Article(id=1217836120189096822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284357354, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284357354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284357354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284357354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836120423977862, articleId=1217836120189096822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Fly ash carbon content prediction and combustion optimization adjustment based on ISSA-RF-SSA, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problems that conventional fly ash carbon content prediction models are prone to fall into local optimal solution traps and have insufficient generalization ability, based on the boiler hot-state multi-condition tests, 28 key characteristic parameters are selected through data collection, processing, Pearson correlation analysis of variables, and importance ranking, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is used to determine the optimal hyper-parameters of the random forest (RF) model, and an SSA-RF prediction model is constructed. The model verification results show that the root-mean-square error of the SSA-RF model in the training set and the test set decreases to 0.010 8 and 0.019 1 respectively, and the coefficient of determination R2 increases to 0.999 7 and 0.998 1 respectively, demonstrating the excellent prediction accuracy and generalization ability of the model. Furthermore, the ISSA-RF-SSA algorithm is proposed. The SSA is improved by integrating multiple strategies to achieve global extreme value optimization of combustion parameters. Engineering verification shows that after optimization, the carbon content in fly ash decreased from 2.500% to 1.345%, and the prediction error was only 0.003 percentage points, verifying the accuracy of the model. The research results indicate that the ISSA-RF-SSA method improved by multiple strategies significantly enhances the optimization performance of the algorithm, providing a new idea for the combustion optimization of coal-fired units.

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针对传统飞灰含碳量预测模型存在局部最优解陷阱和泛化能力不足的问题,在锅炉热态多工况试验的基础上,经数据采集、处理以及变量Pearson相关性分析和重要度排序筛选出28个关键特征参数,采用麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)确定随机森林(random forest,RF)模型最优超参数,构建SSA-RF预测模型。模型验证结果表明:SSA-RF模型在训练集和测试集的均方根误差分别降至0.010 8和0.019 1,决定系数R2提升至0.999 7和0.998 1,显示模型优异的预测准确性和泛化能力。进一步提出ISSA-RF-SSA算法,融合多种策略改进SSA,实现燃烧参数的全局极值寻优。工程验证显示,ISSA-RF-SSA算法预测飞灰含碳量与实际值误差为0.03百分点,该算法优化后锅炉实际飞灰含碳量由2.500%降至1.345%。研究结果表明,通过多策略改进的ISSA-RF-SSA方法显著提升了算法的寻优性能,为燃煤机组燃烧优化提供了新思路。

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田放(1985),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂锅炉运行优化控制,
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侯儒伟(1997),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为人工智能在电力系统中的应用,

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侯儒伟(1997),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为人工智能在电力系统中的应用,

