Article(id=1217836120684024716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740844800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284357471, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284357471, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284357471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284357471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836122797953987, articleId=1217836120684024716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effect of air inflow spray pre-cooling on heat dissipation performance of the indirect air cooling tower under environmental crosswind, columnId=1217836117349548796, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Combustion optimization and intelligent operation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-temperature environments can lead to the deterioration of the heat dissipation performance of indirect air cooling towers. Air inflow spray pre-cooling is an effective method to enhance the heat dissipation performance of indirect air cooling towers. Taking a 2×350 MW indirect air cooling unit in northwest China as the research object, a numerical model coupling the spray evaporation with the ventilation and heat dissipation of the indirect air cooling tower is established to study the effect of air inflow spray pre-cooling on the performance of the indirect air cooling tower with different environmental factors. The results show that crosswind can carry the spray downstream, causing the spray to accumulate and benefiting the radiators in the leeward area the most. The performance improvement of the radiators in the windward area decreases with the increasing wind speed, while the radiators in the side area even experience performance degradation at medium to high wind speeds. Additionally, as the wind speed increases, the spray flows out of the annular evaporation zone, resulting in some pre-cooled ambient air failing to enter the radiators and leading to spray waste and reduced effectiveness. The improvement rate of heat dissipation in the indirect air cooling tower after air inflow spray pre-cooling decreases at first and then increases with the increasing wind speed. At an ambient humidity of 40%, the heat dissipation improvement rate decreases from 5.65% at 0 m/s to a minimum of 2.03% at 8 m/s, and then rises to 3.98% at 12 m/s. The effectiveness of air inflow spray pre-cooling weakens with the increasing ambient humidity. Under windless conditions, as the humidity increases from 20% to 80%, the heat dissipation improvement rate of the indirect air cooling tower decreases from 6.4% to 2.4%.

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高温环境会导致间接空冷塔散热性能恶化,进气喷雾预冷是提高间接空冷塔散热性能的有效手段。以西北地区某2×350 MW间接空冷机组为研究对象,建立喷雾蒸发与间接空冷塔通风散热相耦合的数值模型,研究不同环境因素下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔性能的影响。结果表明:侧风会裹挟喷雾向下游聚集使背面区散热器受益最大,喷雾下迎面区散热器性能提升量随风速增大而减小,侧面区散热器甚至在中高风速下出现性能退化;同时随风速增大,喷雾会流出环形蒸发区,导致预冷后的部分环境空气未能进入散热器从而造成喷雾浪费和效果下降;进气喷雾预冷后空冷塔散热量的提升率随风速增大先减小后增大;在40%环境湿度下,散热提升率从风速0 m/s时的5.65%下降至风速8 m/s时的最低值2.03%,而后又回升至12 m/s时的3.98%;进气喷雾预冷效果随环境湿度增加而减弱,无风时随着湿度由20%增至80%,空冷塔散热提升率由6.4%降至2.4%。

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司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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栾少白(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

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栾少白(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

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栾少白(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

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Research on thermal characteristics and air side flow field optimization of large indirect dry cooling systems[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on thermal characteristics and air side flow field optimization of large indirect dry cooling systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217836133451485592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, awardId=52206007, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217836133539565981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, awardId=52206007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52206007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217836133615063456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, awardId=2022YFB4100700, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4100700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217836133694755234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Parameters of the indirect air cooling tower

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项目设计值
塔高/m165
塔顶直径/m108.2
喉部直径/m105.4
喉部高度/m132
塔筒底部直径/m142
散热器高度/m26.5
散热器底部直径/m165.2
散热器数量/个180
), ArticleFig(id=1217836132667150708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

间接空冷塔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值
塔高/m165
塔顶直径/m108.2
喉部直径/m105.4
喉部高度/m132
塔筒底部直径/m142
散热器高度/m26.5
散热器底部直径/m165.2
散热器数量/个180
), ArticleFig(id=1217836132763619704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of the nozzle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
蒸发距离/m14.5
液滴平均粒径/um70
质量流率/(kg·s–1)0.1
布置高度/m5,10,20,25
), ArticleFig(id=1217836132855894400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

喷嘴主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
蒸发距离/m14.5
液滴平均粒径/um70
质量流率/(kg·s–1)0.1
布置高度/m5,10,20,25
), ArticleFig(id=1217836132952363397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison between the numerical results and the field data under several working conditions

