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Article(id=1217836118536536885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356959, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836118754640706, articleId=1217836118536536885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and development and industrial application demonstration of the localization technology of phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids, serving as hydraulic working medium for the speed regulation system of steam turbines, play a crucial role in the normal operation of steam turbines. Currently, imported products dominate the phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids market for the speed regulation system of steam turbines in domestic power generation units. To break the power industry’s high dependence on imported fire-resistant fluids, it is imperative to develop domestic phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids through independent research and application. Through performance evaluation of various domestic tri-aryl phosphate esters, tri-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate was identified as the optimal choice for domestic fire-resistant fluid development. Via oxidation and adsorption refining processes, the stability of the domestic tri-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate was significantly enhanced, resulting in the successful development of high-performance phosphate ester fire-resistant base oil. After the research on various additives, an optimized additive formulation was established, ultimately producing high-performance phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid that meets the new fluid requirements specified in Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Phosphate Ester Fire-resistant Fluid Used in Power Plant (DL/T 571—2014). Static and dynamic simulated aging tests demonstrated that the domestic phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid exhibits superior anti-aging performance compared to the commercially available alternatives. Following one year of industrial demonstration in power generation units, the fluid maintained new-oil quality standards throughout the application period, with the turbine governing system operating normally.

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磷酸酯抗燃油作为汽轮机调速系统液压工作介质，对汽轮机正常运转起着至关重要的作用。目前，国内发电机组汽轮机调速系统用磷酸酯抗燃油被进口产品垄断，为打破电力行业高度依赖进口抗燃油的局面，需开展磷酸酯抗燃油国产化研制及应用工作。通过对不同种类国产三芳基磷酸酯性能评价分析，确定适用于国产抗燃油研发的三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯；采用氧化和吸附工艺对国产三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯进行精制处理，显著提升了三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯稳定性能，研制出高性能磷酸酯抗燃油基础油；通过多种添加剂研究，确定添加剂复配方案，得到满足《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》（DL/T 571—2014）中新油要求的高性能磷酸酯抗燃油；国产抗燃油静态和动态模拟老化实验研究表明，国产磷酸酯抗燃油抗老化性能优于市售抗燃油；国产磷酸酯抗燃油在发电机组开展1年的工业示范应用期间，油质长期处于新油水平，发电机组调速系统运行正常。

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高占阳（1993），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。
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王娟（1982），女，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。

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王娟（1982），女，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。

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王娟（1982），女，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。

