Article(id=1222503108442313501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202306361, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1687363200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769397054062, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1698163200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769397054062, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769397054062, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769397054062, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222503107959968541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2023', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769397053947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773966614026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241669232136614310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1222503107959968541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222503108748497696, articleId=1222503108442313501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Influence of simulated fireside corrosion on creep rupture properties and microstructure evolution of Super 304H steel, columnId=1222503108685583135, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on material properties of generator set, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The synergy of fireside corrosion and stress is one of the challenges for austenitic steels used in modern fossil-fuel power plants during their service process. The creep rupture tests of Super 304H steel are carried out under static air and fireside corrosion environment at 650 ℃. The stress range is set at 200 to 300 MPa. The creep rupture life and microstructure evolution of different samples were studied. The results show that creep rupture life of Super 304H steel in corrosion condition decreases significantly, compared with that in static air. The rupture life decreases more seriously as the stress decreases, up to 83% at 200 MPa. The complete and continuous corrosion products scale is damaged by fireside corrosion, including the occurrence of cracks and spallation of these surface products. The formation of internal sulfide in the matrix caused by fireside corrosion leads to the deterioration of grain boundaries. Then it tends to crack along grain boundaries during creep rupture tests to accelerate the accumulation of creep damage. The surface of matrix undergoes recrystallization upon to the combination of high temperature and stress due to the loss of alloy elements caused by corrosion/oxidation. The formation of these fine recrystallized grains is unfavorable to creep properties of metals. The ferrite transformation also occurs in the same area during the cooling process after creep tests. Fireside corrosion increases the width of recrystallized grains area, thus expands its influence on the creep rupture life of the alloy. The fireside corrosion accelerates the creep rupture of Super 304H steel by promoting its corrosion process and the microstructure evolution.

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奥氏体钢在锅炉关键部位服役过程中面临烟气/煤灰腐蚀+应力协同作用的挑战,存在一定的安全隐患。在静态空气及烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境下,通过模拟实验台对Super 304H钢进行温度为650 ℃、应力为200~300 MPa的持久实验,研究腐蚀环境对其持久性能及组织演变的影响。结果表明:相较于空气环境,腐蚀条件下Super 304H钢持久寿命下降幅度可达83%,且随着持久应力的降低合金寿命下降更明显;烟气/煤灰腐蚀导致合金表面连续的腐蚀产物出现开裂、剥落,基体发生内硫化,在拉应力的共同作用下试样内部出现沿晶开裂等蠕变损伤;基体表面由于合金元素的损失,在高温下发生再结晶,并在实验结束后发生马氏体转变,腐蚀-应力环境中合金表面腐蚀产物的开裂、剥落,内硫化物的形成,表层再结晶细晶区的增厚和晶界损伤的加剧共同促进了Super 304H钢的持久断裂。烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境通过影响Super 304H钢腐蚀过程,恶化合金基体组织影响其持久性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
鲁金涛(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为高温腐蚀与防护,
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杨啸峰(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高温腐蚀与防护,

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Chemical composition of Super 304H steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CrNiCuMnNbSiCNPSFe
实测18.627.592.560.470.370.120.070.070.040.01Bal.
技术要求17.00~19.007.50~10.502.50~3.50≤1.000.30~0.60≤0.300.07~0.130.05~0.12≤0.04≤0.03Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241694386736657073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503108442313501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究用Super 304H钢合金化学成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CrNiCuMnNbSiCNPSFe
实测18.627.592.560.470.370.120.070.070.040.01Bal.
技术要求17.00~19.007.50~10.502.50~3.50≤1.000.30~0.60≤0.300.07~0.130.05~0.12≤0.04≤0.03Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1241694386866680508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503108442313501, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The composition of simulated flue gas and coal ash

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分CO2O2SO2H2ON2
烟气/%15.03.50.35.0Bal.
成分Al2O3CaSO4Fe2O3Na2SO4+K2SO4SiO2
煤灰w/%222964Bal.
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模拟烟气及煤灰成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分CO2O2SO2H2ON2
烟气/%15.03.50.35.0Bal.
成分Al2O3CaSO4Fe2O3Na2SO4+K2SO4SiO2
煤灰w/%222964Bal.
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The creep rupture life of Super 304H in static air and fireside corrosion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力/MPa200220240260300
烟气/煤灰环境下/h65654632115172
静态空气环境下/h3 8581 57989826998
), ArticleFig(id=1241694387210613463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1222503108442313501, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