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项目工况C1工况C2工况C3
环境温度/℃34.031.033.5
环境风速/(m·s–1)035
进塔水温/℃69.666.566.8
出塔水温实际值/℃56.754.656.6
出塔水温计算值/℃56.954.956.8
散热误差/%1.52.51.9
), ArticleFig(id=1217836133040443782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实际工况下数值计算结果与实际值的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目工况C1工况C2工况C3
环境温度/℃34.031.033.5
环境风速/(m·s–1)035
进塔水温/℃69.666.566.8
出塔水温实际值/℃56.754.656.6
出塔水温计算值/℃56.954.956.8
散热误差/%1.52.51.9
), ArticleFig(id=1217836133120135560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Air inflow rates in different sectors of the half tower at various wind speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m·s–1)喷雾迎风扇区侧风扇区背风扇区总和
08 834.08 837.58 835.426 506.9
8 630.68 632.08 634.025 896.6
差值–203.4–205.5–201.4–610.3
48 685.97 553.48 216.924 456.3
8 580.87 464.78 016.924 062.4
差值–105.1–88.7–200.0–393.9
89 413.62 583.87 374.619 372.0
9 369.82 473.27 293.319 136.3
差值–43.8–110.6–81.3–235.7
1210 772.7167.25 126.616 066.6
10 766.4–32.65 290.516 024.4
差值–6.3–199.8+163.9–42.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217836133183050123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同风速下半塔不同分区通风量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m·s–1)喷雾迎风扇区侧风扇区背风扇区总和
08 834.08 837.58 835.426 506.9
8 630.68 632.08 634.025 896.6
差值–203.4–205.5–201.4–610.3
48 685.97 553.48 216.924 456.3
8 580.87 464.78 016.924 062.4
差值–105.1–88.7–200.0–393.9
89 413.62 583.87 374.619 372.0
9 369.82 473.27 293.319 136.3
差值–43.8–110.6–81.3–235.7
1210 772.7167.25 126.616 066.6
10 766.4–32.65 290.516 024.4
差值–6.3–199.8+163.9–42.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217836133258547600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Heat dissipation rates in different sectors of the half tower at various wind speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速/(m·s–1)喷雾迎风扇区侧风扇区背风扇区总和
0188.40188.31188.26564.97
198.97198.98198.96596.91
差值+10.57+10.67+10.70+31.94
4186.01165.87178.20530.08
191.42171.74193.92557.08
差值+5.41+5.87+15.72+27.00
8193.4771.24158.66423.37
198.2764.51169.20431.98
差值+4.80–6.73+10.54+8.61
12208.4339.65114.98363.06
212.6330.13134.76377.52
差值+4.20–9.52+19.78+14.46
), ArticleFig(id=1217836133342433682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120684024716, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同风速下半塔不同分区散热量

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风速/(m·s–1)喷雾迎风扇区侧风扇区背风扇区总和
0188.40188.31188.26564.97
198.97198.98198.96596.91
差值+10.57+10.67+10.70+31.94
4186.01165.87178.20530.08
191.42171.74193.92557.08
差值+5.41+5.87+15.72+27.00
8193.4771.24158.66423.37
198.2764.51169.20431.98
差值+4.80–6.73+10.54+8.61
12208.4339.65114.98363.06
212.6330.13134.76377.52
差值+4.20–9.52+19.78+14.46
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环境侧风作用下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔散热性能的影响
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栾少白 , 马欢 , 王柏公 , 司风琪
热力发电 | 燃烧优化与智能运行 2025,54(12): 56-66
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热力发电 | 燃烧优化与智能运行 2025, 54(12): 56-66
环境侧风作用下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔散热性能的影响
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栾少白 , 马欢, 王柏公, 司风琪
作者信息
  • 东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211102
  • 栾少白(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为间接空冷塔性能,

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
Effect of air inflow spray pre-cooling on heat dissipation performance of the indirect air cooling tower under environmental crosswind
Shaobai LUAN , Huan MA, Baigong WANG, Fengqi SI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503060
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高温环境会导致间接空冷塔散热性能恶化,进气喷雾预冷是提高间接空冷塔散热性能的有效手段。以西北地区某2×350 MW间接空冷机组为研究对象,建立喷雾蒸发与间接空冷塔通风散热相耦合的数值模型,研究不同环境因素下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔性能的影响。结果表明:侧风会裹挟喷雾向下游聚集使背面区散热器受益最大,喷雾下迎面区散热器性能提升量随风速增大而减小,侧面区散热器甚至在中高风速下出现性能退化;同时随风速增大,喷雾会流出环形蒸发区,导致预冷后的部分环境空气未能进入散热器从而造成喷雾浪费和效果下降;进气喷雾预冷后空冷塔散热量的提升率随风速增大先减小后增大;在40%环境湿度下,散热提升率从风速0 m/s时的5.65%下降至风速8 m/s时的最低值2.03%,而后又回升至12 m/s时的3.98%;进气喷雾预冷效果随环境湿度增加而减弱,无风时随着湿度由20%增至80%,空冷塔散热提升率由6.4%降至2.4%。