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Effect of running temperature on thermal oxidation stability of phosphate ester fire-resistant oil[J]. 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Tongchuan 727100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836120512054217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, companyId=1217836120491082693, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华能铜川照金煤电有限公司，陕西　铜川　727100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217836127671730403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of acid values between TXP and base oil during aging, figureFileSmall=FCU4ZHl3BC7v9fqxsn/YbQ==, figureFileBig=iQFxeBE9fIJqswlYkNW7jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127776588010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TXP和基础油老化期间酸值对比, figureFileSmall=FCU4ZHl3BC7v9fqxsn/YbQ==, figureFileBig=iQFxeBE9fIJqswlYkNW7jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128116326648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The acid values of domestic and two commercial available fire-resistant fuels (No.1 and No.2) during aging, figureFileSmall=7WSiazR6iLLbp6CM46XWgQ==, figureFileBig=o4XE01nhAsO+e8oD8JIxIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128216989949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=图2, caption=国产抗燃油和1号、2号市售抗燃油老化期间酸值, figureFileSmall=7WSiazR6iLLbp6CM46XWgQ==, figureFileBig=o4XE01nhAsO+e8oD8JIxIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128263127298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Design diagram of dynamic simulation test bench, figureFileSmall=6Nv2i20IHxsXXr4Z5+IEww==, figureFileBig=hILN1guVc2CN0U3EgC5DcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128351207687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Change of acid value of domestic fire-resistant fuels during the demonstration application of unit A, figureFileSmall=Bhz7StZVXcPnCFPE0AAbFQ==, figureFileBig=epQI2VND1Vdw7Bb1crc41Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128753860887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=图5, caption=A电厂机组示范应用期间国产抗燃油酸值变化, figureFileSmall=Bhz7StZVXcPnCFPE0AAbFQ==, figureFileBig=epQI2VND1Vdw7Bb1crc41Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128867107099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Change of electrical resistivity of domestic fire-resistant fuels during demonstration application, figureFileSmall=HWHh7KUdusrzYIotJ5AysQ==, figureFileBig=7qb73JPxhQjuaR8+Jcjjwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128967770401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=图6, caption=示范应用期间国产抗燃油电阻率变化, figureFileSmall=HWHh7KUdusrzYIotJ5AysQ==, figureFileBig=7qb73JPxhQjuaR8+Jcjjwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129072628005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test results of triaryl phosphate esters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标TXPIPPPDBPP
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄淡黄色无色淡黄色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130～1 1701 1341 1251 124
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.2945.2644.35
倾点/℃≤–18–24–23–23
闪点（开口）/℃≥240265247255
自燃点/℃≥530563495535
水分/(mg·L–1)≤600255232245
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.0350.0480.056
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤50242022
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/010/030/020/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/010/010/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10102.2×10102.0×10101.5×1010
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.66.57.4
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.101.270.33
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.481.130.95
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.0–0.2+0.4+0.2
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.0–1.2–0.7+0.2
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤6898
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129148125482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三芳基磷酸酯检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标TXPIPPPDBPP
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄淡黄色无色淡黄色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130～1 1701 1341 1251 124
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.2945.2644.35
倾点/℃≤–18–24–23–23
闪点（开口）/℃≥240265247255
自燃点/℃≥530563495535
水分/(mg·L–1)≤600255232245
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.0350.0480.056
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤50242022
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/010/030/020/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/010/010/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10102.2×10102.0×10101.5×1010
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.66.57.4
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.101.270.33
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.481.130.95
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.0–0.2+0.4+0.2
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.0–1.2–0.7+0.2
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤6898
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129227817262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test results of base oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标TXP基础油
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄淡黄色无色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130～1 1701 1341 134
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.2948.32
倾点/℃≤–18–24–24
闪点（开口）/℃≥240265269
自燃点/℃≥530563565
水分(mg·L–1)≤600255192
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.0350.009
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤502414
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/00/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10102.2×10103.3×1011
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.60.4
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.100.02
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.480.20
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.0–0.2+0.2
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.0–1.20
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤685
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129349452087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基础油检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标TXP基础油
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄淡黄色无色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130～1 1701 1341 134
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.2948.32
倾点/℃≤–18–24–24
闪点（开口）/℃≥240265269
自燃点/℃≥530563565
水分(mg·L–1)≤600255192
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.0350.009
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤502414
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/00/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/010/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10102.2×10103.3×1011
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.60.4
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.100.02
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.480.20
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.0–0.2+0.2
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.0–1.20
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤685
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129471086908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Test results of domestic phosphate ester fire-resistant oil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标磷酸酯抗燃油
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄无色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130.0～1 170.01 134.0
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.48
倾点/℃≤–18–24
闪点（开口）/℃≥240270
自燃点/℃≥530563
水分/(mg·L–1)≤600212
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.013
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤5013
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/00/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10105.6×1011
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.6
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.02
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.12
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.00
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.00
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤61
), ArticleFig(id=1217836130754543937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国产磷酸酯抗燃油检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目DL/T 571质量指标磷酸酯抗燃油
外观透明，无杂质或悬浮物
颜色无色或淡黄无色
密度（20 ℃）/(kg·m–3)1 130.0～1 170.01 134.0
运动黏度（40 ℃）/(mm2·s–1)41.40～50.6048.48
倾点/℃≤–18–24
闪点（开口）/℃≥240270
自燃点/℃≥530563
水分/(mg·L–1)≤600212
酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.0500.013
氯质量分数/(mg·kg–1)≤5013
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃≤50/00/0
93.5 ℃≤10/00/0
后24.0 ℃≤50/00/0
电阻率（20 ℃）/(Ω·cm)≥1.0×10105.6×1011
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min≤6.00.6
水解安定性/(mgKOH·g–1)≤0.500.02
氧化安定性酸值/(mgKOH·g–1)≤1.500.12
钢片质量变化/mg≤1.00
铜片质量变化/mg≤2.00
颗粒污染度（SAE AS4059F）/级≤61
), ArticleFig(id=1217836130851012932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Foam characteristics and air release values of domestic fire-resistant fuel during dynamic simulation test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新油第31天第59天第90天第120天
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min0.40.90.70.80.7
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃10/020/025/020/020/0
93.5 ℃0/010/00/010/00/0
后24.0 ℃10/025/025/020/020/0
), ArticleFig(id=1217836130943287624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836118536536885, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