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Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science), 2022, 48(3): 69-74., articleTitle=A sparrow search algorithm with adaptive t distribution mutation-based path planning of unmanned aerial vehicles, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217836123385156588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836123393545195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, companyId=1217836123385156588, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Huaneng Nanjing Cogeneration Co, Ltd, Nanjing 210035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836123401933805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, companyId=1217836123385156588, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华能南京热电有限公司,江苏 南京 210035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217836127336190121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of the SSA-RF fly ash carbon content prediction model, figureFileSmall=FnF9WoreElRL7WXVIdLZMg==, figureFileBig=M+057WMBG6/uw9HrQ/5ZUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127428464815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SSA-RF飞灰含碳量预测模型流程, figureFileSmall=FnF9WoreElRL7WXVIdLZMg==, figureFileBig=M+057WMBG6/uw9HrQ/5ZUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127642374332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation coefficients of the initial variables, figureFileSmall=zKPijMfhSonNFyB0FxnV2w==, figureFileBig=9v3cthBM/awh4weEeF1vtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127730454722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图2, caption=初始变量的相关系数, figureFileSmall=zKPijMfhSonNFyB0FxnV2w==, figureFileBig=9v3cthBM/awh4weEeF1vtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127864672457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The importance ranking of the initial variables, figureFileSmall=/IDAQ3bZ27AT2lh6bbXhMA==, figureFileBig=WQB23WodxPM5gaOFacwoXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127961141453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图3, caption=初始变量重要性排序, figureFileSmall=/IDAQ3bZ27AT2lh6bbXhMA==, figureFileBig=WQB23WodxPM5gaOFacwoXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128112136403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variations of δMSE and R2 with the number of features, figureFileSmall=k8JJlcemXagp6Pun+GHtBA==, figureFileBig=96zW2I4n7ySvKPOvnrW6FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128208605398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图4, caption=δRMSER2随特征数量变化, figureFileSmall=k8JJlcemXagp6Pun+GHtBA==, figureFileBig=96zW2I4n7ySvKPOvnrW6FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128275714267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of true values and predicted values in the test set across multiple models, figureFileSmall=DGgngYadp2G0WUVlbWfS5A==, figureFileBig=oHS4iQzA/CnpiInleXHM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128351211744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图5, caption=多模型测试集真实值和预测值结果对比, figureFileSmall=DGgngYadp2G0WUVlbWfS5A==, figureFileBig=oHS4iQzA/CnpiInleXHM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128439292133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of optimization results between ISSA-RF-SSA and SSA-RF-SSA, figureFileSmall=biIOU6S4kMceFafJwzdm6w==, figureFileBig=B4O5sBL0CXBDlFaNMx9NvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128514789613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ISSA-RF-SSA与SSA-RF-SSA寻优结果对比, figureFileSmall=biIOU6S4kMceFafJwzdm6w==, figureFileBig=B4O5sBL0CXBDlFaNMx9NvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128632230129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Hot state test conditions and results for the boiler

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工况试验日期试验时段工况说明飞灰含碳量/%
T012024-10-2414:00—16:00摸底试验2.50
T022024-10-2909:40—10:10变氧量试验(中氧量)1.88
T032024-10-2910:30—11:00变氧量试验(大氧量)2.23
T042024-10-2911:25—11:55变氧量试验(小氧量)2.66
T052024-10-2915:20—15:50变二次风工况2.15
T062024-10-2916:15—16:45变燃尽风工况2.39
T072024-10-3010:10—10:40变一次风速工况2.21
T082024-10-3011:00—11:30变AA风工况2.42
T092024-10-3013:40—14:10变燃尽风工况1.43
T102024-10-3014:30—15:00变分离器转速工况1.32
T112024-10-3115:30—6:00变燃尽风左右摆角工况1.89
T122024-11-0110:15—11:00变上煤方式2.90
T132024-11-0115:00—15:45变上煤方式优化1.96
T142024-11-0210:40—11:20变磨组合方式工况(A、B、C磨)2.46
T152024-11-0213:05—13:35三磨组合变氧量试验(小氧量)2.76
T162024-11-0213:55—14:25三磨组合变氧量试验(大氧量)2.46
T172024-11-0215:00—15:30变磨组合优化工况(ABC磨)2.02
T182024-11-0410:30—11:10优化工况11.64
T192024-11-0411:30—12:00优化工况21.28
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128745476343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉热态试验工况及结果

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工况试验日期试验时段工况说明飞灰含碳量/%
T012024-10-2414:00—16:00摸底试验2.50
T022024-10-2909:40—10:10变氧量试验(中氧量)1.88
T032024-10-2910:30—11:00变氧量试验(大氧量)2.23
T042024-10-2911:25—11:55变氧量试验(小氧量)2.66
T052024-10-2915:20—15:50变二次风工况2.15
T062024-10-2916:15—16:45变燃尽风工况2.39
T072024-10-3010:10—10:40变一次风速工况2.21
T082024-10-3011:00—11:30变AA风工况2.42
T092024-10-3013:40—14:10变燃尽风工况1.43
T102024-10-3014:30—15:00变分离器转速工况1.32
T112024-10-3115:30—6:00变燃尽风左右摆角工况1.89
T122024-11-0110:15—11:00变上煤方式2.90
T132024-11-0115:00—15:45变上煤方式优化1.96
T142024-11-0210:40—11:20变磨组合方式工况(A、B、C磨)2.46
T152024-11-0213:05—13:35三磨组合变氧量试验(小氧量)2.76
T162024-11-0213:55—14:25三磨组合变氧量试验(大氧量)2.46
T172024-11-0215:00—15:30变磨组合优化工况(ABC磨)2.02
T182024-11-0410:30—11:10优化工况11.64
T192024-11-0411:30—12:00优化工况21.28
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Parameter optimization of the SSA-RF model