间接空冷塔  /  喷雾蒸发  /  散热器  /  环境因素  /  数值模拟

High-temperature environments can lead to the deterioration of the heat dissipation performance of indirect air cooling towers. Air inflow spray pre-cooling is an effective method to enhance the heat dissipation performance of indirect air cooling towers. Taking a 2×350 MW indirect air cooling unit in northwest China as the research object, a numerical model coupling the spray evaporation with the ventilation and heat dissipation of the indirect air cooling tower is established to study the effect of air inflow spray pre-cooling on the performance of the indirect air cooling tower with different environmental factors. The results show that crosswind can carry the spray downstream, causing the spray to accumulate and benefiting the radiators in the leeward area the most. The performance improvement of the radiators in the windward area decreases with the increasing wind speed, while the radiators in the side area even experience performance degradation at medium to high wind speeds. Additionally, as the wind speed increases, the spray flows out of the annular evaporation zone, resulting in some pre-cooled ambient air failing to enter the radiators and leading to spray waste and reduced effectiveness. The improvement rate of heat dissipation in the indirect air cooling tower after air inflow spray pre-cooling decreases at first and then increases with the increasing wind speed. At an ambient humidity of 40%, the heat dissipation improvement rate decreases from 5.65% at 0 m/s to a minimum of 2.03% at 8 m/s, and then rises to 3.98% at 12 m/s. The effectiveness of air inflow spray pre-cooling weakens with the increasing ambient humidity. Under windless conditions, as the humidity increases from 20% to 80%, the heat dissipation improvement rate of the indirect air cooling tower decreases from 6.4% to 2.4%.