动态模拟实验期间国产抗燃油泡沫特性和空气释放值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新油第31天第59天第90天第120天
空气释放值（50 ℃）/min0.40.90.70.80.7
泡沫特性/(mL·mL–1)24.0 ℃10/020/025/020/020/0
93.5 ℃0/010/00/010/00/0
后24.0 ℃10/025/025/020/020/0
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磷酸酯抗燃油国产化技术研发及工业应用示范
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王娟 1 , 高占阳 1 , 杨大锚 2 , 梁永吉 2 , 龙国军 1 , 王笑微 1 , 冯丽苹 1 , 谢佳林 1 , 刘钊 1 , 张晋玮 1 , 文乐 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(12): 142-149
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(12): 142-149
磷酸酯抗燃油国产化技术研发及工业应用示范
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王娟1 , 高占阳1 , 杨大锚2, 梁永吉2, 龙国军1, 王笑微1, 冯丽苹1, 谢佳林1, 刘钊1, 张晋玮1, 文乐2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 2.华能铜川照金煤电有限公司，陕西　铜川　727100

    • 王娟（1982），女，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。

通讯作者:

高占阳（1993），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。
Research and development and industrial application demonstration of the localization technology of phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids
Juan WANG1 , Zhanyang GAO1 , Damao YANG2, Yongji LIANG2, Guojun LONG1, Xiaowei WANG1, Liping FENG1, Jialin XIE1, Zhao LIU1, Jinwei ZHANG1, Le WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Tongchuan Zhaojin Coal Power Co., Ltd., Tongchuan 727100, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503039
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摘要
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磷酸酯抗燃油作为汽轮机调速系统液压工作介质，对汽轮机正常运转起着至关重要的作用。目前，国内发电机组汽轮机调速系统用磷酸酯抗燃油被进口产品垄断，为打破电力行业高度依赖进口抗燃油的局面，需开展磷酸酯抗燃油国产化研制及应用工作。通过对不同种类国产三芳基磷酸酯性能评价分析，确定适用于国产抗燃油研发的三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯；采用氧化和吸附工艺对国产三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯进行精制处理，显著提升了三-（二甲基苯基）磷酸酯稳定性能，研制出高性能磷酸酯抗燃油基础油；通过多种添加剂研究，确定添加剂复配方案，得到满足《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》（DL/T 571—2014）中新油要求的高性能磷酸酯抗燃油；国产抗燃油静态和动态模拟老化实验研究表明，国产磷酸酯抗燃油抗老化性能优于市售抗燃油；国产磷酸酯抗燃油在发电机组开展1年的工业示范应用期间，油质长期处于新油水平，发电机组调速系统运行正常。

