Article(id=1222503109105013543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686067200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397054219, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397054219, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397054219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397054219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503109369254702, articleId=1222503109105013543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermal stress analysis of weld and opening area in medium pressure bypass system of gas-steamcombinedcycleunit, columnId=1222503108685583135, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on material properties of generator set, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, thermal power units have frequently participated in peak shaving to build a new type of power system with new energy as the theme. Accidents of pipeline weld cracking and failure often occur. The welds on both sides of the intersection between the pipeline behind the intermediate pressure bypass valve and the condenser casing frequently crack. The opening area of the muffler pipeline also frequently crack. The heat transfer process from the pipeline behind the medium pressure bypass valve to the condenser muffler is studied by using the finite element method,The distribution of thermal stress under normal and peak shaving conditions was compared. To investigate the causes of the problem, a comprehensive calculation model for the medium pressure bypass pipeline is first established to obtain the distribution of primary and secondary stresses in the pipeline under normal working conditions, as well as the displacement and bearing values of each node. The finite element method is used to study the heat conduction process from the local medium pressure bypass valve to the condenser silencer pipeline. The thermal stress distribution under normal and peak shaving conditions is studied. The results indicate that under peak shaving conditions, the poor atomization effect of the nozzle results in severe water entrainment in the steam, The temperature difference between the pipeline behind the bypass valve and the pipeline of the condenser muffler is larger and repeated operation and shutdown of the desuper heating water cause thermal fatigue fracture of the weld seam and the opening area.

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为构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,近年来火电机组频繁参与调峰,导致管道焊缝开裂失效事故时有发生。针对某电厂燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中压旁路阀后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝及消音器管道开孔区域频繁开裂的问题,建立了中压旁路管道整体计算模型,采用有限元法研究中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道的热传导过程,对比了正常工况、调峰工况的热应力分布情况,获得正常工况下管道一次应力、二次应力分布及各节点的位移、荷载。对比结果表明,在调峰工况下,因喷嘴雾化效果差造成蒸汽中带水严重,旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道温差较大及减温水的反复投停是造成焊缝及开孔区域热疲劳断裂的主要原因。

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霍东方(1972),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电厂运营管理与新能源发电技术,

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霍东方(1972),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电厂运营管理与新能源发电技术,

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霍东方(1972),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电厂运营管理与新能源发电技术,

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Calculation results of maximum stress of medium pressure bypass pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力分类最大值/MPa许用应力/MPa计算值/许用值/%
一次应力31.3491.3234.4
二次应力17.32255.136.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392461882244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中压旁路管道最大应力计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力分类最大值/MPa许用应力/MPa计算值/许用值/%
一次应力31.3491.3234.4
二次应力17.32255.136.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392566739848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical parameters of no.20 steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数温度/℃
100200300400
弹性模量/GPa187179170161
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)48.646.143.338.9
线膨胀系数/(×10–6 K–1)12.1012.7813.8313.90
比热容/(J·(g·℃)–1)4.69×1084.81×1085.09×1085.36×108
泊松比0.2890.3000.3190.298
屈服强度/MPa210186153124
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392659014539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

20号钢的物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数温度/℃
100200300400
弹性模量/GPa187179170161
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)48.646.143.338.9
线膨胀系数/(×10–6 K–1)12.1012.7813.8313.90
比热容/(J·(g·℃)–1)4.69×1084.81×1085.09×1085.36×108
泊松比0.2890.3000.3190.298
屈服强度/MPa210186153124
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392797426576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Boundary conditions of normal operating condition and peak shaving condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数正常工况调峰工况
管道内部压力/MPa0.80.8
减温器前管道温度/℃559559
减温器后0点温度/℃100300
减温器后3点温度/℃100300
减温器后6点温度/℃10040
减温器后9点温度/℃10040
), ArticleFig(id=1241694392893895572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正常工况和调峰工况的边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数正常工况调峰工况
管道内部压力/MPa0.80.8
减温器前管道温度/℃559559
减温器后0点温度/℃100300
减温器后3点温度/℃100300
减温器后6点温度/℃10040
减温器后9点温度/℃10040
), ArticleFig(id=1241694393002947480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Maximum stress values at normal operating condition and peak shaving condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况最大应力值
焊缝区域开孔区域
正常工况30.9276.17
调峰工况231.7411.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241694393099416477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503109105013543, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正常工况和调峰工况下的最大应力值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况最大应力值
焊缝区域开孔区域
正常工况30.9276.17
调峰工况231.7411.5
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燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中压旁路系统焊缝和开孔热应力分析
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霍东方 1 , 李松 2 , 张子健 1 , 张攀登 1 , 程勇明 2 , 何宝义 3
热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023,52(10): 46-52
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热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023, 52(10): 46-52
燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中压旁路系统焊缝和开孔热应力分析
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霍东方1 , 李松2, 张子健1, 张攀登1, 程勇明2, 何宝义3
作者信息
  • 1.华能河南中原燃气发电有限公司,河南 驻马店 463000
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学理学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 霍东方(1972),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电厂运营管理与新能源发电技术,