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类别参数具体设置
优化参数维度与范围优化参数维度2
参数下限[1,1]
参数上限[1 000,500]
种群与迭代参数麻雀种群数量100
最大迭代次数200
SSA模型规则参数预警值ST0.7
发现者比例PD0.4
侦察者比例SD0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128963580158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SSA-RF模型参数优化

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类别参数具体设置
优化参数维度与范围优化参数维度2
参数下限[1,1]
参数上限[1 000,500]
种群与迭代参数麻雀种群数量100
最大迭代次数200
SSA模型规则参数预警值ST0.7
发现者比例PD0.4
侦察者比例SD0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129072632067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fitting results of various models for fly ash carbon content prediction

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模型训练集测试集
δRMSEδMAER2δRMSEδMAER2
MLR0.071 50.005 10.974 20.103 00.010 60.952 8
RF0.011 60.006 00.999 30.035 10.017 80.994 2
BP0.050 00.024 90.987 70.079 00.041 90.969 0
PSO-SVM0.015 70.011 80.998 70.027 50.017 80.996 7
FPA-RF0.011 20.006 30.999 30.021 90.010 10.997 3
SSA-RF0.010 80.004 10.999 70.019 10.008 50.998 1
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各飞灰含碳量预测模型拟合结果

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模型训练集测试集
δRMSEδMAER2δRMSEδMAER2
MLR0.071 50.005 10.974 20.103 00.010 60.952 8
RF0.011 60.006 00.999 30.035 10.017 80.994 2
BP0.050 00.024 90.987 70.079 00.041 90.969 0
PSO-SVM0.015 70.011 80.998 70.027 50.017 80.996 7
FPA-RF0.011 20.006 30.999 30.021 90.010 10.997 3
SSA-RF0.010 80.004 10.999 70.019 10.008 50.998 1
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Operation parameters of the boiler before and after optimization

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锅炉优化燃烧运行参数优化前优化后
喷口AGP1、AGP2开度/%40、4039、30
UAP风门开度/%4030
喷口A、B、C、D开度/%55、55、50、5020、42、32、22
喷口AA、AB、BC、CD开度/%60、20、20、3062、41、29、20
磨煤机A、B、C、D分离器转速/(r·min–1)111、112、120、116118、117、113、118
AGP风喷嘴摆角/%5052
磨煤机B、C、D出口温度/℃85、55、6266、61、58
磨煤机A、B、C、D进口一次风压/kPa5.5、5.7、5.7、6.66.0、6.1、6.5、7.0
左、右大风箱与炉膛压差/kPa0.37、0.330.39、0.35
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129395593489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836120189096822, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

锅炉优化运行参数

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锅炉优化燃烧运行参数优化前优化后
喷口AGP1、AGP2开度/%40、4039、30
UAP风门开度/%4030
喷口A、B、C、D开度/%55、55、50、5020、42、32、22
喷口AA、AB、BC、CD开度/%60、20、20、3062、41、29、20
磨煤机A、B、C、D分离器转速/(r·min–1)111、112、120、116118、117、113、118
AGP风喷嘴摆角/%5052
磨煤机B、C、D出口温度/℃85、55、6266、61、58
磨煤机A、B、C、D进口一次风压/kPa5.5、5.7、5.7、6.66.0、6.1、6.5、7.0
左、右大风箱与炉膛压差/kPa0.37、0.330.39、0.35
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基于ISSA-RF-SSA的飞灰含碳量预测与燃烧优化调整
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侯儒伟 , 田放 , 蔡浩 , 马华 , 刘伯阳
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(12): 134-141
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(12): 134-141
基于ISSA-RF-SSA的飞灰含碳量预测与燃烧优化调整
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侯儒伟 , 田放 , 蔡浩, 马华, 刘伯阳
作者信息
  • 华能南京热电有限公司,江苏 南京 210035
  • 侯儒伟(1997),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为人工智能在电力系统中的应用,