三芳基磷酸酯  /  基础油  /  添加剂  /  动态模拟  /  国产化  /  工业应用

Phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids, serving as hydraulic working medium for the speed regulation system of steam turbines, play a crucial role in the normal operation of steam turbines. Currently, imported products dominate the phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids market for the speed regulation system of steam turbines in domestic power generation units. To break the power industry’s high dependence on imported fire-resistant fluids, it is imperative to develop domestic phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids through independent research and application. Through performance evaluation of various domestic tri-aryl phosphate esters, tri-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate was identified as the optimal choice for domestic fire-resistant fluid development. Via oxidation and adsorption refining processes, the stability of the domestic tri-(dimethylphenyl) phosphate was significantly enhanced, resulting in the successful development of high-performance phosphate ester fire-resistant base oil. After the research on various additives, an optimized additive formulation was established, ultimately producing high-performance phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid that meets the new fluid requirements specified in Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Phosphate Ester Fire-resistant Fluid Used in Power Plant (DL/T 571—2014). Static and dynamic simulated aging tests demonstrated that the domestic phosphate ester fire-resistant fluid exhibits superior anti-aging performance compared to the commercially available alternatives. Following one year of industrial demonstration in power generation units, the fluid maintained new-oil quality standards throughout the application period, with the turbine governing system operating normally.