indirect air cooling tower  /  spray evaporation  /  radiator  /  environmental factor  /  numerical simulation
栾少白, 马欢, 王柏公, 司风琪. 环境侧风作用下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔散热性能的影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503060
Shaobai LUAN, Huan MA, Baigong WANG, Fengqi SI. Effect of air inflow spray pre-cooling on heat dissipation performance of the indirect air cooling tower under environmental crosswind[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503060
我国正积极推进落实“双碳”目标,由于新能源发电具有间歇性和波动性特点,煤电的支撑调节作用愈加凸显,保证机组额定出力和提高灵活调峰能力是如今煤电行业所需解决的问题[1]。间接空冷塔作为一个重要的冷端形式,因其优秀的节水特性在我国“三北”富煤贫水地区[2-4]的火电机组上广泛应用,其优化设计与性能调控对保障机组额定出力具有关键作用。
间接空冷塔因自然通风机制易受侧风和环境温度等参数影响,从而使其性能不稳定[5]。Strydom等人[6]发现在高风速下,气流可以反向通过换热器的中间圆周扇区,导致多次通过散热器,从而导致散热器性能损失。Zakeri等人[7]研究总结发现侧风对间接空冷塔冷却性能产生不利影响,在侧风速度超过10 m/s的情况下,冷却塔的传热性能会降低约30%。Jiang等人[8]指出侧风速度上升会使湍流和涡流增加,双塔的动态响应时间会变长。45°和90°风向的响应时间大致相似,除了在0°时,背风塔的响应时间比迎风塔短。Zhao等人[9]发现,在夏季高温条件下,空冷系统冷却能力断崖式衰减导致机组背压过高而限制出力,但高温时往往又是用电需求高峰,从而引发电力供需矛盾,而且在高温高风速条件下情况会更加严峻。因此,提升高温工况下空冷塔冷却能力对间接空冷机组经济运行及保障电力供应均有重要意义。
蒸发预冷是如今提高空冷塔在夏季高温时段散热性能的主要手段,即利用少量的水在散热器上游空气中蒸发来实现进气降温效果,这样便増加了传热温差,从而增强散热器换热能力[10]。蒸发预冷的实现主要有喷雾预冷和填料预冷2种形式。对于填料预冷,He等人[11]研究利用湿填料Cellulose7060进行进气预冷,散热效率虽然在80%以上,但也额外产生超过30%的压损,这对于空冷塔通风和散热的影响是不可忽视的。相反,喷雾预冷产生的压损非常微小,通常可忽略不计,并且喷雾具有成本低、运行和维护方便的优点,喷雾预冷系统可以做到不改变空冷系统原有管路流程和结构,是一个相对独立系统,工程造价相对较低且可行性较高,近些年来已成为间接空冷塔增效的一个研究热点[12-13]。Pang等人[14]用3个喷嘴对一个120 m高的空冷塔进行预冷,在无侧风条件下,液滴向塔中心移动,液滴轨迹发散,有效冷却了入口空气。Alkhedhair等人[15-16]分析了在测试通道中水平布置的单个喷嘴的蒸发情况。结果显示,当水滴直径为20 μm、风速为1 m/s时,水滴的蒸发率可达到81%。进一步研究发现喷雾覆盖面积对喷雾冷却效率至关重要。此外,Sun等人[17-19]还实验研究了八喷嘴系统对高度为20 m间接空冷塔散热性能的影响,提出了优化设计方案,使间接空冷塔的散热能力提高了6.68%。马欢[20]建立了间接空冷塔喷嘴喷淋系统与垂直散热器集成的数值模型,发现在无风条件下喷嘴喷淋后全塔散热率提高6.94%,全塔通风量降低2.75%。
目前对于间接空冷塔进气喷雾预冷的研究中,关于环境风条件下的喷雾蒸发特性及其对间接空冷塔散热性能影响的研究十分有限。鉴于北方环境风变化频繁且环境风条件下大型空冷塔不同扇区流动散热差异大,因此喷雾预冷对各扇区的影响不一致,也亟待挖掘和研究。在此背景下,本文对某西北2×350 MW间接空冷机组的间接空冷塔进行三维流动换热数值建模,建立喷雾蒸发与间接空冷塔通风散热相耦合的数值模型,研究复杂环境因素下进气喷雾预冷对间接空冷塔性能的影响机制及作用,为间接空冷塔进气喷雾预冷的应用提供理论基础和实践依据。
本文以西北地区某2×350 MW间接空冷机组为研究对象,两机组公用的间接空冷塔参数见表1图1为耦合进气喷雾预冷的间接空冷塔剖面图,塔筒采用双曲线结构,翅片管散热器以三角形结构垂直布置在空冷塔外围边缘。由于空冷塔沿风向在几何上呈现对称性,为了提高计算效率,本文建模仅考虑含有半塔的几何体结构,半塔则包含90个散热器,散热器按风向均匀划分为3个扇区,称为迎面、侧面和背面扇区,具体如图2所示。喷雾装置均匀布置在蒸发区,对于每个散热器,喷射距离相同,高度上均匀布置4个喷嘴,喷射方向为空冷塔的径向且顺进气方向,具体如图3所示,喷嘴详细参数见表2
耦合进气喷雾预冷的间接空冷塔散热过程涉及空气(气相,指干空气与水蒸气的混合物)与液滴(离散相)之间的相互作用。该过程通常采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法进行建模。通过耦合气相与离散相,将液滴对空气动力特性的影响引入到气相方程中,从而更准确地描述两相流动和传热的相互作用。
