  特性曲线  /  数值计算

Taking the gas fuel control valve of gas turbine as the research object, based on the computational fluid dynamics method, the flow field distribution and flow change rule of the gas fuel control valve under the actual operating conditions are studied, and the flow characteristic curve of the valve is fitted. The results show that the mass flow of the control valve at the same opening has nothing to do with the change of the pressure behind the valve, and is in a blocked flow state when the pressure in front of the valve is 2.650 MPa and the pressure ratio behind the valve to that in front of the valve is 0.49~0.78; Under the same pressure ratio, the discharge coefficient is approximately linear with the opening, which is consistent with the actual requirements of the project; There is a linear correlation between the flow coefficient and throat area. By optimizing the valve core profile, the linear curve of throat area with opening is improved, and the linearity of the flow characteristic curve is improved.

gas fuel control valve  /  flow coefficient  /  characteristic curve  /  numerical calculation
徐前, 朱志劼, 范雪飞, 刘网扣, 李连翠, 徐望人. 燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀流动性能分析与设计优化研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 162 -169 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202211285
Qian XU, Zhijie ZHU, Xuefei FAN, Wangkou LIU, Liancui LI, Wangren XU. Flow performance analysis and design optimization of gas fuel control valve for gas turbine[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 162 -169 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202211285
重型燃气轮机启停迅速、污染低、热效率高,在发电领域中发挥着日益重要的作用[1]。2021年,我国气电总装机容量为1.086×108 kW,约占总装机容量的4.6%[2]。据预测,2025年前预计新增气电装机容量为3.2×107 kW,气电装机容量占总装机容量的比例增加至6%[3]
近年来,我国重型燃气轮机行业进入了自主研制、创新发展、战略转型的关键阶段,以首台国产重型燃气轮机产品制造和装配为代表[4]。随着重型燃气轮机主机自主化研制的有序推进,辅机系统部分关键设备的自主化设计也亟待突破[5]。气体燃料控制阀是燃料系统的核心部件,与燃气轮机的燃烧、控制及安全运行密切相关,目前国内仍不能自主设计和制造,长期依赖国外进口。
在20世纪80年代,上海发电设备成套设计研究院在进行低热值煤气双燃料控制系统课题研究中,以引进美国通用公司PG5301型燃气轮机的气体燃料控制阀为研究对象,开展了控制阀阻力和流量及阀的行程关系试验,证实其具有极好的线性特性[6]。管伟诗等[7]以PG5301燃气轮机的气体燃料控制阀为原型,采用模化缩小和降低阀座扩散角2种方案进行改型设计,以增大阀门的通流能力。试验流量特性曲线表明,后一种改型方案对应的通流能力更大、振动更小、安全稳定性更好。王新年[8]针对进口燃料控制阀的球体与阀座之间表面擦伤和寿命短等问题,对密封结构进行了改进设计和试验研究,提高了使用寿命提高。近年来,一些研究人员对进口气体燃料控制阀的控制原理及运行故障等方面进行了研究[8-10]