tri-aryl phosphate esters  /  base oil  /  additives  /  dynamic simulation  /  localization  /  industrial application
王娟, 高占阳, 杨大锚, 梁永吉, 龙国军, 王笑微, 冯丽苹, 谢佳林, 刘钊, 张晋玮, 文乐. 磷酸酯抗燃油国产化技术研发及工业应用示范. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 142 -149 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503039
Juan WANG, Zhanyang GAO, Damao YANG, Yongji LIANG, Guojun LONG, Xiaowei WANG, Liping FENG, Jialin XIE, Zhao LIU, Jinwei ZHANG, Le WEN. Research and development and industrial application demonstration of the localization technology of phosphate ester fire-resistant fluids[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 142 -149 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503039
正文
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汽轮机调速系统是调节汽轮发电机组转速，使其与外界负荷保持平衡的系统，被称为汽轮机神经中枢。磷酸酯抗燃油是发电厂汽轮机调速系统的液压工作介质，可确保汽轮机主蒸汽阀和调节蒸汽阀等快速、可靠、灵敏动作，从而保证汽轮机安全稳定运行[1-5]。目前，国内发电机组调速系统使用的几乎均为进口磷酸酯抗燃油[6]，受国际局势等多方面因素影响，使得我国发电企业进口磷酸酯抗燃油的采购风险与日俱增。因此，为打破我国电力行业高度依赖进口抗燃油的局面，实现其自主可控，解决该领域“卡脖子”难题，并降低发电企业运维成本，亟需开展磷酸酯抗燃油国产化研制及示范应用工作。
20世纪30年代，国外开始对磷酸酯抗燃油应用开展相关研究；60年代至今，磷酸酯抗燃油开始普遍应用至火力或核电等发电机组调速系统；近年来，ICL以色列化工集团和德国朗盛公司开发出了Fyrquel系列和Turbofluid系列磷酸酯抗燃油，并迅速占据国内外市场。20世纪70年代，国内开始了针对磷酸酯抗燃油产品的研究。最早由石油化工科学研究院和上海彭浦化工厂联合研制生产并在上海和安徽发电厂的不同机组开展应用性研究。但该磷酸酯抗燃油氯质量分数较高，最高可达到4 000 mg/kg，造成设备腐蚀，最终未能展开大面积的工业应用。20世纪80、90年代，天津滨海化工厂等单位也研制出了磷酸酯抗燃油，但随着我国高参数、大容量发电机组的不断建设，汽轮机调速系统对磷酸酯抗燃油的性能提出更高要求，国产抗燃油产品因其体积电阻率、氯含量和泡沫特性等关键指标不符合《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》标准，无法满足使用要求[7-10]。目前，国内所有发电机组汽轮机调速系统用油依然被进口抗燃油垄断。
为打破进口磷酸酯抗燃油垄断局面，解决磷酸酯抗燃油研制过程中的关键技术问题，本文对磷酸酯抗燃油原料三芳基磷酸酯进行分析及深度处理得到高性能基础油；并通过开展添加剂研究，确定了添加剂种类和加入比例；将二者复配，获得满足《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》（DL/T 571—2014）的国产磷酸酯抗燃油；最后，对所制备的磷酸酯抗燃油试样进行动态模拟实验和示范应用研究，全面评估验证抗燃油性能。
1　磷酸酯抗燃油研制
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1.1　磷酸酯抗燃油基础油研制
磷酸酯抗燃油是由基础油与少量添加剂复配而成，而基础油是通过对三芳基磷酸酯进一步精制处理后得到，因此，磷酸酯抗燃油的性能与其使用的基础油尤其是三芳基磷酸酯的性能直接相关。三芳基磷酸酯因具有毒性低、稳定性好以及阻燃性能优异等特点常作为阻燃剂和增塑剂使用，而且三芳基磷酸酯国内生产厂家众多，产量较大[11-15]。为充分了解国内三芳基磷酸酯与进口抗燃油的性能差异，本文选取了国内不同生产厂家生产的3种三芳基磷酸酯，磷酸酯纯度均为98%。包括：以三（二甲基苯）基磷酸酯为主要成分的三芳基磷酸酯（简称TXP），以三（异丙基苯基）磷酸酯为主要成分的三芳基磷酸酯（简称IPPP）和以二（叔丁基苯基）苯基磷酸酯为主要成分的三芳基磷酸酯（简称DBPP）按照《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》（DL/T 571—2014）标准开展分析检测。表1为三芳基磷酸酯检测结果。