Thermal stress analysis of weld and opening area in medium pressure bypass system of gas-steamcombinedcycleunit
Dongfang HUO1 , Song LI2, Zijian ZHANG1, Pandeng ZHANG1, Yongming CHENG2, Baoyi HE3
Affiliations
  • 1.Huaneng Henan Zhongyuan Gas Power Co., Ltd., Zhumadian 463000, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.School of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306074
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为构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,近年来火电机组频繁参与调峰,导致管道焊缝开裂失效事故时有发生。针对某电厂燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中压旁路阀后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝及消音器管道开孔区域频繁开裂的问题,建立了中压旁路管道整体计算模型,采用有限元法研究中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道的热传导过程,对比了正常工况、调峰工况的热应力分布情况,获得正常工况下管道一次应力、二次应力分布及各节点的位移、荷载。对比结果表明,在调峰工况下,因喷嘴雾化效果差造成蒸汽中带水严重,旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道温差较大及减温水的反复投停是造成焊缝及开孔区域热疲劳断裂的主要原因。

管道  /  焊缝  /  有限元  /  热传导  /  热应力

In recent years, thermal power units have frequently participated in peak shaving to build a new type of power system with new energy as the theme. Accidents of pipeline weld cracking and failure often occur. The welds on both sides of the intersection between the pipeline behind the intermediate pressure bypass valve and the condenser casing frequently crack. The opening area of the muffler pipeline also frequently crack. The heat transfer process from the pipeline behind the medium pressure bypass valve to the condenser muffler is studied by using the finite element method,The distribution of thermal stress under normal and peak shaving conditions was compared. To investigate the causes of the problem, a comprehensive calculation model for the medium pressure bypass pipeline is first established to obtain the distribution of primary and secondary stresses in the pipeline under normal working conditions, as well as the displacement and bearing values of each node. The finite element method is used to study the heat conduction process from the local medium pressure bypass valve to the condenser silencer pipeline. The thermal stress distribution under normal and peak shaving conditions is studied. The results indicate that under peak shaving conditions, the poor atomization effect of the nozzle results in severe water entrainment in the steam, The temperature difference between the pipeline behind the bypass valve and the pipeline of the condenser muffler is larger and repeated operation and shutdown of the desuper heating water cause thermal fatigue fracture of the weld seam and the opening area.

