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Article(id=1217836117664125716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202510039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760457600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356752, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356752, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356752, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356752, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836117886423836, articleId=1217836117664125716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on exhaust performance of natural draft tower of direct-air-cooling condenser under low-temperature and low-load conditions, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The distribution characteristics of the air flow field inside the natural-draft direct-air-cooling exhaust tower under low-temperature and low-load operating conditions still remain unclear. There is an urgent need to study its variation laws and propose effective measures to ensure exhaust performance and anti-freezing safety. Through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation, the flow and temperature fields inside the tower at ambient temperatures of –21 ℃ and –30 ℃, and at different wind speeds are analyzed. The results indicate that, based on the symmetrical operation of steam isolation valves for sector switching of the air-cooled condenser, using louvers to regulate airflow in isolated sectors can effectively optimize the internal airflow field, ensure smooth exhaust under low-temperature conditions in winter, and significantly reduce the risk of localized freezing. Field tests verified that this measure can reduce the unit backpressure by approximately 2 kPa and improve the flue gas flow deviation.

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自然通风直接空冷排烟塔在低温低负荷工况下塔内空气流场分布特性尚不明确，亟需研究其变化规律并提出有效措施以保障排烟性能与防冻安全。基于计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）数值模拟，分析了环境温度–21、–30 ℃及不同风速下塔内流场与温度场分布。研究结果表明：在对称操作蒸汽隔离阀进行空冷凝汽器扇区投撤的基础上，采用百叶窗旁通对隔离扇区进行调风，可有效优化塔内空气流场，提升低温条件下排烟顺畅性，并显著降低局部结冰风险。现场试验验证了该措施可使机组背压降低约2 kPa，并改善烟气偏流。

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吕兰（1962），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电厂设计及工程管理等，。

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吕兰（1962），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电厂设计及工程管理等，。

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吕兰（1962），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电厂设计及工程管理等，。