由表1检测结果可知：DBPP空气释放值、IPPP自燃点和水解安定性均比较差，与《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》标准要求有较大差距，不宜用于国产磷酸酯抗燃油的研发；TXP在3种原料中综合性能较为优异，可作为基础油原料，用于磷酸酯抗燃油研制。TXP较其他种类的三芳基磷酸酯在空气释放值、自燃点以及闪点等指标和抗老化性能方面体现出了优势，但与成品抗燃油相比，其酸值、电阻率尤其是氧化安定性等方面仍有差距，故需进行精制处理，进一步改善其性能。
采用氧化和吸附等工艺对TXP进行精制处理。随后对基础油（处理后TXP）按照DL/T 571标准要求进行全分析测试，检测结果如表2所示。由表2可知，处理后TXP较处理前酸值、电阻率、水解安定性和氧化安定性指标均得到明显改善。其中，电阻率由2.2×1010 Ω·cm提升至3.3×1011 Ω·cm，提升10余倍，氧化安定性由0.48 mgKOH/g降至0.20 mgKOH/g，基础油稳定性能显著提升。
为进一步评价基础油性能，对基础油按照《磷酸酯抗燃油闭口杯老化测定法》（DL/T 1705—2017）标准要求开展闭口杯老化实验，跟踪检测被老化油样的酸值关键指标。图1为老化期间TXP和基础油酸值变化趋势。
由实验结果可知，随着老化时间的延长，TXP和基础油酸值均呈现不同程度的劣化。其中，TXP酸值第20天达到0.15 mgKOH/g，基础油酸值在第29天达到0.15 mgKOH/g，TXP酸值劣化速度明显快于基础油。表明基础油抗老化性能明显优于深度处理前的TXP。
1.2　添加剂配方
磷酸酯抗燃油在运行过程中，受环境影响会发生一定程度的水解和氧化，导致油样酸值升高、电阻率下降和油泥析出。为抑制以上反应的发生，需加入一定量的油品添加剂[16-19]。通过对抗氧化剂、抗水解剂、金属钝化剂和辅助剂等多种添加剂研究，确定了添加剂复合配方和加入剂量。基础油和添加剂复配后得到国产磷酸酯抗燃油。对国产磷酸酯抗燃油进行全分析检测，结果如表3所示。由表3可知，添加剂复配后得到的国产磷酸酯抗燃油性能指标完全满足《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》标准。
2　磷酸酯抗燃油性能评价
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2.1　磷酸酯抗燃油静态老化实验
为进一步评价国产抗燃油性能，对国产抗燃油和2种市售抗燃油（1号、2号）进行闭口杯老化实验，具体实验条件参照DL/T 1705—2017标准要求。实验期间跟踪检测抗燃油酸值，国产抗燃油和市售抗燃油老化期间酸值对比如图2所示。由老化实验结果可知，随着老化时间的延长，国产抗燃油与1号和2号市售抗燃油酸值均逐渐增加。2号市售抗燃油酸值在第52天达到0.15 mgKOH/g，1号市售抗燃油酸值在第57天达到0.15 mgKOH/g，国产抗燃油酸值在第67天达到0.15 mgKOH/g。国产抗燃油酸值劣化速度明显慢于1号和2号市售抗燃油，稳定性能优异。
2.2　磷酸酯抗燃油动态模拟实验
为评价磷酸酯抗燃油在动态循环条件下稳定性能，设计并制作抗燃油实验台架[20-21]。动态模拟实验台架设计如图3所示。该台架可模拟电厂用抗燃油的实际运行工况，提供稳定的高循环流量、高压等运行条件，并能够提供高温等加速油品劣化的运行环境，用以在短时间内快速评定磷酸酯抗燃油的关键性能指标。为模拟电厂抗燃油系统运行工况，同时加快国产抗燃油老化速度，达到快速评价国产抗燃油试样性能的效果，设定动态模拟实验的压力为14.5 MPa，该压力为发电机组液压调速系统运行压力；实验温度为80 ℃，高于电厂抗燃油系统运行温度（发电机组液压调速系统运行温度一般为35~50 ℃），该温度可加速抗燃油老化。放置铜丝催化剂，铜丝用量为DL/T 1705—2017标准规定用量的2倍，该用量可进一步显著加速抗燃油老化，短时间内准确评价抗燃油稳定性能。实验开始前，用国产和市售抗燃油新油冲洗至颗粒度不大于5级，注入符合DL/T 571—2014标准要求的国产和市售抗燃油新油，开始动态模拟实验。
动态模拟实验期间，对国产抗燃油、1号和2号市售抗燃油酸值、泡沫特性和空气释放值等指标进行跟踪检测，检测结果如图4和表4所示。
由图4可知，随着动态模拟实验的进行，国产抗燃油、1号和2号市售抗燃油酸值均有不同程度增加。当循环至第42天时，1号市售抗燃油酸值为0.152 mg KOH/g，2号市售抗燃油酸值为0.067 mg KOH/g，国产抗燃油酸值为0.092 mg KOH/g。此时，1号抗燃油酸值已超过DL/T 571—2014标准要求的运行抗燃油指标，对1号市售抗燃油再生处理24 h，其酸值降至0.040 mg KOH/g。当循环至第54天时，2号市售抗燃油酸值为0.151 mgKOH/g，对其再生处理24 h，酸值降至0.013 mgKOH/g。当动态模拟试验进行至第61天时，国产抗燃油酸值为0.151 mgKOH/g，对其再生处理24 h后，国产抗燃油酸值降至0.030 mgKOH/g。随着实验台架运行时间继续延长，2号市售抗燃油酸值增长速度明显加快，在台架运行73天时，其酸值已超过国产抗燃油；在台架运行87天时，其酸值超过1号市售抗燃油。当台架运行120天时，2号市售抗燃油酸值已达到0.496 mgKOH/g，此时国产抗燃油酸值为0.164 mgKOH/g，1号市售抗燃油酸值为0.255 mgKOH/g。