通讯作者:

田放(1985),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂锅炉运行优化控制,
Fly ash carbon content prediction and combustion optimization adjustment based on ISSA-RF-SSA
Ruwei HOU , Fang TIAN , Hao CAI, Hua MA, Boyang LIU
Affiliations
  • Huaneng Nanjing Cogeneration Co, Ltd, Nanjing 210035, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503038
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针对传统飞灰含碳量预测模型存在局部最优解陷阱和泛化能力不足的问题,在锅炉热态多工况试验的基础上,经数据采集、处理以及变量Pearson相关性分析和重要度排序筛选出28个关键特征参数,采用麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)确定随机森林(random forest,RF)模型最优超参数,构建SSA-RF预测模型。模型验证结果表明:SSA-RF模型在训练集和测试集的均方根误差分别降至0.010 8和0.019 1,决定系数R2提升至0.999 7和0.998 1,显示模型优异的预测准确性和泛化能力。进一步提出ISSA-RF-SSA算法,融合多种策略改进SSA,实现燃烧参数的全局极值寻优。工程验证显示,ISSA-RF-SSA算法预测飞灰含碳量与实际值误差为0.03百分点,该算法优化后锅炉实际飞灰含碳量由2.500%降至1.345%。研究结果表明,通过多策略改进的ISSA-RF-SSA方法显著提升了算法的寻优性能,为燃煤机组燃烧优化提供了新思路。

燃煤锅炉  /  飞灰含碳量  /  燃烧优化  /  麻雀搜索算法  /  随机森林

In view of the problems that conventional fly ash carbon content prediction models are prone to fall into local optimal solution traps and have insufficient generalization ability, based on the boiler hot-state multi-condition tests, 28 key characteristic parameters are selected through data collection, processing, Pearson correlation analysis of variables, and importance ranking, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is used to determine the optimal hyper-parameters of the random forest (RF) model, and an SSA-RF prediction model is constructed. The model verification results show that the root-mean-square error of the SSA-RF model in the training set and the test set decreases to 0.010 8 and 0.019 1 respectively, and the coefficient of determination R2 increases to 0.999 7 and 0.998 1 respectively, demonstrating the excellent prediction accuracy and generalization ability of the model. Furthermore, the ISSA-RF-SSA algorithm is proposed. The SSA is improved by integrating multiple strategies to achieve global extreme value optimization of combustion parameters. Engineering verification shows that after optimization, the carbon content in fly ash decreased from 2.500% to 1.345%, and the prediction error was only 0.003 percentage points, verifying the accuracy of the model. The research results indicate that the ISSA-RF-SSA method improved by multiple strategies significantly enhances the optimization performance of the algorithm, providing a new idea for the combustion optimization of coal-fired units.