随着计算流体力学的发展,部分研究人员将理论计算和数值仿真结合起来,研究气体燃料控制阀的控制及流动性能。张亮[11]研究了拉瓦尔喷管式的液控式高温燃料流量调节阀的阀门结构及数学模型,提出了阀芯位移闭环控制方法;通过AMESim仿真分析,获得了该阀的控制特性;利用搭建试验台,分析其实际工作过程中的控制特性,并与仿真结果进行了对比研究。李洪洲等[12-14]通过数值模拟计算了拉瓦尔式高温燃料阀流场,分析其热力学特性。研究表明,在阀门开度和入口总压不变时,改变出口压力,流经阀口的燃料流量保持不变。刘婷婷等[15]对燃料阀组液压控制系统进行了仿真,在MATLAB仿真环境下对其动态响应特性进行了仿真分析,利用FLUENT软件对拉瓦尔式调节阀流动特性进行了数值模拟。研究表明,液压伺服控制系统在输入信号低于1 Hz时具有良好的动态响应特性,气体燃料进入阀内,流速增大,在喉部最窄处达到最大,随后逐渐恢复。Zirak等人[16]在气体燃料控制阀进气压力大于2 MPa、出口压力为1.2 MPa的工况下,通过数值模拟方法,将阀门流量特性曲线与试验流量特性曲线相比,二者基本吻合,证实了数值模拟计算方法在分析气体燃料控制阀流动计算分析方面具有可靠性。
笔者借助数值模拟,以DN80燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀为研究对象,结合电厂实际运行参数,求解不同开度下阀内稳态流场,分析阀内流动特性,获得不同运行工况下控制阀流量特性曲线。根据数值模拟结果,对阀芯型线进行参数化建模和设计优化,以获得更好的线性调节特性,为国内气体燃料控制阀的设计与优化研究提供参考。
图1是燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀的局部剖面示意。该阀门采用角式结构设计,阀芯设计为锥形结构,阀芯与阀座构成一个拉瓦尔管式结构。拉瓦尔管在临界状态下,出口质量流量将达到稳定,有利于燃气轮机气体燃料的精确控制。阀杆采用液压执行机构驱动,总行程为76 mm。
气体燃料控制阀主要由阀体、阀杆、阀芯、阀座、进出口延长段组成,工质从侧面流入,底部流出。流体计算域如图2所示。为了保证流体充分发展,参考工业过程控制阀流通能力试验方法[17],在阀门的进口和出口增加延长直管段。
采用全三维雷诺平均N-S方程(RNAS)方法对气体燃料控制阀内流体流动进行求解,采用标准k-epsilon湍流模型将方程封闭。该模型具有计算量小、通用性强、适用于湍流旺盛区的特点[18-19]
根据文献[20],流体的三维非定常控制方程微分形式如下。
连续性方程:
ρt+xj·(ρuj)=0   j=1,2,3
动量守恒方程:
(ρuj)t+(xj)·(ρuiuj)=Pxj+τijxj+ρfii,j=1,2,3
能量守恒方程:
(ρh*)tpt+·ρUh*)=·(λT)+·μU+UT23·UδU)+SE
式中:SE为源项;h*为比焓,且有式(4)、式(5)。
h*=h+12U2
h*=h(p,T)
为封闭RANS方程,引入流体状态方程:
ρ=ρ(p,T)
cp=cp(p,T)
标准k-epsilon模型的湍动能k及其黏性耗散率ε输运方程为:
ρDkDt=xi{(μ+μtσk)kxi}+Gk+Gbρε
ρDεDt=xi{(μ+μtσε)εxi}+C1εk(Gk+C3Gb)            C2ρε2k
式中:Gk为由于平均速度梯度引起的湍动能产生项;Gb为由于浮力影响引起的湍动能产生项;μt为湍流黏度;σk为湍动能对应的普朗特数,取1;σε为耗散率对应的普朗特数,取1.3;C1C2C3为常数,根据最佳设定值,分别取1.44、1.92、0.09[20]
对流体计算域进行网格划分,网格类型为结构化网格。流体计算域网格如图3所示。在气体燃料控制阀的喉口附近流道较窄,为精确捕捉此处气体流动变化情况,将附近网格加密处理。
工质选用基于Calorically Perfect Ideal Gas中的CH4 Ideal Gas。参照燃气轮机电厂实际运行参数,设置气体燃料控制阀的进出口边界条件。阀门内气体稳态流动计算参数设置见表1。采用高精度求解,当进出口质量流量相对误差小于1%,残差达到10–4,认为数值计算达到收敛。
为了排除网格数对计算结果的影响,在阀门开度为50%时,网格数量分别采用88万、101万、 155万、209万,开展数值模拟计算。不同网格数下出口质量流量的计算结果见表2
表2可以看出,随着网格数的增加,155万和209万网格数对应的阀门出口质量流量基本保持不变。此外,根据气体燃料控制阀工程设计数据,50%开度下对应的设计流量系数Cg为1 369.51,折算设计质量流量为2.90 kg/s,计算结果误差在5%以内,网格数满足计算精度要求。综上,选取网格3进行仿真计算。
在阀前总压为2.650 MPa,阀后静压为1.842 MPa时,选取10%、40%、60%和100% 4种开度下阀内流场分布情况进行分析。
在气体燃料控制阀竖直中分面上,不同开度下的马赫数分布云图如图4所示。
图4可以看出,气流在流经阀芯与阀座之间的喉部附近流速变化剧烈。各开度下,气体流速均在流道喉部处达到音速,即马赫数达到1,在喉部出口扩压段进入超音速流动,流速随着流通面积增大而增大;当压力逐渐降低,流速也逐渐恢复,在出口延长段流速逐渐降低。随着阀门开度的增加,喉部通流面积逐渐增加,喉部至出口扩压段的通流面积变化梯度逐渐减低。在相同的进出口压力条件下,与阀门小开度流动相比,大开度下在出口扩压段的超音速流动区域向下游发展,超音速流动区域面积较大。