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Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 108(1): 43-49., articleTitle=A numerical study on the mechanism and optimization of wind-break structures for indirect air-cooling towers, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217836122353357736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836122365940649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, companyId=1217836122353357736, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Northwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi’an 710075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836122374329258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, companyId=1217836122353357736, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cloud map of temperature in the height cross-section at outlet of the desulfurization tower, figureFileSmall=zfb2n0C/80EFNWg1HMWosQ==, figureFileBig=4a63QBPNVzJWIBJIaNnEng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836127956947150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图6, caption=脱硫塔出口高度横截面温度云图, figureFileSmall=zfb2n0C/80EFNWg1HMWosQ==, figureFileBig=4a63QBPNVzJWIBJIaNnEng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128107942098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cloud map of temperature in cross section at the throat height of the air cooling tower, figureFileSmall=dV/j9Udz3ZKV/KH3Mks0+w==, figureFileBig=wV++glaEz6eIRXEl6LI09A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128208605399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图7, caption=空冷塔喉口高度横截面温度云图, figureFileSmall=dV/j9Udz3ZKV/KH3Mks0+w==, figureFileBig=wV++glaEz6eIRXEl6LI09A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128279908571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cloud map of temperature in the longitudinal section of the air cooling tower, figureFileSmall=TH/GvqfwJmp2B5VAPq5OCg==, figureFileBig=Xd4C+kQdlUGDRM7qh/xv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128355406049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图8, caption=空冷塔纵截面温度云图, figureFileSmall=TH/GvqfwJmp2B5VAPq5OCg==, figureFileBig=Xd4C+kQdlUGDRM7qh/xv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128435097828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Isotherms of air-cooled tower 1 at the tower outlet height at different wind speeds with a temperature of –30 ℃ and a heat dissipation load of 30%, figureFileSmall=JMbz1HXsmB/f2omsgmKi6g==, figureFileBig=l2pVBVhMl1jC7itBU3bLzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128518983916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图9, caption=温度–30 ℃散热负荷30%不同风速下塔出口高度空冷塔1等温线, figureFileSmall=JMbz1HXsmB/f2omsgmKi6g==, figureFileBig=l2pVBVhMl1jC7itBU3bLzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128636424434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Isovelocity lines of air-cooled tower 1 at the tower outlet height at different wind speeds with a temperature of –30 ℃ and a heat dissipation load of 30%, figureFileSmall=5unY9S8QBvtba8T55uLMCg==, figureFileBig=oaNlwNpHQ4jY/tgSQ1JRDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128745476344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图10, caption=温度–30 ℃散热负荷30%不同风速下塔出口高度空冷塔1等速线, figureFileSmall=5unY9S8QBvtba8T55uLMCg==, figureFileBig=oaNlwNpHQ4jY/tgSQ1JRDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128867111164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Uniform dispersion and return of 6 heat dissipation triangles, figureFileSmall=23givB9vMtt5NfSXhYHd8A==, figureFileBig=pxvMD6/JKiD1bJSa6iwj/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836128963580159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图11, caption=均匀分散退运6个散热三角, figureFileSmall=23givB9vMtt5NfSXhYHd8A==, figureFileBig=pxvMD6/JKiD1bJSa6iwj/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129068437762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Uniform dispersion and return of 12 heat dissipation triangles, figureFileSmall=oMXMKXeTjvzkZthg1zxKuw==, figureFileBig=KMjdm60IkwqP94XUaioKfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129156518149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图12, caption=均匀分散退运12个散热三角, figureFileSmall=oMXMKXeTjvzkZthg1zxKuw==, figureFileBig=KMjdm60IkwqP94XUaioKfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129240404235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Six triangles arranged continuously in the windward and leeward directions, figureFileSmall=OXQ63FCfBaVscQc/YS3I4A==, figureFileBig=iKqnbw/y8er6nTOn2My4vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129345261837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图13, caption=迎风、背风连续6个三角, figureFileSmall=OXQ63FCfBaVscQc/YS3I4A==, figureFileBig=iKqnbw/y8er6nTOn2My4vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129513034005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Twelve triangles arranged continuously in the windward and leeward directions, figureFileSmall=vobF5oOUvkGP1CB96tI84Q==, figureFileBig=tY30l2UlQH7+H1KP0VgJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836130733576475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图14, caption=迎风、背风连续12个三角, figureFileSmall=vobF5oOUvkGP1CB96tI84Q==, figureFileBig=tY30l2UlQH7+H1KP0VgJdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836130817462558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Changes of temperature distribution at outlet of the air cooling tower, figureFileSmall=W8SF8kkh161MXxSUGUVNXw==, figureFileBig=a3KUms7Dn1fUGvv3Oqm/xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836130922320161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图15, caption=空冷塔出口温度分布变化, figureFileSmall=W8SF8kkh161MXxSUGUVNXw==, figureFileBig=a3KUms7Dn1fUGvv3Oqm/xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836131069120806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Variations of velocity distribution at outlet of the air cooling tower, figureFileSmall=8srrEp1CLrDJwv0Kc/JMiQ==, figureFileBig=GMSCl/SYhSoGk9+RBsc3zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836131194949932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=图16, caption=空冷塔出口速度分布变化, figureFileSmall=8srrEp1CLrDJwv0Kc/JMiQ==, figureFileBig=GMSCl/SYhSoGk9+RBsc3zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836131278836017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Configuration of the direct air-cooled exhaust tower and main plant outline dimension

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
散热三角数双层35，单层2
单层散热三角高度/m11.50
空冷凝汽器宽度/m11.87
空冷凝汽器总冷却面积/万m2241.80
冷却塔底部零米直径/m128.00
空冷凝汽器外侧直径/m153.00
冷却塔高度/m189.00
冷却塔进风口高度/m27.20
冷却塔出口直径/m86.00
汽轮机房尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)89.00×34.75×37.60
锅炉房尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)79.44×53.00×95.00
煤仓间尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)36.70×86.50×53.00
排汽母管尺寸/mm8 600
烟道尺寸/mm8 600×8 600
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131408859446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