对于不可压缩理想气体的稳态过程,其流动过程的控制方程可以用雷诺时均的Navier-Stokes方程描述[4],采用Realizable k-ε模型来计算湍流效应,方程的通用表达式如式(1),包括气相的质量、动量、能量及组分运输方程。
ρvgϕxg=xg(Γϕϕxg)+Sϕ+Sϕ(g=1,2,3)
式中:ρ为空气密度,kg/m3vg为空气速度矢量,m/s;ϕ为变量;Γϕ为变量ϕ的扩散系数;Sϕ为变量ϕ的内源项;Sϕ为自定义源项。当ϕ等于1时,上式代表质量守恒方程;当ϕ表示空气速度分量(vxvyvz)时,上式代表动量守恒方程;当ϕ表示空气温度时,上式代表能量守恒方程;当ϕ表示湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε时,上式代表湍流方程;当ϕ表示物种质量分数X时,上式代表组分运输方程。
本文耦合多孔介质模型和热量体积源项法对空冷散热器整体的流动和换热特性进行表征[20],将每个冷却柱沿循环冷却水流程等分为若干个多孔区块,每个区块的循环水散热量等于空气的吸热量,每个区块循环水的散热量可以表示为式(2)。
Qs=mscp,s(TsoTsi)
式中:Qs为区块内循环水散热量,W;ms为循环水质量流量,kg/s;cp,s为水的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);Tso为区块内出水温度,K;Tsi为区块内进水温度,K。
将式(2)计算后的散热量作为源项添加到每个网格单元的空气侧能量方程中。每个冷却水温度近似为进出水温的平均值,空气从循环水吸热的过程可以总结为式(3)。
Qa=AK(Tsi+Tso2Ta)
式中:Qa为空气的吸热量,W;K为循环水到空气的总传热系数,W/(m2·K);A为换热面积,m2Ta为环境温度,K。
对于冷却柱每个多孔区块而言,压损(绝对值)可定义成达西(Darcy)定律和附加惯性损失项的组合,即为vn的函数表达式,如式(4)所示。
Δp=(μavn+C212ρvn2)ΔL
式中:a为多孔介质的渗透率,m2C2为压力跳跃系数,m–1;ΔL为多孔介质的厚度,m;vn为散热器法向通风速度。
根据厂家四排管铝制翅片管基管参数,本文的总传热系数K与压降Δp如式(5)、式(6)所示。
K=44.835 12vn0.508 72
Δp=15.412 27vn1.679 89
水滴温度与蒸发质量流率变化可由式(7)、式(8)表示,本文喷雾冷却研究中只需考虑重力和曳力的作用,水滴运动可由式(9)表示[10]
mpcp,pdtpdτ=hc,pAP(ta,dbtp)+dmpdτhp
dmpdτ=hm,pAP(ρv,sρv,a)
d(mpvp)dτ=FD+Fg
式中:mp为液滴质量,kg;cp,p为液滴比热容,J/kg;tp为液滴温度,K;hc, p为对流换热系数,W/(m2∙K);Ap为液滴表面积,m2ta,db为周围空气温度,K;hp为水滴蒸发潜热,J/kg;hm,p为质量传递系数;ρv,sρv,a分别为水蒸气在薄膜与外界大环境的浓度,kg/m3vp为液滴速度,m/s;FDFg分别为空气的阻力与重力,N。
将含有水蒸气和干燥空气的潮湿空气视为不可压缩的理想气体。当无风时,计算域入口设为压力入口边界,静压为0 Pa。当有侧风时,计算域的迎面侧设置为速度入口边界。自然界中,风速随着高度的增加而增大,高度z处的风速可表示为[4]
vz=vc(z10)e
式中:vz为高度z处的平均速度,m/s;vc为高度10 m处的风速,m/s;z为高度,m;e为风廓线指数,取0.16。
计算域的前方、上方和后方出口湍流强度和黏度比分别设置为0.1%和0.1,温度设置为环境温度。地面和塔壁是标准绝热壁面,无滑移速度。
由于喷水与冷却空气的质量比极小,壁边界条件被设置为水滴的“逃逸”。在本文以高蒸发率为目的前提下,可以避免多余的水对散热器的不利影响。此外,还将评估有风条件下的空气预冷,并研究空气预冷和侧风对间接空冷塔散热性能的联合影响。考虑到这些因素,散热器的入口也被指定为“逃逸”,即忽略水滴对散热器的直接影响。
为了避免边界效应和准确描述耦合进气喷雾预冷的间接空冷塔在大空间中的流动换热特性,本文选取了8R×7H的半圆柱体空间作为计算域。间接空冷塔、散热器和蒸发区采用六面体结构网格进行网格划分,而其他区域采用非结构网格,由锥形、楔形和六面体网格混合。本文建立了8 810 602、9 832 979、11 831 557、13 956 735 4套网格系统进行网格独立性验证,计算结果对应的出塔水温分别为57.324、56.920、56.901、56.896 ℃,4套网格模拟所得的出塔水温非常接近,后一套分别与前一套网格系统相比,出塔水温的误差绝对值分别为0.404 0、0.019 0、0.000 5 ℃。因此,综合考虑计算精度和效率,选取网格数量11 831 557的网格方案进行后续研究。
采用间接验证的方法对所建数值模型进行验证,将模型分为2部分,分别验证间接空冷塔的通流散热特性及喷雾的运动蒸发特性。采用机组实际运行工况数据对间接空冷塔通流散热特性进行验证,结果见表3。由表3可知,本文模拟结果和实际数据误差均在3%以下,表明本文所建间接空冷塔模型准确度较高。