coal-fired boiler  /  carbon content in fly ash  /  combustion optimization  /  sparrow search algorithm  /  random forest
侯儒伟, 田放, 蔡浩, 马华, 刘伯阳. 基于ISSA-RF-SSA的飞灰含碳量预测与燃烧优化调整. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503038
Ruwei HOU, Fang TIAN, Hao CAI, Hua MA, Boyang LIU. Fly ash carbon content prediction and combustion optimization adjustment based on ISSA-RF-SSA[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 134 -141 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503038
飞灰含碳量作为锅炉运行过程中一项关键指标对燃烧效率产生重要影响[1],影响飞灰含碳量的因素较多,包括锅炉设计结构等固定布置参数、运行人员操作水平、入炉煤种性质、燃烧方式等[2-3]。因此,构建飞灰含碳量与运行参数之间的关系,对锅炉燃烧过程中的关键参数进行精确控制和调整,并实现其优化运行,显得尤为关键。
为了解决上述问题,国内多数电厂通过锅炉热态多工况试验对锅炉运行参数进行优化,达到节能降耗减排的目的。然而,锅炉运行工况参数对飞灰含碳量的影响存在非线性、强耦合的特点[4-6],周昊等[7]在研究中指出依靠热态多工况试验实测工作量大,且容易偏离最佳工况无法求得最低飞灰含碳量。
在互联网、大数据、人工智能与实体经济深度融合的时代背景下,陈波等[8]利用遗传算法改进的神经网络算法,结合电厂日常测量数据,实现了飞灰含碳量的实时计算。陈植元等[9]基于机器学习构建了飞灰含碳量预测模型,并通过递归特征消除方法优化特征,提高了预测准确性。骆海瑞[10]提出基于分步特征处理和LightGBM的飞灰含碳量软测量模型,通过数据处理、特征工程和建模3个步骤,提高了预测结果的精确度和模型的鲁棒性。陈浩[11]提出基于主成分分析法(principal component analysi,PCA)和BP神经网络模型对飞灰含碳量进行优化预测,并应用狼群算法[12]对锅炉燃烧参数进行了多维度优化,显著提高了燃烧效率。但这些预测方法存在容易产生局部最优解、模型泛化能力低的缺点。
基于此,本文构建了SSA-RF(sparrow search algorithm-random forest)飞灰含碳量预测模型。该模型采用麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)对RF模型进行参数优化,通过增强算法的全局探索能力,显著提升随机森林模型超参数组合的优化效率,有效规避局部最优解陷阱。为进一步优化锅炉燃烧运行参数,实现对锅炉燃烧过程的精细控制,本文提出了基于ISSA-RF-SSA的锅炉燃烧运行参数优化方法,对锅炉燃烧运行参数进行全局极值寻优,找到最优的燃烧运行参数组合,实现飞灰含碳量的最小化,为锅炉燃烧调整提高热效率提供了新的方法和思路。
研究锅炉为上海锅炉厂有限公司生产的SG-480/11.5-M2207高压超高温煤粉锅炉,锅炉采用自然循环、单炉膛、平衡通风、露天布置、固态排渣、全钢全悬吊结构、Π型布置,锅炉四角布置均等配风直流式燃烧器,锅炉运行方式为以热定电不参与调峰。
在炉膛四角各布置4层燃烧器,每层4只,共16只燃烧器。同时在上层燃烧器上方设置1层紧凑燃尽风(UAP),将部分二次风送入炉膛。在主风箱上部布置SOFA风箱,包括2层可分离燃尽风(AGP)喷嘴。每个SOFA喷嘴可通过执行机构作上下30°的摆动。
为探究烟气流场分布及燃烧系统状态对飞灰含碳量的影响,本文对锅炉进行了热态多工况试验。试验内容涵盖摸底试验、总风量调整、配风方式调整、燃尽风调整、周界风调整、燃烧器摆角调整、磨组合调整以及优化工况等变工况试验,详细试验内容及结果见表1。锅炉热态多工况试验结果揭示,飞灰含碳量(质量分数,下同)受多种运行参数的综合影响,其中旋转分离器转速、磨组合方式以及配风方式的影响尤为显著。