直接空冷塔配置及主厂房尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
散热三角数双层35，单层2
单层散热三角高度/m11.50
空冷凝汽器宽度/m11.87
空冷凝汽器总冷却面积/万m2241.80
冷却塔底部零米直径/m128.00
空冷凝汽器外侧直径/m153.00
冷却塔高度/m189.00
冷却塔进风口高度/m27.20
冷却塔出口直径/m86.00
汽轮机房尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)89.00×34.75×37.60
锅炉房尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)79.44×53.00×95.00
煤仓间尺寸（长×宽×高）/(m×m×m)36.70×86.50×53.00
排汽母管尺寸/mm8 600
烟道尺寸/mm8 600×8 600
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131509522749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation and analysis of heat transfer performance of uniformly dispersed layout of return bypass heat dissipation triangle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速4 m/s风速8 m/s风速12 m/s
退运方式退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.49221.71211.87202.68212.26218.84211.98212.03212.10211.96211.68212.44
百叶窗开度/%7.4223.9910.6032.007.4217.4510.1133.186.8214.579.8025.21
风量/(m3·s–1)5 33120 3285 38123 2485 29617 5705 47723 9715 39620 8415 50026 691
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.84211.96212.82203.75212.47212.05212.32212.01211.56212.11211.54212.39
百叶窗开度/%8.4323.4111.5932.007.7818.6311.4235.267.4917.1710.3730.18
风量/(m3·s–1)5 23420 4695 20623 2485 18616 8515 21523 1045 40817 6085 36421 940
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.22212.04211.54212.52211.9211.98212.27211.98212.84211.99212.43212.02
百叶窗开度/%5.7812.798.1325.005.7912.378.1022.765.9310.248.0018.59
风量/(m3·s–1)4 66619 4393 29223 6224 72813 8043 32021 2754 60421 7263 40526 218
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.63212.01212.29211.98212.68212.02211.64211.91211.36211.95211.78211.98
百叶窗开度/%6.3512.808.1924.826.1113.258.4325.316.0813.007.4524.39
风量/(m3·s–1)4 19219 4503 23125 6954 39018 6563 14020 0834 59218 7263 65021 682
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131610186050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

均匀分散退运旁通散热三角的换热性能计算分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速4 m/s风速8 m/s风速12 m/s
退运方式退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.49221.71211.87202.68212.26218.84211.98212.03212.10211.96211.68212.44
百叶窗开度/%7.4223.9910.6032.007.4217.4510.1133.186.8214.579.8025.21
风量/(m3·s–1)5 33120 3285 38123 2485 29617 5705 47723 9715 39620 8415 50026 691
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.84211.96212.82203.75212.47212.05212.32212.01211.56212.11211.54212.39
百叶窗开度/%8.4323.4111.5932.007.7818.6311.4235.267.4917.1710.3730.18
风量/(m3·s–1)5 23420 4695 20623 2485 18616 8515 21523 1045 40817 6085 36421 940
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.22212.04211.54212.52211.9211.98212.27211.98212.84211.99212.43212.02
百叶窗开度/%5.7812.798.1325.005.7912.378.1022.765.9310.248.0018.59
风量/(m3·s–1)4 66619 4393 29223 6224 72813 8043 32021 2754 60421 7263 40526 218
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW212.63212.01212.29211.98212.68212.02211.64211.91211.36211.95211.78211.98
百叶窗开度/%6.3512.808.1924.826.1113.258.4325.316.0813.007.4524.39
风量/(m3·s–1)4 19219 4503 23125 6954 39018 6563 14020 0834 59218 7263 65021 682
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131723432261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation and analysis of heat transfer performance of the windward and leeward continuous retreat bypass heat dissipation triangles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速4 m/s风速8 m/s风速12 m/s
退运方式退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.31211.92212.55211.99212.12212.01211.43211.96211.49212.01212.16211.98
百叶窗开度/%7.5218.619.6536.947.7018.2410.0835.527.3918.389.4134.60
风量/(m3·s–1)5 15719 8315 26619 9835 34216 2935 13823 1805 27117 1095 35428 574
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.67211.94212.12212.02211.29212.02211.65211.97212.40212.04211.46211.98
百叶窗开度/%8.5518.2410.4533.257.7617.879.8433.377.4515.889.7831.76
风量/(m3·s–1)5 12620 5735 19521 6615 17820 2725 24520 7635 26521 4265 30022 697
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.01212.03212.15211.98212.12211.97212.48212.00211.60211.96211.21212.01
百叶窗开度/%5.8713.868.2531.005.7115.967.8836.245.8013.717.2133.36
风量/(m3·s–1)4 40217 7384 42823 6244 56818 9154 35726 2084 40920 1624 46427 215
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.85211.98211.44211.99212.49211.94211.55211.96212.11212.03211.39211.99
百叶窗开度/%6.0810.688.5527.546.1410.598.0026.046.269.247.6432.68
风量/(m3·s–1)4 43315 8884 31125 0914 45316 6784 37025 0354 47317 8504 39821 522
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131819901258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836117664125716, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