pipe  /  welding seam  /  finite element  /  heat conduction  /  thermal stress
霍东方, 李松, 张子健, 张攀登, 程勇明, 何宝义. 燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中压旁路系统焊缝和开孔热应力分析. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306074
Dongfang HUO, Song LI, Zijian ZHANG, Pandeng ZHANG, Yongming CHENG, Baoyi HE. Thermal stress analysis of weld and opening area in medium pressure bypass system of gas-steamcombinedcycleunit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306074
近年来,为响应“2030年碳达峰、2060年碳中和”号召,国家大力发展新能源。由于新能源发电具有先天的波动性和较强的反调峰特性,为了保证电力输出稳定,深度调峰主要由火电机组承担。深度调峰需要机组频繁快速变负荷,甚至快速启停,易产生锅炉炉膛应力变形、压力管道热应力增大、发电机性能劣化、汽轮机腐蚀等情况,造成发电机组主设备故障、水冷壁开裂、管道焊缝开裂。
随着电网负荷峰谷差不断加大,持续时间不断增长,深度调峰频率越来越频繁,负荷率越来越低,锅炉部件和压力管道在复杂多变的条件下发生焊缝开裂的情况明显增多。火电机组部件和设备裂纹的产生与温度、热应力、变工况等因素相关[1-6]据统计,由温度变化引起的热应力而导致管道焊缝开裂从而造成管道泄露事故的比重逐年增加,因此对管道进行温度场建模和热应力分析十分必要[7-10]。刘明等[11]通过热固耦合有限元方法对疏水管道接管座进行热应力分析,结果表明有限元获得的最大应力位置与实际焊缝开裂位置吻合,其开裂原因是管道布置不合理造成管道热膨胀受阻,使得接管座区域产生较高热应力。王平程等[12]对电厂蒸汽管道三通部件的泄露问题进行了研究,发现温度变化引起的热应力是导致其产生裂纹的主要原因。Chang等人[13]采用三维非稳态导热模型和三维热弹塑体模型对管道焊接接头的热应力场进行了有限元分析,结果表明不合理的焊接接头对构件循环热载荷的承载能力具有较大影响。孙颖等[14]采用有限元的方法,通过建立三维空间模型对输气管道的热应力进行了研究,并详尽分析了影响热应力的外部因素。综上,管道的热应力对构件的强度和裂纹萌生及扩展行为具有重要的影响。
由于调峰原因,某燃气发电有限公司安装的一台西门子SGT5-4000F(V94.3A2)型燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组频繁快速启停,中压管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝和消音器管道开孔区域频繁开裂,影响机组安全稳定运行,机组被迫停机修复时,排除了材料、焊接问题引起的开裂。为此,建立了中压旁路管道整体计算模型,采用有限元法研究中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道的热传导过程,对比了正常工况、调峰工况的热应力分布情况,获得正常工况下管道一次应力、二次应力分布情况及各个节点的位移、荷载。
支吊架的配置(荷载、类型、位置)将直接影响管系的应力分布和大小,影响管系一次应力、二次应力水平的高低[15-16]。因此,需针对现场管道支吊架进行检验、调整,确保管道支吊架状态正常。
根据管道布置、支吊架配置和设计参数进行计算和分析,计算软件为CAESARII。CAESARII是由美国COADE公司开发的管道应力分析软件,是国内外此领域应用最广泛的软件,它以梁单元模型为基础的有限元程序,能进行静力和动力分析[17]
管道应力计算的主要工作,一是验算管道的一次应力和二次应力,二是核算管道对设备产生的推力和力矩应在设备所能安全承受的范围内,本文主要是针对前者。管道应力分为2种:1)一次应力,管道内压、自重和其他持续外载产生的轴向应力之和;2)二次应力,热胀、冷缩和其它位移受约束而产生的热胀应力之和[18]。一次应力、二次应力分别为:
σL=pDi2Do2Di2+0.75iMAW1.0[σ]t
σE=iMCWf[1.2[σ]20+0.2[σ]t+([σ]t+σL)]
式中:σL为管道在工作状态下,由内压、自重和其他持续外载产生的轴向应力之和,MPa;p为设计压力,MPa;Do为管道外径,mm;Di为管道内径,mm;i为应力增加系数;MA(为自重和其他持续外载作用在管道横截面上的合成力矩,N·mm;W为管道抗弯截面系数,mm3;[σ]t为钢材在设计温度下的许用应力,MPa;σE为热胀应力范围,MPa;MC为按全补偿值和钢材在20 ℃时的弹性模量计算的,热胀引起的合成力矩范围,N·mm;f为应力范围的减小系数;[σ]20为管道钢材在20 ℃时的许用应力,MPa。
中压旁路蒸汽系统是燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组的重要组成部分,该系统主要功能是调节汽轮机再热蒸汽管道压力。当再热蒸汽管道压力超过设计允许值后,中压蒸汽旁路压力调节阀迅速打开,将再热蒸汽管道的部分蒸汽排入凝汽器,保证汽轮机的安全稳定运行。同时,在启停机阶段,通过旁路系统使再热蒸汽管道压力平滑升高至机组正常运行设计值。中压旁路管道中的蒸汽经减温减压器后进入凝汽器,在凝汽器中经消音器将减温减压后的排汽回收至凝汽器中[19-25]
计算时,将高温再热蒸汽管道和中压旁路管道连接在一起作为一个整体,计算模型如图1所示。
中压旁路管道最大应力计算结果见表1。由表1可见,在支吊架状态正常的情况下,中压旁路管道最大一次应力、最大二次应力均在允许范围之内,管道应力校核合格,最大一次应力为其允许值的34.4%,最大二次应力为其允许值的6.8%。此外计算还得到中压旁路阀前后节点的热位移和荷载,作为下一步分析的边界条件。
通过中压旁路管道整体计算表明管道最大一次应力、最大二次应力均在允许范围之内,管道应力校核合格,利用管系应力计算得到的中压旁路阀前后节点的热位移和荷载,作为有限元分析的边界条件。中压旁路阀后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝及消音器管道开孔区域频繁开裂,考虑到中压旁路阀前温度稳定,不存在明显温差,管道应力校核合格。利用ABAQUS软件进行有限元建模,模型从中压旁路阀后开始,管道示意如图2所示。对中压旁路阀后管道、减温减压器、凝汽器消音器管道进行一体化建模,有限元物理模型如图3所示。