模型构建的流程如图1所示。
基于锅炉热态多工况试验及机组实际运行情况,本文选取了锅炉二次风喷口(AGP1、AGP2、UAP、D、CD、C、BC、B、AB、A、AA)开度、4台磨煤机(A、B、C、D)分离器转速、4台磨煤机(A、B、C、D)出口风粉温度、AGP风喷嘴摆角、燃烧器摆角、4台磨煤机(A、B、C、D)进口一次风压、省煤器入口(A、B)一次烟温、左右大风箱与炉膛压差、左右一次风与炉膛压差、氧量、排烟温度、入炉煤全水、灰分、低位发热量等37个运行参数作为模型输入变量,模型输出为飞灰含碳量。
数据采集自2024年10月24日至2024年11月4日锅炉热态运行下的多工况试验。按照表1所列时间范围,在工程师工作站从分散控制系统(distributed control system,DCS)中提取数据,采样间隔为1 min,并结合入炉煤质分析报告,共获得26 973条观测数据和729组输入变量。对于检测到的异常数据,本文采用边界值替换策略,并运用线性插值法对数据缺失部分进行了有效填补。随机选取585组数据作为模型的训练集,余下数据作为测试集。在模型训练前,用Mapminmax函数对训练集特征及测试集特征进行归一化处理,其数学表达式为:
xnew=xxminxmaxxmin
式中:xmaxxmin分别为试验数据的最大值和最小值。
通过归一化算法将实际的数据映射在[0, 1]区间进行处理。各热态试验工况下实测的飞灰含碳量见表1
通过对数据集进行Pearson相关性分析,具体如图2所示。结果表明煤的水分、灰分与低位发热量间存在强相关性,相关系数均超过0.98;左侧一次风与炉膛的压差、右侧一次风与炉膛的压差间同样存在强相关性,相关系数也均超过0.98。基于初始变量训练集构建了随机森林(random forest,RF)模型,并对各初始变量的重要性进行了排序,结果如图3所示。
本文采用均方根误差δRMSE和决定系数R2作为评估模型预测性能的指标,并通过逐步剔除重要性较低的变量,对RF模型进行了重新训练。图4展示了在不同变量条件下,均方根误差δRMSE与决定系数R2的变化关系。
分析图4可以得出,当初始变量数量为28时,δRMSE达到最小值,R2达到最大值。综合考虑图3中初始变量的重要性排序及图2中初始变量的相关性系数,本文采取了删除相关性较高的变量的策略,优化飞灰含碳量预测模型的输入参数。在此过程中,被剔除的初始变量包括氧量、燃烧器摆角、二次风喷口DD、磨煤机A出口温度、左右一次风与炉膛压差、入炉煤全水、灰分以及低位发热量。
本文针对初始化的RF模型,采用SSA进行优化。在优化过程的初始阶段,首先根据表2设定参数,优化参数的维度定为2,同时为各参数设定取值范围,下限设为[1, 1],上限设为[1 000, 500],以此限定搜索空间;此外,设定麻雀种群数量为100、最大迭代次数为200,这些参数为后续的优化搜索奠定基础。在迭代过程中,严格按照SSA的数学模型与规则,设置相关参数(表2),动态更新代表RF参数的麻雀位置。每次迭代均针对当前的参数组合计算目标函数值,采用五折交叉验证评价SSA-RF的拟合效果以全面评估该组合的性能表现。经过多轮迭代,SSA算法收敛至全局最优解,得到最优参数决策树数目ntree为778以及与决策树深度相关的单棵树特征选择数mtry为472。最终,选定的2个最优参数被应用于构建RF模型。
为系统评估不同模型在飞灰含碳量预测中的有效性,本研究综合梳理现有文献中的典型模型,对多元线性回归(multipe linear regression,MLR)、RF、BP神经网络(backpropagation neural network,BPNN)、基于花授粉算法优化的随机森林(flower pollination algorithm-random forest,FPA-RF)、粒子群优化支持向量机(partide swarm optimization-support vector machine,PSO-SVM)及SSA-RF模型在训练集与测试集上的预测性能展开对比分析。在基础模型构建方面,RF与BPNN采用网格搜索(grid search)方法进行超参数优化。该方法通过预设参数空间的系统性搜索,确保模型在训练过程中能够获取最优的超参数组合,从而提升预测精度。对于智能算法优化模型,PSO-SVM模型借助粒子群优化算法(pollination algorithm,PSO)对支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的核心参数进行寻优,最终确定惩罚参数c=361.86与径向基核函数参数g=0.95,以此构建最优的非线性映射模型。FPA-RF模型则通过花授粉算法(flower pollination algorithm,FPA)对随机森林的关键超参数进行优化,经迭代寻优后确定决策树数目ntree=60及单棵树特征选择数mtry=40,在平衡模型复杂度与泛化能力的同时,增强对高维数据的拟合能力。