迎风、背风连续退运旁通散热三角的换热性能计算分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速4 m/s风速8 m/s风速12 m/s
退运方式退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12退运6退运旁通6退运12退运旁通12
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.31211.92212.55211.99212.12212.01211.43211.96211.49212.01212.16211.98
百叶窗开度/%7.5218.619.6536.947.7018.2410.0835.527.3918.389.4134.60
风量/(m3·s–1)5 15719 8315 26619 9835 34216 2935 13823 1805 27117 1095 35428 574
温度–21 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.67211.94212.12212.02211.29212.02211.65211.97212.40212.04211.46211.98
百叶窗开度/%8.5518.2410.4533.257.7617.879.8433.377.4515.889.7831.76
风量/(m3·s–1)5 12620 5735 19521 6615 17820 2725 24520 7635 26521 4265 30022 697
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔1百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.01212.03212.15211.98212.12211.97212.48212.00211.60211.96211.21212.01
百叶窗开度/%5.8713.868.2531.005.7115.967.8836.245.8013.717.2133.36
风量/(m3·s–1)4 40217 7384 42823 6244 56818 9154 35726 2084 40920 1624 46427 215
温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷下空冷塔2百叶窗开度和散热量
散热量/MW211.85211.98211.44211.99212.49211.94211.55211.96212.11212.03211.39211.99
百叶窗开度/%6.0810.688.5527.546.1410.598.0026.046.269.247.6432.68
风量/(m3·s–1)4 43315 8884 31125 0914 45316 6784 37025 0354 47317 8504 39821 522
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自然通风直接空冷排烟塔低温低负荷排烟性能研究
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吕兰 1 , 杨迎哲 1 , 宁文刚 2 , 马欣强 1 , 沈婧怡 1 , 刘国栋 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(12): 115-124
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(12): 115-124
自然通风直接空冷排烟塔低温低负荷排烟性能研究
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吕兰1 , 杨迎哲1, 宁文刚2, 马欣强1, 沈婧怡1, 刘国栋2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司，陕西　西安　710075
  • 2.陕西榆能杨伙盘煤电有限公司，陕西　神木　719316

    • 吕兰（1962），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电厂设计及工程管理等，。

Study on exhaust performance of natural draft tower of direct-air-cooling condenser under low-temperature and low-load conditions
Lan LYU1 , Yingzhe YANG1, Wengang NING2, Xinqiang MA1, Jingyi SHEN1, Guodong LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Northwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi’an 710075, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Yulin Energy Group Yang Huopan Coal-Electric Power Co., Ltd., Shenmu 719316, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510039
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摘要
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自然通风直接空冷排烟塔在低温低负荷工况下塔内空气流场分布特性尚不明确，亟需研究其变化规律并提出有效措施以保障排烟性能与防冻安全。基于计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）数值模拟，分析了环境温度–21、–30 ℃及不同风速下塔内流场与温度场分布。研究结果表明：在对称操作蒸汽隔离阀进行空冷凝汽器扇区投撤的基础上，采用百叶窗旁通对隔离扇区进行调风，可有效优化塔内空气流场，提升低温条件下排烟顺畅性，并显著降低局部结冰风险。现场试验验证了该措施可使机组背压降低约2 kPa，并改善烟气偏流。

自然通风直接空冷排烟塔  /  低温  /  低负荷  /  排烟性能  /  旁通百叶窗

The distribution characteristics of the air flow field inside the natural-draft direct-air-cooling exhaust tower under low-temperature and low-load operating conditions still remain unclear. There is an urgent need to study its variation laws and propose effective measures to ensure exhaust performance and anti-freezing safety. Through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation, the flow and temperature fields inside the tower at ambient temperatures of –21 ℃ and –30 ℃, and at different wind speeds are analyzed. The results indicate that, based on the symmetrical operation of steam isolation valves for sector switching of the air-cooled condenser, using louvers to regulate airflow in isolated sectors can effectively optimize the internal airflow field, ensure smooth exhaust under low-temperature conditions in winter, and significantly reduce the risk of localized freezing. Field tests verified that this measure can reduce the unit backpressure by approximately 2 kPa and improve the flue gas flow deviation.