由表4可知，动态模拟实验期间国产抗燃油泡沫特性和空气释放值与新油基本一致，未发生明显变化。由动态模拟实验结果可知，国产抗燃油劣化速度低于1号和2号市售抗燃油；且实验期间，国产抗燃油泡沫特性和空气释放值均符合标准要求。
3　磷酸酯抗燃油工业应用示范
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为进一步评价国产磷酸酯抗燃油在实际运行环境下的应用情况，开展了国产磷酸酯抗燃油在发电机组的示范应用研究。示范机组为A电厂600 MW机组，汽轮机控制系统用油采用高压抗燃油，运行压力为11.2 MPa，额定流量为150 L/min。
根据示范应用计划，2023年10月到11月在A电厂开展国产磷酸酯抗燃油更换工作。经油系统冲洗、油箱清理、系统滤芯更换、静态试验、注入工作油以及油动机动作等过程，完成国产磷酸酯抗燃油更换。随后进入冷态油循环过程，循环期间按照DL/T 571—2014标准检测，油质指标合格，机组启动。机组启动后，对油样进行连续跟踪检测，具体检测结果如图5所示。由图5可知，在示范应用过程中，磷酸酯抗燃油酸值始终保持在0.04 mgKOH/g以下，远低于标准要求的0.15 mgKOH/g。该结果表明，国产磷酸酯抗燃油在运行过程中油质稳定，未发生劣化，抗氧化和抗水解性能优异。
磷酸酯抗燃油运行过程中，会发生一定程度劣化，导致油样电阻率降低。较低的电阻率易导致伺服阀发生电化学腐蚀，对设备安全稳定运行构成威胁。因此，需及时关注油样运行过程中电阻率变化。图6为国产磷酸酯抗燃油在A电厂机组运行期间的电阻率变化情况。由图6可知，国产磷酸酯抗燃油体积电阻率变化具有一定波动性，但电阻率值始终保持在1.0×1011 Ω·cm之上，远超标准要求的新油电阻率值1.0×1010 Ω·cm，能够有效避免油样对系统精密部件的电化学腐蚀。
此外，应用期间油样泡沫特性和空气释放值等指标基本保持稳定，未发生明显变化，未见油泥析出。截至目前，国产磷酸酯抗燃油已在A电厂应用超过1年时间，油质仍处于新油水平，抗氧化和抗水解性能优异，各项指标保持稳定，完全满足发电机组调速系统使用要求。
4　结论
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本文通过磷酸酯抗燃油基础油和添加剂研究，研制出符合DL/T 571《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》标准要求的国产磷酸酯抗燃油，完成静态和动态模拟性能评价，成功在发电机组开展了示范应用。
1）对IPPP、DBPP和TXP等不同种类的国产市售三芳基磷酸酯进行性能评价，确定适用于国产抗燃油研发的TXP。对TXP进一步精制处理，得到磷酸酯抗燃油基础油。经检测油样酸值、体积电阻率尤其是氧化安定性等关键指标得到明显改善。
2）研究了抗氧化剂、抗水解剂、金属钝化剂和辅助剂等多种添加剂，确定了添加剂复合配方和加入剂量。添加剂与基础油复配后得到满足DL/T 571《电厂用磷酸酯抗燃油运行维护导则》标准要求的国产磷酸酯抗燃油。
3）对国产磷酸酯抗燃油开展静态老化和动态模拟实验，结果表明国产磷酸酯抗燃油劣化速度慢于市售磷酸酯抗燃油，抗老化性能优异。
4）对国产磷酸酯抗燃油在A电厂等机组开展工业示范应用研究，应用期间油质长期处于新油水平，发电机组调速系统运行正常。
基金
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  • 中国华能集团有限公司科技项目(HNKJ23-H22)
文献
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503039
  • 接收时间：2025-03-09
  • 首发时间：2026-01-13
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-09
基金
Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ23-H22)
中国华能集团有限公司科技项目(HNKJ23-H22)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    2.华能铜川照金煤电有限公司，陕西　铜川　727100

通讯作者:

高占阳（1993），男，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为电力用油分析检测及油质再生处理技术，。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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