在阀门100%开度下,阀前总压为2.650 MPa保持不变,根据燃气轮机的不同燃烧工况,选取4组出口压力为1.288、1.535、1.842、2.018 MPa,对阀内稳态流场进行分析。
在气体燃料控制阀竖直中分面上,不同背压下的压力分布云图和马赫数分布云图如图5图6所示。由图5图6可以看出,100%开度下控制阀内流道为缩放流道,从入口至喉部,气体流速逐渐增加,压力逐渐降低,在喉部处马赫数为1,经过喉部后流道开始扩张,进入超音速流动,随着出口压力逐渐降低,流速逐渐减小。在背压为1.288 MPa时,最大马赫数达到2.008。在进口总压不变的情况下,随着背压减小,阀前后压差大,喉部至出口扩张段的超音速流动区域逐渐向下游发展,流速逐渐增大。
根据数值模拟结果,获得该气体燃料控制阀在不同压比下质量流量随开度的变化曲线,如图7所示。由图7可以看出,不同压比下的质量流量曲线基本重合,当阀前压力和开度固定时,阀的质量流量不随着阀后背压的变化而变化。
依据对可压缩流体阀门流量系数的试验方法[21-22],阀前取压口设置在2倍公称直径的直管段处,阀后取压口设置在阀后6倍公称直径的直管段处。采用Fisher公司正弦法[23],在阻塞流工况下,阀门流量系数Cg计算可简化:
Cg=Qp1GTZ520
式中:Q为气体体积流量,SCFH(1 SCFH=0.028 3 m3/h);p1为阀门进气压力,PSIA(1 PSIA= 6 890.082 Pa);G为气体比重,取0.57;T为进气气体温度,℃;Z为气体压缩系数,取1。
将不同开度下,数值模拟计算得到的阀门流量系数Cg曲线与工程经验Cg曲线进行比较,获得对比曲线如图8所示。由图8可以看出,数值模拟曲线与工程经验曲线基本吻合,趋势一致,表明该控制阀为线性调节特性,与Zirak等人[16]对燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀在实际工况下流量特性的研究结论一致。但是,与工程经验曲线相比,数值模拟曲线在10%~50%开度范围内,线性趋势相关较差,有待进一步优化。
阀门的流通能力主要受到阀门流道内喉部面积的影响,通过改变阀芯结构可优化阀门的流量特性[24-26]。对于本文研究的气体燃料控制阀来说,由于采用拉瓦尔管式阀口设计,在实际运行工况下,始终能够保持在阻塞流动内,因此,在阀前气体状态不变的情况下,质量流量主要取决于阀门流道内最小过流面积的大小。在阀门开度逐渐增加的过程中,在锥形阀芯的外壁面与阀座的内壁面之间会存在一处最小过流面,即为喉部,通过参数化建模软件可以分析得到该喉部面积,绘制喉部面积和流量系数Cg的关系曲线如图9所示。由图9可以看出,流量系数Cg与喉部面积具有很好的线性相关关系。
以气体燃料控制阀在全关时,阀芯与阀座的接触点为坐标原点,按照轴向为X坐标,周向为Y坐标,建立若干离散坐标点对设计阀芯外轮廓线进行参数化。以优化各开度下喉部面积随开度的线性趋势为目标,对10%~60%开度喉部对应的阀芯型线坐标进行调整,调整前后的阀芯型线对比如图10所示。
对阀芯优化后的气体燃料控制阀重新进行稳态流动数值模拟计算,采用相同的边界条件,获得优化后的流量系数曲线如图11所示。由图11可以看出,经过阀芯型线优化后,10%~50%开度范围内,流量系数曲线的线性趋势更好,控制阀表现出更好的线性调节特性,与工程经验流量系数曲线基本吻合,仅在100%开度下流量系数偏差相对较大。
1)以气体燃料控制阀为研究对象,仿真分析了阀内稳态流动流场,对比了不同开度和压比下速度与压力分布情况,获得了在实际运行工况下阀门的流量特性曲线,证实该阀表现为线性调节特性。
2)当阀前总压为2.650 MPa、压比为0.49~0.78,流经气体燃料控制阀的流量只与开度有关。在上述计算工况内,气体在阀内喉口处均能达到音速,在出口扩压段进入超音速流动,达到阻塞流动状态。
3)气体燃料控制阀流量系数与喉部面积具有较强的线性相关关系,通过改变阀芯轮廓面型线坐标,优化喉部面积随开度的分布曲线线性变化趋势。通过数值仿真验证,提高了在10%~50%开度范围内的线性调节特性,与工程经验数据基本吻合,为燃气轮机气体燃料控制阀的自主化设计及改型优化提供思路。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-V-0014-0109)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202211285
  • 接收时间:2022-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-29
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National Science and Technology Major Project(J2019-V-0014-0109)
国家科技重大专项(J2019-V-0014-0109)
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    上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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