natural-draft direct air-cooled exhaust tower  /  low temperature  /  low load  /  exhaust performance  /  bypass window-shades
吕兰, 杨迎哲, 宁文刚, 马欣强, 沈婧怡, 刘国栋. 自然通风直接空冷排烟塔低温低负荷排烟性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510039
Lan LYU, Yingzhe YANG, Wengang NING, Xinqiang MA, Jingyi SHEN, Guodong LIU. Study on exhaust performance of natural draft tower of direct-air-cooling condenser under low-temperature and low-load conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510039
正文
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榆能杨伙盘项目2×660 MW机组为国际上首次采用自然通风直接空冷系统的大型电站[1]，并且采用烟塔合一技术。国内外均无可借鉴的设计计算经验和应用积累，实现从无到有的突破研究难度较大。我国虽已有大量的自然通风间接空冷排烟塔的运行业绩，但缺乏在30%极低散热负荷下兼顾防冻和排烟性能的运行经验。散热负荷、排汽参数以及环境温度三者的降低带来换热量的极大变化，对塔内空气及烟气流场产生显著影响。因此，研究自然通风直接空冷排烟塔在低温低负荷条件下的排烟性能至关重要。本文在掌握了环境风向对自然通风直接空冷塔散热性能影响的基础上[2]，采用广泛应用于空冷技术研究[3-10]的Fluent软件对2×660 MW机组的自然通风直接空冷塔冬季散热及排烟性能进行数值模拟研究，旨在为工程安全经济运行提供理论依据。
1　自然通风直接空冷排烟塔布置
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主厂房区域呈“L”形布置，自然通风直接空冷排烟塔位于“L”形90°夹角内侧。排汽管道自汽轮机房接至空冷塔内，烟道自引风机室出口直接接入布置在空冷塔内的脱硫吸收塔。各建筑物相对位置及塔内布置见图1。直接空冷塔配置及主厂房尺寸见表1。
2　数字模型建立
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2.1　几何模型及物理场景
每台660 MW机组配1座自然通风直接空冷塔。汽轮机排汽直接通过1根DN8600的管道引至塔内环形布置于地面。空冷凝汽器采用应用成熟的219 mm×19 mm的钢基管铝翅片单排管，2片管束垂直的空冷凝汽器组成1个大型散热三角，通过排汽支管与排汽环管连接。大型散热三角双层垂直布置，每台机组在塔周留有38组安装位置。塔内中心布置烟气脱硫设施如图2所示，几何模型及风向示意如图3所示。
2.2　网格划分与验证
数学模型计算区域为2 000 m×2 000 m×1 000 m，确保在最大风速和最大温升扰动下风场达到稳定。空冷凝汽器附近及进风口的下部结构相对复杂，进行了网格加密。区域网格及网格无关性检验结果如图4所示。综合考虑保证计算精度和计算效率，网格数选择1 082万。
3　低温低负荷空冷排烟塔气流分布
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杨伙盘项目典型年最低气温为–21 ℃，北方寒冷地区可能出现的低温为–30 ℃。空冷凝汽器额定工况散热量的30%为212 MW，接近机组20%发电负荷时的散热量。本研究环境温度设定为–21、–30 ℃，以270°风向为例，采用10 m高处风速4、8、12 m/s。机组满负荷运行时，脱硫塔出口烟气的排放温度为50 ℃，流量为73.6 m3/s，烟气完全由空冷塔内脱硫吸收塔出口排放。通过调节运行扇区百叶窗开度使空冷塔达到30%散热负荷，此时百叶窗的开度仅为5%~7%。
3.1　环境温度为–21 ℃计算结果与分析