静态空气及烟气/煤灰环境下Super 304H钢持久寿命

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力/MPa200220240260300
烟气/煤灰环境下/h65654632115172
静态空气环境下/h3 8581 57989826998
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Elements content at different positions in Fig.8

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Super 304H钢在模拟烟气腐蚀环境中持久性能与组织演变研究
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杨啸峰 1 , 徐雅欣 1 , 鲁金涛 2 , 黄锦阳 2 , 李文亚 1
热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023,52(10): 31-38
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热力发电 | 发电机组材料特性研究专题 2023, 52(10): 31-38
Super 304H钢在模拟烟气腐蚀环境中持久性能与组织演变研究
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杨啸峰1 , 徐雅欣1, 鲁金涛2 , 黄锦阳2, 李文亚1
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学材料学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 2.西安热工院研究有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 杨啸峰(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高温腐蚀与防护,

通讯作者:

鲁金涛(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为高温腐蚀与防护,
Influence of simulated fireside corrosion on creep rupture properties and microstructure evolution of Super 304H steel
Xiaofeng YANG1 , Yaxin XU1, Jintao LU2 , Jinyang HUANG2, Wenya LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2023-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306361
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奥氏体钢在锅炉关键部位服役过程中面临烟气/煤灰腐蚀+应力协同作用的挑战,存在一定的安全隐患。在静态空气及烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境下,通过模拟实验台对Super 304H钢进行温度为650 ℃、应力为200~300 MPa的持久实验,研究腐蚀环境对其持久性能及组织演变的影响。结果表明:相较于空气环境,腐蚀条件下Super 304H钢持久寿命下降幅度可达83%,且随着持久应力的降低合金寿命下降更明显;烟气/煤灰腐蚀导致合金表面连续的腐蚀产物出现开裂、剥落,基体发生内硫化,在拉应力的共同作用下试样内部出现沿晶开裂等蠕变损伤;基体表面由于合金元素的损失,在高温下发生再结晶,并在实验结束后发生马氏体转变,腐蚀-应力环境中合金表面腐蚀产物的开裂、剥落,内硫化物的形成,表层再结晶细晶区的增厚和晶界损伤的加剧共同促进了Super 304H钢的持久断裂。烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境通过影响Super 304H钢腐蚀过程,恶化合金基体组织影响其持久性能。

Super 304H钢  /  模拟烟气/煤灰腐蚀  /  持久性能  /  组织演变

The synergy of fireside corrosion and stress is one of the challenges for austenitic steels used in modern fossil-fuel power plants during their service process. The creep rupture tests of Super 304H steel are carried out under static air and fireside corrosion environment at 650 ℃. The stress range is set at 200 to 300 MPa. The creep rupture life and microstructure evolution of different samples were studied. The results show that creep rupture life of Super 304H steel in corrosion condition decreases significantly, compared with that in static air. The rupture life decreases more seriously as the stress decreases, up to 83% at 200 MPa. The complete and continuous corrosion products scale is damaged by fireside corrosion, including the occurrence of cracks and spallation of these surface products. The formation of internal sulfide in the matrix caused by fireside corrosion leads to the deterioration of grain boundaries. Then it tends to crack along grain boundaries during creep rupture tests to accelerate the accumulation of creep damage. The surface of matrix undergoes recrystallization upon to the combination of high temperature and stress due to the loss of alloy elements caused by corrosion/oxidation. The formation of these fine recrystallized grains is unfavorable to creep properties of metals. The ferrite transformation also occurs in the same area during the cooling process after creep tests. Fireside corrosion increases the width of recrystallized grains area, thus expands its influence on the creep rupture life of the alloy. The fireside corrosion accelerates the creep rupture of Super 304H steel by promoting its corrosion process and the microstructure evolution.