采用20节点六面体实体单元对中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道进行网格划分,在网格划分时,控制单元最长边和最短边的长度比在5以内,最小角度20°,最大角度160°,共2 105 472个单元、2 628 399个节点。为提高计算精度,在管道与凝汽器罩壳连接处两侧焊缝位置、消音器管道开孔区域进行网格细化,网格划分如图4图5所示。
中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道各部分采用的材质不同,中压旁路阀后管道的材质为低合金结构钢F22,凝汽器消音器管道和减温减压器后管道的材料为20号钢,减温减压器的材料为合金结构钢15CrMo。开裂位置均发生在20号钢的管段,20号钢随温度变化的材料物理参数见表2
中压旁路阀后管道起始位置的边界条件由1.3节校核计算获得,消音器管道末端、凝汽器罩壳边缘为固定形式,因此对其施加位移边界条件,完全限制自由度,位移边界条件施加如图6所示。
中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道在正常运行工况和调峰工况时,选择中压旁路阀后管道和消音器管道的温度、压力为边界条件进行热传导分析。
调峰时机组需快速启停,采用昼开夜停的单日启停运行方式。在调峰过程中发现喷嘴雾化效果差,造成蒸汽中带水严重,温度不易控制,导致减温器后管道存在温度不均情况。现场利用温度计测量减温器后管道整体一圈温度,选取温度梯度最大的一组工况进行分析,按0点方向(管道上壁)、3点方向(朝向炉侧)、6点方向(朝向机侧)及9点方向(朝向机侧)的管道右壁温度作为边界条件。正常工况和调峰工况下的温度、压力边界条件见表3
针对中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道有限元模型,首先进行热传导分析。热传导分析分为与时间相关的瞬态热传导分析和与时间无关的稳态热传导分析。稳态热传导分析与时间无关,管道内温度在一定压力和温度下基本保持不变,且稳态传热节省计算成本,因此本文采用稳态热传导分析模拟管道在不同工况下持续工作的温度场。由于管道外面包覆保温层,可以认为管道工作时处于绝热状态。
中压旁路阀后管道至凝汽器消音器管道在正常工况下计算的温度场如图7所示,在调峰工况下计算的温度场如图8所示。
图7图8可见:正常工况下消音器管道的温度均匀分布,不存在温度梯度;而调峰工况下,由于减温减压器雾化效果差,减温器后管道温度分布不均,导致消音器管道温度亦呈现不均匀分布。
根据热应力学原理可知,当物体内存在温度梯度时,会导致热应力的产生,由得到的管道内部温度场对其进行热应力进行求解。
对于复杂应力状态,不能用单一的应力来判断材料是否发生或将要发生破坏。基于材料力学第四强度理论(形状改变比能理论),使用Von Mises等效应力用应力等值线来表示材料内部的应力分布情况,其综合考虑了第一、第二、第三主应力的影响,可以用来评价材料的危险程度,其表达式为:
σ¯=12(σ1σ2)2+(σ2σ3)2+(σ3σ1)2
式中:σ1σ2σ3分别为第一、第二、第三主应力。
重点研究分析减温减压器后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝区域以及消音器管道开孔区域的应力分布大小。正常工况下焊缝区域、开孔区域的应力分布云图如图9图10图11所示;调峰工况下焊缝区域、开孔区域的应力分布云图如图12图13图14所示。
图9图14可知:凝汽器罩壳与减温减压器后管道焊缝交汇处区域的最大应力出现在3点方向,与实际焊缝开裂位置吻合;凝汽器消音器管道开孔区域最大应力集中出现在小孔的边缘,与现场开孔区域频繁开裂位置相符。
减温减压器后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧的焊缝区域和消音器管道开孔区域在不同工况下的最大应力值见表4。由表4可见:正常工况下,焊缝区域最大应力值为30.92 MPa,开孔区域最大应力值为76.17 MPa,20号钢材料的屈服强度为210.00 MPa,二者均远小于材料的屈服强度;调峰工况下,焊缝区域最大应力值为231.70 MPa,开孔区域最大应力值为411.50 MPa,因较大温差造成热应力升高,最大应力值大于材料的屈服强度;在凝汽器罩壳与减温减压器管道焊缝交汇处,应力集中出现在3点方向的区域,凝汽器消音器管道开孔区域应力集中出现在小孔的边缘,应力集中对结构的直接作用会产生疲劳裂纹从而引起材料的断裂,与现场开裂情况吻合。
1)中压旁路阀后管道与凝汽器罩壳交汇处两侧焊缝及消音器管道开孔区域频繁开裂原因为,调峰工况下,因喷嘴雾化效果差,造成蒸汽中带水严重,管道温差较大及减温水的反复投停造成焊缝及开孔区域热疲劳,最终出现开裂。
2)对于复杂减温减压系统出现的类似问题,排除材料、焊接因素外,应采用有限元法研究局部管道的热传导过程和热应力分布情况,为解决此类问题提供参考。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF193)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306074
  • 接收时间:2023-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-07
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-HF193)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ21-HF193)
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    1.华能河南中原燃气发电有限公司,河南 驻马店 463000
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.西安建筑科技大学理学院,陕西 西安 710055
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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