环境温度–21 ℃时，脱硫塔出口高度Z向速度云图与温度云图见图5、图6，空冷塔喉部温度云图见图7，空冷塔纵截面温度云图见图8。分析可知，塔内空气速度低于1 m/s，横向和纵向都不均匀，且存在回流，烟气速度约为20 m/s，远大于塔内的空气速度。环境风速4 m/s时空冷塔1内吸收塔出口以及风速8、12 m/s时空冷塔2内吸收塔出口高度处温度约10 ℃，其他条件下温度均小于0 ℃。烟气出口处高速烟气的周边冷凝，喉部及塔出口混合程度提高，但温度分布特征没有改变；气流与烟气向来风下游偏移增加，该区域的低温范围扩大，烟气的冷凝程度增加。迎风面上百叶窗关小对烟气轨迹分布影响不大，上述特征依然存在。
从两塔纵向截面云图可见，环境风速4 m/s时空冷塔1内以及风度8、12 m/s时空冷塔2内，烟气混合速度相对较慢，其他条件下烟气与塔内低温空气快速完成混合。混合速度快时回流严重，塔顶部分冷空气倒流使空冷塔出口烟气温度大幅降低，可能低于或接近露点温度，不可避免地会形成塔内冷凝液的聚集和壁面附着。
3.2　环境温度为–30 ℃计算结果与分析
环境温度–30 ℃时，不同风速下空冷塔1出口高度等温线与等速线见图9、图10。随着环境风速增加，塔内温度降低，出现大面积空气回流区。空冷塔喉部位置大部分气流温度低于0 ℃，烟气中水蒸气几乎完全在塔内凝结。出塔速度很低并出现大面积负速度区域，但存在局部正速度区域表明部分气流仍可排出。冷空气倒流导致出塔气流温度降低且流动发生偏移。
此外，还进行了30%~80%散热负荷变化范围数值模拟，以验证极端低温条件下散热负荷的变化对排烟性能的影响。结果显示该负荷范围内空冷塔中的烟气均有回流现象，负荷越低回流越严重。因此，选择30%散热负荷为研究重点。
3.3　研究结果
低温运行时，烟气中水蒸气冷凝不可避免。冷空气倒流导致塔内局部低温，造成塔壁面和塔内设备温度不匀。烟气中气态成分可以排出塔外，即使在30%散热负荷时仍有较大区域有正向出塔速度，但大部分区域出塔速度很小，水蒸气凝结液滴很难被携带排出，仅高速区有少量液滴可被带出，携带量与运行工况及环境风条件相关。同时，百叶窗开度仅为5%~7%，对调节精度要求极高，增加了冰冻风险。
4　改善气流分布的措施
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4.1　均匀分散旁通百叶窗换热性能分析
研究均匀分散退运6个和12个散热三角，并将退运三角百叶窗全开作为旁通窗。分别计算温度–21、–30 ℃下，风向270°，风速4、8、12 m/s时的散热量和风量，与仅退运不旁通作对比。退运散热三角位置分别见图11、图12，性能对比见表2。
计算数据显示，在30%额定散热负荷时，相同环境条件下，退运旁通状态（旁通窗开度全开）的运行三角百叶窗开度比仅退运状态的运行三角百叶窗开度大2~3倍，风量从约5 000 m³/s增加至20 000 m³/s以上。这是因为当旁通百叶窗全开时，来风优先流入流动阻力小的扇区（开度100%），而旁通扇区已退运，不参与换热，塔内空气混合后降低了温度，塔内外空气密度差减小，自然通风压差降低，因此，在相同的百叶窗开度下运行扇区通风量减小，需要开大百叶窗才能达到相同的散热负荷。
极端低温下，通过引入旁通低温空气能有效缓解塔体抽力，在满足排烟所需进塔风量增加的同时，兼顾了防冻要求对换热能力的限制作用。从温度分布看，均匀退运旁通在多种运行组合下均有效缓解了局部低温区域的形成，整体热负荷分布稳定，流动对称。
4.2　迎风、背风连续旁通百叶窗换热性能分析
研究对称连续退运6个和12个迎风、背风散热三角，并将退运三角百叶窗全开作为旁通窗。计算工况同4.1节，与仅退运不旁通作对比。退运三角位置见图13、图14，性能对比见表3。
计算数据显示，在额定散热负荷30%时，相同环境条件下，退运旁通状态比仅退运状态的百叶窗开度大1~4倍，缓解了对百叶窗调节精度的严苛要求，使防冻更易控制。旁通窗全开有效降低了塔体进风抽力，形成的旁通路径足以构成有效气流通道，表明该方式在超低温时该旁通窗的运行方式具备良好的兼容性。从热力稳定性与通风保障的角度看，迎风背风退运旁通策略在运行安全与换热均衡方面表现出良好潜力。
与4.1节均匀分散数据相比，迎风背风连续退运旁通时，空冷塔1运行冷却三角百叶窗开度大于均匀分散的情况较多，空冷塔2则相对均衡。原因是空冷塔1在来风方向的上游，受环境风向的影响更大，迎风背风连续退运旁通百叶窗更有利于防冻。空冷塔2位于下游，环境风影响较小，因此环境风速较小时退运旁通百叶窗位置差别不大。冬季环境风较大且环境风向较为稳定时，从防冻角度考虑，连续退运迎风背风冷却三角并打开旁通百叶窗更为有利。