Super 304H steel  /  simulated fireside corrosion  /  creep rupture properties  /  microstructure evolution
杨啸峰, 徐雅欣, 鲁金涛, 黄锦阳, 李文亚. Super 304H钢在模拟烟气腐蚀环境中持久性能与组织演变研究. 热力发电, 2023 , 52 (10) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306361
Xiaofeng YANG, Yaxin XU, Jintao LU, Jinyang HUANG, Wenya LI. Influence of simulated fireside corrosion on creep rupture properties and microstructure evolution of Super 304H steel[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023 , 52 (10) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306361
当前,以燃煤发电为代表的火力发电仍为我国电力消费的主要来源,在2021年火力发电的发电量占比仍达到68%[1]。从发展的角度看,煤炭作为我国最重要的一次能源,短时间内仍将占据火力发电的主导地位。因此,提高燃煤发电效率,促进煤炭的高效利用,从根本上实现节约资源,降低碳排放,实现节能减排的目标是当今火力发电技术的发展趋势。根据朗肯循环,超超临界机组参数范围内,主蒸汽温度每提高1 ℃,热效率可提高约0.25‰,主蒸汽压力每提高1 MPa,热效率可提高约0.28%[2]。但随着蒸汽参数的提高,锅炉蒸汽管道、过(再)热器受热面管道等部位服役环境进一步恶化,这对其选用材料提出了较高要求[3]
Super 304H钢作为一种典型的18-8型奥氏体耐热钢,650 ℃下105 h持久强度远超100 MPa,作为过(再)热器材料时,其最高使用温度可达650 ℃以上[4]。现有关于18-8型奥氏体耐热钢应用于火力机组的研究多集中于其抗氧化性[5]或力学性能[6-7]的单一方面,与实际运行状况的腐蚀与应力耦合服役条件不符。例如,烟气(SO2、CO2、O2等)造成的高温氧化、硫化和沉积于管道上的煤灰(金属氧化物、金属硫酸盐等)导致的热腐蚀[8-9]以及材料的持久/蠕变性能[7]。鲜有学者研究腐蚀-应力共同作用下,耐热钢的失效行为,较新的研究表明腐蚀性气氛中包含的少量SO2即可显著加速镍基高温合金的蠕变失效[10]。而针对烟气及煤灰的环境与应力协同作用下,金属材料的性能及组织演变的研究则更为罕见。因此,本文针对过(再)热器材料服役环境,研究了650 ℃下,烟气/煤灰-应力共同作用下Super 304H钢持久性能及组织演变,以期为Super 304H钢在火力机组上的安全服役提供参考。
本研究采用Super 304H奥氏体耐热钢的化学成分见表1。原始组织为等轴晶,平均晶粒直径约为13 µm(图1),热处理及强度均满足ASTM A213标准要求。参考国家标准《金属材料单轴拉伸蠕变试验方法》(GB/T 2039—2012)技术要求,制备M8-Φ4 mm棒状持久试样。使用HST304-A1型蠕变试验机进行空气环境中的持久实验,并利用其改型进行煤灰/烟气环境下的持久实验,以研究烟气/煤灰-应力共同作用下Super 304H钢组织演变规律。为缩短实验周期,在保证实验结果可靠的前提下,本研究中2种条件下持久实验均为加速实验,其中实验温度及应力均高于实际服役环境。实验中所用的模拟煤灰及烟气成分[11]表2,实验中采取的蠕变应力范围为200~300 MPa,实验温度则控制在650 ℃。
实验结束后,清理试样表面残留煤灰,并对部分断裂试样进行化学镀镍处理以保护表面腐蚀产物。截面样品经打磨、抛光后采用硫酸铜刻蚀液(25 mL HC1+5 g CuSO4⋅5H2O+25 mL H2O)进行刻蚀。使用光学显微镜(OM,OLYMPUS-GX-71,Japan)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS-SIGMA 300,Germany)分析试样组织结构、表面形貌及断口形貌;使用X射线衍射仪(XRD,D8 DISCOVER A25,Germany)和透射电镜(TEM,TECNAI F30 G2,America)分析不同环境下腐蚀产物相组成及其结构。其中透射样品采用聚焦离子/电子双束电镜(FIB,FEI Helios G4 CX,America)制备,制备前采用钕铁硼磁铁检测其磁性。