其次对单个液滴和液滴群的运动与蒸发特性进行验证。图4a)展示了静止空气中3种不同直径液滴自由下落且蒸发过程中速度的变化曲线,本文数值模型的计算结果与实验结果[20]吻合良好。图4b)则显示了风道实验中液滴群蒸发后,监控面各测点的气温分布与数值模拟结果的对比,实验测得的不同测点气温[20]与数值模拟结果的误差均在10%以内,进一步验证了本文液滴运动与蒸发数值模型及其参数设置的合理性和有效性。
本文选取典型环境高温条件(表3中工况C1,温度307.15 K),分别在无进气喷雾和总喷雾流量36 kg/s条件下对处于环境侧风影响下的间接空冷塔进行数值模拟研究。以环境相对湿度40%为例具体阐述进气喷雾作用下的空冷塔通流散热行为。
空冷塔的通流散热特性受到侧风的影响显著。在存在侧风的情况下,不同分区散热器的进气情况存在较大差异。表4表5分别展示了侧风风速从0 m/s增加至12 m/s时,半塔不同分区散热器的通风量和散热量的变化量,图5展示了不同风速下不同扇区的通风量和散热量的变化趋势。
以半塔为例,在无风情况下,各个分区的进气和换热几乎相等。引入进气喷雾预冷后,各分区散热器的通风量都由8 834.0 m3/s降低至约8 630.6 m3/s,降幅为203.4 m3/s,下降率为2.30%;散热量都由188.40 MW升高至约198.97 MW,增幅为10.57 MW,提升率约5.61%。这是由于喷雾预冷作用显著降低了空冷散热器的进气温度。尽管换热温差的增大增强了散热器的散热性能,但空气预冷后温度降低,也使空冷塔的自然通风驱动力(即浮力)减弱,从而导致通风量下降。
侧风作用下塔的不同分区散热器的通风量和换热量存在差异。与无风条件相比,在风速4 m/s侧风条件下,迎面区散热器的性能有所提升,但侧面区散热器的性能有所下降,背面区的性能也有所恶化,不过影响程度较侧面区轻微。引入进气喷雾预冷后,3个分区的通风量分别从8 685.9 m3/s减小至8 580.8 m3/s、7 553.4 m3/s减小至7 464.7 m3/s、8 216.9 m3/s减小至8 016.9 m3/s,降幅为105.1、88.7、200.0 m3/s;散热量分别从186.01 MW增加至191.42 MW、165.87 MW增加至171.74 MW、178.20 MW增加至193.92 MW,增幅为5.41、5.87、15.72 MW。可以看到,背面区散热性能提升显著,这是因为侧风作用下喷雾产生的液滴在风的推动下向下游聚集,期间液滴蒸发过程吸收了大量热量,造成下游空气温度降低显著,使得背面区散热器充分享受进气喷雾预冷的增益效果。
当风速增大至8 m/s,空冷塔散热器的通流散热性能在侧面区显著恶化,部分接近零通流甚至出现侧面区通风量为负的现象,表明塔内空气部分从侧面散热器流出。引入进气喷雾预冷后,3个分区的通风量分别从9 413.6 m3/s减小至9 369.8 m3/s、2 583.8 m3/s减小至2 473.2 m3/s、7 374.6 m3/s减小至7 293.3 m3/s,降幅为43.8、110.6、81.3 m3/s;散热量分别从193.47 MW增加至198.27 MW、71.24 MW减小至64.51 MW、158.66 MW增加至169.20 MW,变化量为4.80、–6.73、10.54 MW。可以看到,喷雾对侧面散热器散热产生了较大负作用,这是因为风速8 m/s下侧面区散热器的进气条件能力已十分受限,在此基础上喷雾预冷引起的通风量下降相对占比较大,进一步加剧了侧面区散热器的进气和散热困难。此外,风速8 m/s下迎面区和背面区散热器进气喷雾预冷的增益效果较风速4 m/s下有所下降,且背面区相对明显。
当风速增大至12 m/s,迎面区散热器的通风量和换热量进一步增加。大部分侧面区散热器几乎丧失了散热能力,且普遍出现了通风量为负的现象,表明塔内空气逆向流出侧面区散热器。此外,背面区散热器散热能力较风速8 m/s下降明显。此时,迎面区的通风量和散热量在全塔通风量和散热量中占据了绝对比例。引入进气喷雾预冷后,3个分区的通风量分别从10 772.7 m3/s减小至10 766.4 m3/s、167.2 m3/s减小至–32.6 m3/s、5 126.6 m3/s增加至5 290.5 m3/s,变化量为–6.3、–199.8、163.9 m3/s;散热量分别从208.43 MW增加至212.63 MW、39.65 MW减小至30.13 MW、114.98 MW增加至134.76 MW,变化量为4.20、–9.52、19.78 MW。可以看到,较风速8 m/s,风速12 m/s条件下喷雾作用后的迎面区散热器的性能提升效果略有下降,侧面区散热器的散热性能提升效果进一步下降,而背面区散热器的性能提升效果转而大幅提升,且远高于其他扇区。
图6给出了无风条件下喷雾前后空冷塔的通流散热行为。图6a)与图6b)为空冷塔散热器的进气温度以及局部速度矢量云图,图6c)与图6d)为空冷塔在z=10 m横切面上的流线和温度云图,图6e)为间接空冷塔在z=10 m横切面上的流线和水蒸气质量分数云图。
图6可以看出,无风条件且在无喷雾影响下,所有散热器的入口空气温度等于环境温度307.15 K,空冷塔的温度和流线分布基本呈中心对称,且分布均匀,空气在进入塔内后在塔中心汇合。
引入进气喷雾预冷后,结合图3可知每个散热器沿高度方向均匀接受来自4个喷嘴的喷射,液滴重力作用使得散热器进气预冷效果在进气面下半部分较为突出,中心最低气温可降到297.5 K,平均气温由307.15 K降至304.71 K,降幅2.44 K。预冷后的空气平均水蒸气质量分数从0.014 1上升至0.015 3。预冷后的空气进入塔内后在塔中心汇合,空冷塔内部温度相比于喷雾之前均匀降低,平均温降为3.1 K。