4.3　开启退运旁通窗后空冷塔排烟性能的变化
在温度–30 ℃、30%散热负荷、风向270°、风速12 m/s条件下，比较开启与不开启退运旁通窗时空冷塔排烟性能的变化，结果分别如图15、图16所示。
对比可知，极端低温条件下开启旁通百叶窗后，空气密度差减小，自然通风压差降低，旁通低温空气的引入显著缓解了塔体抽力，增加了进塔风量并限制了换热能力。从温度分布看，退运旁通方案有效缓解了局部低温区的形成，整体热负荷分布稳定，流动对称。低温状态下，旁通窗口的开放对维持气流与冷却能力至关重要，关闭数量较多时优势更显著。在退运旁通12个冷却三角的运行方式下，中心高温区更大、温度场分布更均匀，表明整体空气流向更稳定，对于降低结冰风险、防止局部低温冻结损伤具有积极意义。
在温度–21、–30 ℃，30%散热负荷及不同风速条件下，无论采用何种退运旁通百叶窗组合型式，均能有效改善空冷塔排烟性能。
5　现场试验验证
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榆能杨伙盘项目已运行2年，整体情况良好，但发现环境温度低于–10 ℃时，冷却三角热交换效率陡增，易导致蒸汽过冷凝结、真空度失稳及管束结冻，冬季模式防冻压力大，运行背压偏高。低负荷、低温时退出冷却三角百叶窗关闭还导致排烟不顺畅。杨伙盘首台自然通风直接空冷电厂运行试验中发现，在冬季工况下，打开退运冷却三角的百叶窗即采用退运旁通方法，机组背压可以降低2 kPa左右，同时还观察到此运行状态下空冷塔各方向的进风量相对均匀，改善了烟气偏流有助于烟气排出。究其原因是退运三角旁通窗打开后，冷空气大量进入塔内，很大程度降低了空冷塔的抽力，进而减少投运冷却三角的进风量，大幅度降低运行三角的散热量，有效避免了凝结水过冷度过大而结冰。
以1号机组为例，在660 MW发电负荷时，环境温度–9 ℃，投运21个冷却三角，百叶窗开度约70%，对称连续位置退出6个及9个冷却三角，过冷度约10 ℃，机组背压12.6 kPa；打开6个对称连续位置的退运冷却三角，百叶窗开度至50%，可观察到投运冷却三角的过冷度明显下降，无需继续关小百叶窗；增加投运3个冷却三角，百叶窗开度关至60%，机组背压逐渐下降稳定至10.5 kPa；1号机组在264 MW发电负荷，环境温度–15～–5 ℃，投运15个冷却三角，百叶窗开度70%～80%，旁路通风9个冷却三角，百叶窗开度50%～75%，背压控制（8.5±0.5 kPa）。
6　结论
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1）自然通风直接空冷排烟塔在低温低负荷运行时，塔内易出现气流分布不均、回流及局部低温，导致烟气中水蒸气冷凝和排烟不畅。
2）采用退运散热三角百叶窗作为旁路通风的方法，能有效调节塔内气流分布，缓解局部低温区形成，改善排烟均匀性，同时降低机组背压与过冷度。
3）该措施无需新增设备，仅通过优化百叶窗的运行方式即可实现防冻与排烟性能的协同提升。无论是均匀分散还是迎风背风连续的冷却三角退运旁通，均能调整塔内空气流场，在满足低负荷防冻需求下保障机组安全、经济运行。冬季环境风较大且环境风向较为稳定时，连续退运迎风背风冷却三角并打开旁通百叶窗对防冻更有利。
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510039
  • 接收时间：2025-10-15
  • 首发时间：2026-01-13
  • 出版时间：2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-10-15
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    1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司，陕西　西安　710075
    2.陕西榆能杨伙盘煤电有限公司，陕西　神木　719316
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