Super 304H钢在650 ℃下持久寿命见表3
表3的结果可见,不同应力水平下,腐蚀-应力条件下的试样持久寿命均出现了显著下降(26%~83%),且低应力水平下下降幅度更大。因此,为突出烟气/煤灰-应力协同作用对Super 304H钢组织性能的影响,本文取较低应力下(220 MPa)的一组试样进行比较分析。
图2为烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境及空气环境中持久试样断口形貌,图3为不同断口对应的截面形貌。由图2图3可知,不同试样断口的低倍图中均可发现较为明显的韧窝形貌,表明二者主要断裂方式为微孔聚集型断裂,此外部分韧窝底部还存在第二相粒子。但不同的是,空气环境下试样的断口中还存在一定数量的准解理断裂特征(图2c));而腐蚀-应力协同作用下断口中则存在部分沿晶开裂特征(图2d))。图3中断口截面形貌显示,持久实验后,不同环境下的试样断口附近均出现了大量蠕变孔洞及裂纹,且倾向于出现在第二相及晶界处。其在断口中体现为准解理断裂及沿晶断裂特征。此外,断口附近晶粒均出现了沿应力方向的变形。
为研究烟气/煤灰-应力协同作用下,Super 304H钢的腐蚀行为,本文对不同环境下持久试样腐蚀产物及腐蚀影响区进行了成分及微观组织分析。腐蚀产物XRD花样(图4)显示:不同环境下Super 304H基体主要为奥氏体相,但均存在少量马氏体相;且不同环境下腐蚀/氧化产物均主要为金属氧化物Cr2O3、(Cr,Fe)2O3及尖晶石型氧化物。
图5为不同环境下试样表面腐蚀产物形貌,图6为其截面形貌及对应的能谱图(EDS)。由图5可知:空气环境中表面腐蚀产物均匀且致密,产物有少量瘤状突起;而烟气/煤灰环境中试样腐蚀产物则有显著差异,该条件下产物层存在大量裂纹并产生剥落现象,并使底部发生孔蚀(图5d))。根据底部能谱点分析(O 0.95%(质量分数,下同),Cr 11.86%,Fe 76.41%,Ni 10.78%)可确定,底部为裸露的金属基体。
此外,从图6的S元素的分布图中可以发现,腐蚀-应力条件下表面裂纹前沿会存在较多的S的富集,即说明了烟气及煤灰中的S元素参与了Super 304H钢的烟气腐蚀过程。为更好地研究腐蚀-应力条件下Super 304H钢的腐蚀行为,对腐蚀前沿采用FIB制备透射样品,图8为腐蚀前沿TEM明场相及不同位置衍射花样,表4对应图8中各位置的不同元素原子含量百分比。图8中衍射斑点及表4中元素分析结果表明,腐蚀前沿主要腐蚀产物仍为金属氧化物(Fe3O4),但在环境中S元素的作用下发生了明显的硫化反应,从而在此处形成颗粒状q硫化物(FeS及Fe3S4)。
截面形貌显示不同环境下的腐蚀产物均主要为铬的氧化物且二者产物层尺寸基本一致,这与XRD结果相吻合,但在腐蚀产物高倍图(图7)中产物层形貌却有较大差异。空气环境中,表面氧化层薄而连续,而腐蚀环境中,产物则呈现出明显的分层现象,且氧化膜出现纵向及横向裂纹,因此可以推测烟气腐蚀环境是造成氧化产物开裂、剥落的原因之一。
观察图6中不同环境下试样表面裂纹可以发现,断口附近的表面裂纹均呈现出向内扩展的趋势,且相较于空气环境,腐蚀环境中裂纹尺寸显著增加。刻蚀后的基体(图9)还表现出了大量的蠕变孔洞及蠕变裂纹,区别于空气环境下持久试样中的穿晶裂纹,腐蚀-应力试样呈现出一定数量的晶间开裂。
另外,如图9所示,试样表层还存在一层较为明显的细晶区,腐蚀条件下试样细晶层的厚度(约13 µm)显著宽于空气条件下的试样(约8 µm),且该层还与铬的贫化区重叠。从高倍图中可以看出,细晶区晶粒直径在纳米级,扫描电镜下较难分辨其结构。对不同试样表面细晶/贫铬区进行Cr元素的定量分析,结果绘制于图10,分析可得随着距离试样表面的距离减小,试样中Cr元素的含量显著降低。值得注意的是,空气条件下Cr元素含量从距离表面约12 µm处开始下降,而腐蚀条件下则从18 µm处开始降低。此外,在铁磁性检测时,不同环境下的持久断裂试样均展现出不同于奥氏体基体的弱磁性,这与XRD中出现的马氏体相的结果相吻合,即持久实验导致试样发生了奥氏体向马氏体的相变。