各飞灰含碳量预测模型拟合结果见表3。与未优化的RF模型相比,经SSA参数优化后构建的SSA-RF模型在飞灰含碳量预测中表现出更优的拟合效果:训练集与测试集的均方根误差δRMSE和平均绝对误差δMAE均呈现下降趋势,其中训练集δMAE降低0.001 9,测试集δMAE降低0.009 3;训练集决定系数R2提高0.000 4,测试集R2提高0.003 9。从关键性能指标的具体数值值来看,SSA-RF模型在训练集与测试集上的δRMSEδMAER2均显著优于MLR、BPNN、RF、FPA-RF和PSO-SVM等对比模型。
图5为预测值-真实值散点图,进一步对比分析可知:SSA-RF模型的预测点最贴近1:1拟合线,数据点分布集中且离散程度最低,表明其预测值与真实值的一致性最高;FPA-RF模型的预测点分布次之,显示出较好的拟合效果;而BPNN模型的预测点出现明显偏离拟合线的趋势,反映出其在非线性映射中的局限性;MLR模型的预测点离散度最大,且存在较多离群点,直接体现了线性模型在处理复杂非线性关系时的泛化能力不足。上述量化指标与对比结果形成互补验证,共同表明:SSA算法通过优化随机森林的超参数配置,有效降低了模型在训练过程中的偏差与方差,显著提升了预测精度;同时,该优化策略增强了模型对未知数据的泛化能力,使SSA-RF在飞灰含碳量预测任务中表现出相较于其他模型的显著优势。
锅炉燃烧运行参数的优化过程可划分为2个阶段:首先,构建SSA-RF模型对锅炉多热态试验工况产生的历史燃烧数据进行训练与拟合,进而获得最佳的锅炉飞灰含碳量预测模型;随后,利用改进后的麻雀搜索算法ISSA对SSA-RF飞灰含碳量预测模型进行全局极值寻优,确定锅炉的最优燃烧运行参数。
1)在SSA-RF飞灰含碳量预测模型的训练与拟合阶段,该模型可视为一个非线性映射函数。在此函数中,锅炉燃烧过程中的运行参数作为自变量输入,而飞灰含碳量则作为因变量输出。通过分析表3图5的数据可以观察到,SSA-RF模型的预测值与实际值之间的误差较小,这表明模型的预测结果与实际值具有较高的吻合度,能够精确预测飞灰含碳量。此外,这也反映出SSA-RF模型能够有效揭示锅炉燃烧运行参数与飞灰含碳量之间的非线性、耦合性较强的复杂关系。
2)从锅炉多热态工况试验及SSA-RF模型训练拟合结果可知,锅炉燃烧运行参数对飞灰含碳量特性具有显著影响。因此,在锅炉稳态运行状态下,锅炉燃烧优化问题即为:ISSA对RF-SSA模型飞灰含碳量极值进行寻优,确定最优的锅炉燃烧运行参数。将飞灰含碳量最小作为ISSA的优化目标,选取锅炉二次风喷口(AGP1、AGP2、UAP、D、CD、C、BC、B、AB、A、AA)开度、4台磨煤机(A、B、C、D)分离器转速、3台磨煤机(B、C、D)出口风粉温度、AGP风喷嘴摆角、4台磨煤机(A、B、C、D)进口一次风压、省煤器入口(A、B)一次烟温、左右大风箱与炉膛压差、排烟温度等28个运行参数作为待优化的运行参数,并给出了参数的取值范围,其中省煤器入口(A、B)一次烟温与排烟温度在实际燃烧运行调整中作为不可调节量,主要作为数学模型的约束。相应的数学模型可表示为式(2)。
{Fmin=f(xi)0x1,,x11100%90 r/minx12,,x15120 r/min50 x16,,x1870 0x19100%5 kPax20,,x237 kPa500 x24,x25600 0x26,x271 kPa100 x28160 
式中:x1x11分别为锅炉二次风喷口AGP1、AGP2、UAP、D、CD、C、BC、B、AB、A、AA开度;x12x15为4台磨煤机A、B、C、D分离器转速;x16x18为3台磨煤机B、C、D出口风粉温度;x19为AGP风喷嘴摆角;x20x23为4台磨煤机A、B、C、D进口一次风压;x24、x25为省煤器入口A、B一次烟温;x26、x27为左右大风箱与炉膛压差;x28为排烟温度;Fmin=f(xi)为ISSA的适应度函数,Fmin为飞灰含碳量。