图7给出了风速4 m/s下喷雾前后空冷塔的通流散热行为。
对比图6a)图7a)可知,当侧风风速从0 m/s增大到4 m/s时,散热器的入口空气温度不再均匀,侧面区进气温度最高,平均已达307.93 K。结合侧面区局部进气矢量图可知,进气出现了气体滞留的情况,空气在散热器附近得到热量却无法进入散热器,导致入口局部空气温度变高。根据图7c)可知,空冷塔内部的温度和流线不再呈对称分布,风速4 m/s下塔内空气的平均温度都表现为迎面区低,背面区次之,侧面区高。这是因为对于迎面扇区,环境风诱导的强迫对流是一个有利的驱动力;而在侧面区,环境风是一不利因素,导致侧面进气角度大(即进气困难),且侧面区散热器进气还会受迎面区、背面区进气的挤压,换热后形成的高温空气在此处汇集,进而产生大范围的高温区域。同时从流线图还可看出,侧风引起塔周进气不均,并在塔内形成涡。
引入进气喷雾预冷后,结合图7b)局部进气矢量图可知,进入散热器的空气温度有所下降,平均进气温度由307.57 K下降至304.94 K,降幅2.63 K,尤其是背面区平均进气温度下降至303.20 K。从图7d)可以看出,喷雾的作用使得塔内各区域的温度整体降低,尤其是背面区降温效果更为显著,这也解释了图5b)中风速4 m/s且喷雾作用下3个扇区中背面扇区的散热提升量最大,达到15.72 MW。结合图7e)可知,这是因为喷雾在环形蒸发区中蒸发路径变长,蒸发更充分,沿程空气降温效果更明显,根据流线可知更多的预冷空气进入了背面区,使得背面局部区域出现进气温度最低和湿度最高的情况。在侧风作用下,喷嘴不再负责原本的散热器的冷却,产生的喷雾会在空中沿着风的迹线移动,即迎面区喷雾蒸发冷却的空气进入侧面区散热器,并且侧面区喷雾蒸发的路径明显长于迎面区喷雾的,两者耦合影响下导致了图5b)中迎面区散热器性能提升(5.41 MW)不及侧面区(5.87 MW)。
图8给出了风速8 m/s下喷雾前后空冷塔的通流散热行为。
图8a)可知,当侧风风速增加到8 m/s时,相比于风速4 m/s工况下散热器的入口空气温度更高,高温区域范围变大,平均进气温度上升0.63 K。对于进气而言,迎面区平均气温几乎没有变化,侧面区平均气温上升至311.89 K,背面区平均气温略微上升。结合侧面区局部进气矢量图可知,与风速4 m/s时气体滞留不同,侧面区出现明显的局部逆进气现象(图8a)),这是导致该区域温度骤升的关键因素。结合流线图分析可知,此时侧面散热器外部绕流接近与散热器对称轴角度相切,散热器进气已经非常困难。而且塔内的涡从塔中心移动到上方,更加接近侧面区,与风速4 m/s时底部对称涡形成鲜明对比。
引入进气喷雾预冷后,由图8b)可知散热器平均进气温度由308.56 K下降至306.83 K,与风速4 m/s工况相比背面区仍保持最大降温,温度降至305.30 K,但侧面区出现反常升温。结合图8d)可知,这是因为喷雾后塔内涡流相比喷雾前更接近侧面扇区,导致塔内温热空气更多从塔侧外溢(图5a)侧面负进气已达–110.6 m3/s),造成侧面散热器出现入口处气温反而上升的现象。由图8e)可知喷雾产生的液滴受侧风影响更为显著,在环形蒸发区中蒸发路径偏转程度更大且空气流速快、蒸发时间变短,使得喷雾影响下迎面区散热器的散热提升量相比于风速4 m/s工况下降至4.80 MW,降幅为0.61 MW,而且部分液滴在非环形蒸发区域蒸发为水蒸气,使得部分预冷后的空气直接流向外部环境,未能进入散热器完成换热,因此造成背面区预冷效果下降及喷雾浪费,这也解释了图5b)中喷雾对背面区散热器散热提升量由风速4 m/s下的15.72 MW降至10.54 MW。
图9给出了风速12 m/s下喷雾前后空冷塔的通流散热行为。
图9a)可知,当侧风风速增加到12 m/s时,高温区域此时几乎覆盖整个侧面进气口,侧面区平均气温已高达321.89 K。由图9c)可知,塔内侧面区的高温区域几乎覆盖整个侧面与背面区。结合流线图分析可知,侧面散热器外部绕流直接掠过散热器,此时散热器几乎无法进气,通风量断崖式下跌,仅为167.2 m3/s,强大的迎面进气流还会严重挤压背面区散热器的进气。同时,背面区有来自塔内溢出的高温气体与塔外空气混合而成的涡流,这严重阻碍了背面区的进气,还使得背面区散热器进气温度升高,这就是图5中风速12 m/s下背面区散热器性能断崖式下降的原因。
引入进气喷雾预冷后,由图9b)可知平均进气温度下降至308.54 K,结合侧面局部流动矢量图可知喷雾后部分侧面区完全是负进气,此时侧面区首次出现净通风量为负(–32.6 m3/s),标志着该区域几乎失去进气功能。由图9d)与图9e)可知喷雾产生的液滴大部分蒸发成水蒸气穿过环形蒸发区,直接流向外部环境,部分冷却后的空气可以进入迎面区与背面区散热器进行换热,其中背面区进气预冷更加充分,使得背面区散热器散热提升量(19.78 MW)远高于迎面区散热器的(4.2 MW)。一方面喷雾预冷对侧面区散热器未产生直接增益效果,另一方面喷雾预冷提升迎面区和背面区散热器性能,还会对侧面区散热器通流散热产生负面的挤压效应,综合而言与风速8 m/s工况相比,风速12 m/s下喷雾的负面效应显著加剧,导致侧面区散热器性能进一步恶化,散热量从–6.73 MW降至–9.52 MW。
为了更直观地分析不同侧风条件下喷雾蒸发特性及其对间接空冷塔整体性能的影响,将环境风速0~12 m/s、环境相对湿度20%~80%条件下液滴有效蒸发率和塔的通风量、散热量进行对比分析,结果如图10所示。