本研究表明Super 304H钢在烟气/煤灰-应力协同作用下持久性能出现了显著下降,根据前文结果,该环境下合金性能下降的原因可归于烟气条件下更严重的腐蚀及基体组织结构的退化这2点。
由于Cr元素与氧的亲和力更好,Super 304H钢暴露于空气环境中时,会立即在表面形成一层以Cr2O3为主的氧化膜[12]。保护性的氧化铬将金属基体与环境相隔离从而降低了合金的氧化速率,然而金属离子/原子及氧原子等仍可以通过不同的方式扩散(如晶界扩散、晶格扩散等)穿过保护性氧化膜从而形成不同的氧化产物[13-14]。持久实验过程中长期的高温暴露,使Mn、Fe等金属元素穿过最初形成的氧化铬与空气中的氧气反应生成不同的氧化物后,进一步与Cr2O3发生反应生成尖晶石氧化物MnCr2O4、FeCr2O4[5,15]。虽然在烟气/煤灰环境中,Super 304H钢氧化过程与空气中相似,但完整连续的氧化膜会在热腐蚀及应力的作用下产生开裂、剥落[16]。因此煤灰/烟气中的腐蚀性元素(如S、O、Na等)会与裸露的基体直接接触,进而使金属表面产生孔蚀[17],加速合金腐蚀速率[18],相关的化学反应方程式如下[19-20]
O2+2SO2→2SO3
3(K/Na)2SO4+Fe2O3+3SO3→2(K/Na)3Fe(SO4)3
4(K/Na)3Fe(SO4)3+ 12Fe→3Fe3O4+ 2Fe2O3+ 3FeS + 6(K/Na)2SO4+3SO2
3FeS + 2O2→Fe3O4 + 3S
3FeS+S → Fe3S4
根据以上反应生成式,可以发现在煤灰和烟气的共同作用下,腐蚀前沿会如图8所示同时存在硫化物与氧化物。同时,煤灰中的硫酸盐及氧化物的存在还会使氧化膜表面发生低温热腐蚀[8],导致氧化膜溶解,加速合金元素的消耗,因而腐蚀时间较短的腐蚀-应力试样腐蚀影响区范围反而更宽。研究[21]指出腐蚀影响区的形成会降低材料承载面积,从而影响材料持久寿命,因此更宽的腐蚀影响区是腐蚀-应力条件下Super 304H持久寿命下降的原因之一。
此外,研究[22]指出SO2可穿过Cr2O3向内扩散,并在氧化膜与合金界面处生成金属硫化物。当试样在环境中持续暴露时,金属硫化物与内扩散的O2反应生成多种金属氧化物,并向内释放出高活性的S元素[23]。文献[24]表明界面处反应生成的高活性S元素主要以S2形式存在,一部分向外扩散与O2反应并释放出SO2,另一部分继续向内扩散使金属发生内硫化。由于在合金内部,晶界扩散速率远大于晶格扩散[25],因此内扩散的S元素更倾向于在晶界处形成金属硫化物。晶界处内硫化物的形成一方面导致晶界处强化相的消耗,增加了晶界开裂风险[26];另一方面又由于金属硫化物较大的PBR值[22],使晶界处产生了更大的应力集中效应,因此腐蚀-应力条件下Super 304H钢内部产生的蠕变裂纹存在更多数量的晶间裂纹。
由于腐蚀/氧化消耗合金元素,所以合金表层贫铬区可以一定程度上反映腐蚀影响区,而暴露于高温时间更短的腐蚀试样腐蚀影响区却显著宽于空气试样。因此,可以判断烟气/煤灰环境下,其对基体组织的影响远大于静态空气。大量的文献[27-30]表明,在γ´强化的镍基高温合金中由于氧化消耗合金元素,导致合金表层形成一层γ′溶解区,由于γ′的溶解导致再结晶阻力显著降低,在高温和应力的作用下,镍基合金表面形成再结晶细晶区。与镍基高温合金不同的是,Super 304H钢强化方式主要是细小富Cu相、M23C6相等带来的析出强化和Cr、C等合金元素带来的固溶强化[31]。本研究中Super 304H钢表层在氧化膜形成过程中发生了严重的合金元素(如Cr等)的损失,因而导致强化沉淀相(如Cr23C6)的溶解,进而导致试样表层再结晶阻力的减小,同时,固溶元素的消耗也导致固溶强化作用的减弱[32],因此,表层会形成低再结晶阻力区,在长时间高温持久实验过程中形成如图9所示的表层再结晶细晶区。由于高温环境下,耐热钢的晶界强度显著低于其晶内强度[33],因此表层细小的再结晶细晶区对于Super 304H钢的持久寿命是不利的。所以,烟气/煤灰造成的再结晶细晶区的增厚是该环境下持久试样表面裂纹尺寸增加及持久寿命下降的原因之一。
除此之外,持久试样中出现的马氏体转变也与腐蚀导致的表层合金元素消耗相关,马氏体相变温度与合金元素质量分数间的关系[34]如经验公式(6)所示:
Ms=130242×w(Cr)61×w(Ni)33×w(Mn)28×w(Si)1667×w(C+N)
式中:Ms为相变温度,℃。
对于本文采用的Super 304H钢而言,当Cr质量分数达到11%~12%时其相变温度为100 ℃左右。由于马氏体相变点的上升,因此,当降温至低于相变点的室温时,在Super 304H钢表面贫Cr区即会发生马氏体转变,从而在进行铁磁性检测时表现出弱磁性。由于高温暴露时间相对更短,腐蚀-应力试样表层元素分布相对不均匀(图10中Cr的质量分数存在波动),从而其马氏体相变不均匀,因而图4中其马氏体相峰强度较低。
综上,腐蚀-应力条件下Super 304H钢持久性能下降的主要原因可概括为以下3点(图11):1)腐蚀与应力的协同作用导致合金表面形成的保护性氧化膜破坏(开裂、剥落等),进而引发基体的点蚀,加速Super 304H钢腐蚀速率;2)环境中的S元素沿晶界向内扩散引发晶界硫化物的形成,在应力作用下晶界开裂导致蠕变损伤的积累,从而缩短蠕变寿命;3)烟气/煤灰腐蚀导致合金表层元素损耗的增加,并由此造成再结晶细晶区和马氏体相变区域的加宽。
1)相较于空气环境下,烟气/煤灰条件下Super 304H钢持久寿命下降,随着应力的降低,寿命降幅越明显。
2)烟气/煤灰腐蚀导致Super 304H钢表面腐蚀产物出现明显的开裂、剥落,进而导致基体发生更严重的腐蚀,且内硫化的发生加剧了合金持久实验过程中的蠕变损伤。
3)Super 304H钢在不同环境下的持久实验后均发生了表层的元素损耗,在高温和应力作用下形成表层再结晶细晶区,并在降温后发生马氏体相变,烟气/煤灰腐蚀环境加剧了这一现象,从而降低其持久性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52071265; 52271070)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
  • 西北工业大学分析测试中心基础研究开放测试基金(2021T013)
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2023年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202306361
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2023-10-25
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  • 修回日期:2023-06-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071265; 52271070)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52071265; 52271070)
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H41; TA-20-TYK03)
Opening Testing Foundation for Basic Research of Analytical and Testing Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University(2021T013)
西北工业大学分析测试中心基础研究开放测试基金(2021T013)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学材料学院,陕西 西安 710072
    2.西安热工院研究有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

鲁金涛(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为高温腐蚀与防护,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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