改进的麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)是SSA的基础上,融合了Logistic-Tent混沌映射[13]、Levy飞行[14]以及自适应t分布变异策略[15]。通过Logistic-Tent混沌映射对SSA的初始化过程进行优化,有效解决了传统SSA中麻雀种群个体初始位置随机分配不均的问题,从而提高了跳出局部最优解的可能性。此外,引入了自适应t分布变异机制,该机制根据迭代进程动态调整t分布的自由度,增强搜索过程的多样性。同时,算法中嵌入了Levy飞行策略,以一定的概率根据Levy飞行的步长更新位置,这些改进显著提升了算法跳出局部最优解的能力,并优化了搜索性能。经过优化的ISSA展现出优秀的全局极值寻优能力。结合SSA-RF模型,构建了ISSA-RF-SSA算法,寻找最优个体,该个体基于SSA-RF模型得到的最优飞灰含碳量模型预测输出,构建了相应的适应度函数Fmin=f(xi),去除较差个体。
通过构建的ISSA-RF-SSA算法进行全局极值寻优,并对比了未经改进的SSA-RF-SSA算法的寻优结果,得到适应度曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,ISSA-RF-SSA算法迭代200代后,适应度收敛于1.348 2,而第94次迭代之后SSA-RF-SSA算法适应度收敛于1.630 6,ISSA-RF-SSA算法在迭代过程中表现出了更快的收敛速度和更好的全局寻优能力。最优个体对应的锅炉燃烧运行参数见表4
为深入验证ISSA-RF-SSA算法的优化效果,本文选取了最优个体适应度为1.348 2的锅炉燃烧运行参数(表4),并将其应用于实际的锅炉燃烧过程中。在锅炉吹灰作业完成后,机组负荷达到稳定运行状态时,依据表4所列参数对二次风挡板、分离器转速、一次风压、冷热一次风挡板开度等操作参数进行了调整。试验工况的时间为10:00—14:00,期间每隔1 h从电除尘第一电场的取样点取出飞灰样本,送至化验室进行检测。4次飞灰含碳量的平均值为1.345%,与模型预测结果的误差为0.003百分点,这表明RF-SSA模型的预测值与实际值高度吻合,进一步证实了模型的有效性和准确性。此外,通过对比优化前的锅炉运行数据,采用ISSA-RF-SSA算法优化后的燃烧参数将飞灰含碳量从2.500%降低至1.345%,减少了1.155百分点。
针对燃煤锅炉飞灰含碳量预测模型存在局部最优解陷阱和泛化能力不足的问题,提出基于麻雀搜索算法优化随机森林的飞灰含碳量预测模型,通过混沌映射、Levy飞行和自适应变异策略改进的ISSA-RF-SSA算法实现燃烧参数全局寻优。试验表明,SSA-RF模型在训练集和测试集的δRMSE分别为0.010 8和0.019 1,R2提升至0.999 7和0.998 1,较RF和BP神经网络模型预测精度高。实际工程验证表明:ISSA-RF-SSA算法预测结果与实际飞碳含碳量误差为0.003百分点,优化后锅炉飞灰含碳量从2.500%降至1.345%。而锅炉运行中依然存在多参数耦合的状况,在后续研究中,要开展长期运行监测,排除其他参数的影响,进一步提升优化系统的鲁棒性,并开展多目标优化研究,整合供电供热煤耗、NOx排放等参数,形成综合评价体系。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503038
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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    华能南京热电有限公司,江苏 南京 210035

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田放(1985),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂锅炉运行优化控制,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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