图10a)可以看出,随着风速的增加,不同环境湿度下液滴的有效蒸发率普遍呈下降趋势。具体而言,风速的增大虽然促进了气流与液滴表面之间的热交换,加速了液滴的蒸发过程。但侧风的存在改变了液滴的蒸发轨迹,使其逐渐偏离环形蒸发区,甚至直接流向外部环境,导致预冷后的空气无法进入散热器完成换热过程。在环境湿度20%时,随着风速由0 m/s增大到12 m/s,液滴有效蒸发率由92%下降到31%,降幅61百分点,在环境湿度80%时,该降幅仅为23百分点,即随着环境湿度的增加,液滴有效蒸发率对侧风风速敏感性逐渐变小。液滴有效蒸发率对环境湿度敏感性较高,湿度越高,蒸发率越低,且该敏感性随风速增大而减小,在无风条件下,当环境湿度从20%增加到80%时,液滴有效蒸发率从92%降至33%,下降幅度高达59百分点。
图10b)可知,风速增大会导致空冷塔通风量下降,而环境湿度变化对通风量基本没有影响。引入喷雾预冷后,在不同环境湿度下,空冷塔的通风量都略微下降,且随着风速的增大,减小幅度逐渐减小,最终趋于与未使用喷雾预冷时相同。这是因为在空冷塔中,气流的主要驱动力在无风或低风速下由浮力提供,而喷雾预冷会使进气温度降低,从而减少驱动力。然而,在高风速时,气流的驱动力主要来自环境风,喷雾预冷对通风量的影响较小。因此,随着风速的增加,在环境湿度为40%的喷雾流量条件下,通风量的下降率从–2.3%上升至–0.2%。环境湿度越小,喷雾预冷对空冷塔通风量的下降效果越大,且在无风时最明显。在无风条件下,当环境湿度从20%增加到80%时,空冷塔通风量下降率从–3.0%升至–1.2%。
图10c)可知:随着风速增加,空冷塔的散热效率呈现下降趋势;而环境湿度变化对散热性能的影响可以忽略不计。环境湿度越小,喷雾预冷对空冷塔散热量的提升效果越大,且在无风时最明显。在无风条件下,当环境湿度从20%增加到80%时,空冷塔散热量提升率从6.4%降至2.4%。随着风速增大,进气喷雾预冷对空冷塔性能提升效果先下降后升高。以环境湿度40%为例,喷雾后空冷塔散热提升率从风速0 m/s下的5.65%下降至风速8 m/s的最低值2.03%,而后又升高至风速12 m/s下的3.98%。当侧风风速为8 m/s时,喷雾增效受限,主要原因是侧面区进气受到强烈抑制,同时背面区的散热提升又不明显。
1)侧风会改变液滴蒸发路径,使其由沿塔径向逐渐偏转至顺风运动并向下游聚集,导致背面区散热器受益最大,而迎面区散热提升量逐渐减小,侧面区散热器在中高速风速下甚至出现性能下降。在环境湿度40%和风速12 m/s下,喷雾后迎、侧、背面区的散热量分别增加了4.20、–9.52、19.78 MW。
2)当侧风速度超过8 m/s后,液滴受迫甚至流出环形蒸发区,导致预冷后的部分环境空气未进入散热器,尤其是背面区散热器性能受损严重。然而在高风速12 m/s下,塔外绕流流动分离和塔内气流外溢导致背风面进气温度升高,此时即使背面区部分喷雾流失也能起到良好的进气降温和强化散热效果。
3)进气喷雾预冷后空冷塔散热量的提升率随风速增大先减小后增大。在环境湿度40%下,散热提升率从风速0 m/s时的5.65%下降至风速8 m/s时的最低值2.03%,而后又回升至风速12 m/s时的3.98%。进气喷雾预冷效果随环境湿度增加而减弱,无风时随着湿度由20%增至80%,空冷塔散热提升率由6.4%降至2.4%。
4)在进行喷雾冷却研究时,本文暂未考虑未蒸发的液滴对散热器换热的影响,实际上散热器捕捉液滴对换热性能会有增益效果。因此针对喷雾冲击对空冷散热器性能的影响还需在未来进行深入研究,可以通过半经验公式总结出不同喷射工况的换热特性,再将其添加到空冷塔喷雾冷却数值模型中,从而提高数值模拟计算的可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206007)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20230426)
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503060
  • 接收时间:2025-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206007)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206007)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4100700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20230426)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20230426)
作者信息
    东南大学能源热转换及其过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211102

通讯作者:

司风琪(1973),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为大型火电机组运行特性、性能优化及故障诊断,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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