Article(id=1217836116376474376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202502047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356445, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836117831897882, articleId=1217836116376474376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical study on effect of structural parameters on heat transfer performance of printed circuit heat exchanger with converging-diverging flow channels, columnId=1217836114430313173, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Efficient low-carbon thermal system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) are widely used in Brayton cycle power generation system, but PCHE faces problems such as uneven heat transfer and poor comprehensive performance under different working conditions. To improve the overall performance of PCHE in the Brayton cycle, the comprehensive performance (PEC) of S-CO2 on both the cold and hot sides of PCHE under different parameters was numerically investigated, by using S-CO2 as the working fluid, and varying the convergent-divergent pitch period (T), cross-sectional area ratio (β), and the ratio of convergent length to divergent length (γ). The results show that when β and γ are fixed, the pitch period on the cold side is inversely proportional to the overall performance, while the optimal pitch period on the hot side ranges from 15 mm to 25 mm. The PEC values of PCHE with convergent-divergent pitch periods are consistently greater than 1, indicating superior performance compared to the conventional straight-channel designs. Under a cold-side operating pressure of 22 MPa, the PCHE shows a relatively high comprehensive performance compared to the hot-side operating pressure of 8.5 MPa. When the cross-sectional area ratio β exceeds 1, all PEC values are greater than 1, and the intensified convective heat transfer between the fluid and the wall enhances the overall performance. With other conditions held constant, the system achieves better comprehensive performance when the ratio of convergent to divergent length γ is 3/7. The results provide a reference basis for optimizing the comprehensive performance of PCHE with gradually varying cross-section flow channels.

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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)在布雷顿循环发电系统中被广泛应用,但PCHE在不同工况下却面临着传热不均、综合性能差等问题。为提高PCHE在布雷顿循环中的综合性能,采用数值模拟方法,以S-CO2作为流体工质,通过改变渐缩渐扩节距周期T、渐缩渐扩截面比β和渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ,研究了不同参数PCHE中冷侧和热侧S-CO2的综合性能。结果表明:当βγ为定值时,冷侧节距周期大小与综合性能呈反比,热侧节距周期最优值为15~25 mm;应用了渐缩渐扩节距周期PCHE的综合性能值均大于1,即该结构性能优于传统直流道,相对于热侧8.5 MPa的工作压力,在冷侧22 MPa的工作压力下PCHE的综合性能较高;渐缩渐扩截面比大于1时,综合性能值均大于1,流体与壁面之间的对流换热更剧烈,综合性能得到强化;当其他条件一定,渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ为3/7时,系统的综合性能较好。研究结果为渐变截面流道PCHE综合性能的优化提供了参考依据。

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张任平(1979),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为相变储能、相变传热界面调控,
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辛嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为印刷电路板式换热器传热特性及其在超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环中的应用,

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辛嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为印刷电路板式换热器传热特性及其在超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环中的应用,

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辛嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为印刷电路板式换热器传热特性及其在超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环中的应用,

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articleId=1217836116376474376, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of different cases

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模型节距T/mm截面比β渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ
A17.51/0.71/1
A215.01/0.71/1
A320.01/0.71/1
A430.01/0.71/1
A545.01/0.71/1
B110.01/0.71/1
B210.01/0.81/1
B310.01/0.91/1
B410.01/1.11/1
B510.01/1.21/1
C110.01/0.71/9
C210.01/0.73/7
C310.01/0.77/3
C410.01/0.79/1
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工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型节距T/mm截面比β渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ
A17.51/0.71/1
A215.01/0.71/1
A320.01/0.71/1
A430.01/0.71/1
A545.01/0.71/1
B110.01/0.71/1
B210.01/0.81/1
B310.01/0.91/1
B410.01/1.11/1
B510.01/1.21/1
C110.01/0.71/9
C210.01/0.73/7
C310.01/0.77/3
C410.01/0.79/1
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渐缩-渐扩流道印刷电路板式换热器结构参数对传热特性的影响数值研究
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辛嘉俊 , 张任平
热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025,54(12): 46-55
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热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025, 54(12): 46-55
渐缩-渐扩流道印刷电路板式换热器结构参数对传热特性的影响数值研究
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辛嘉俊 , 张任平
作者信息
  • 景德镇陶瓷大学材料科学与工程学院,江西 景德镇 333403
  • 辛嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为印刷电路板式换热器传热特性及其在超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环中的应用,

通讯作者:

张任平(1979),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为相变储能、相变传热界面调控,
Numerical study on effect of structural parameters on heat transfer performance of printed circuit heat exchanger with converging-diverging flow channels
Jiajun XIN , Renping ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen 333403, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502047
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超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)在布雷顿循环发电系统中被广泛应用,但PCHE在不同工况下却面临着传热不均、综合性能差等问题。为提高PCHE在布雷顿循环中的综合性能,采用数值模拟方法,以S-CO2作为流体工质,通过改变渐缩渐扩节距周期T、渐缩渐扩截面比β和渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ,研究了不同参数PCHE中冷侧和热侧S-CO2的综合性能。结果表明:当βγ为定值时,冷侧节距周期大小与综合性能呈反比,热侧节距周期最优值为15~25 mm;应用了渐缩渐扩节距周期PCHE的综合性能值均大于1,即该结构性能优于传统直流道,相对于热侧8.5 MPa的工作压力,在冷侧22 MPa的工作压力下PCHE的综合性能较高;渐缩渐扩截面比大于1时,综合性能值均大于1,流体与壁面之间的对流换热更剧烈,综合性能得到强化;当其他条件一定,渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ为3/7时,系统的综合性能较好。研究结果为渐变截面流道PCHE综合性能的优化提供了参考依据。

印刷电路板式换热器  /  渐缩渐扩流道  /  超临界二氧化碳  /  布雷顿循环  /  数值模拟

Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) are widely used in Brayton cycle power generation system, but PCHE faces problems such as uneven heat transfer and poor comprehensive performance under different working conditions. To improve the overall performance of PCHE in the Brayton cycle, the comprehensive performance (PEC) of S-CO2 on both the cold and hot sides of PCHE under different parameters was numerically investigated, by using S-CO2 as the working fluid, and varying the convergent-divergent pitch period (T), cross-sectional area ratio (β), and the ratio of convergent length to divergent length (γ). The results show that when β and γ are fixed, the pitch period on the cold side is inversely proportional to the overall performance, while the optimal pitch period on the hot side ranges from 15 mm to 25 mm. The PEC values of PCHE with convergent-divergent pitch periods are consistently greater than 1, indicating superior performance compared to the conventional straight-channel designs. Under a cold-side operating pressure of 22 MPa, the PCHE shows a relatively high comprehensive performance compared to the hot-side operating pressure of 8.5 MPa. When the cross-sectional area ratio β exceeds 1, all PEC values are greater than 1, and the intensified convective heat transfer between the fluid and the wall enhances the overall performance. With other conditions held constant, the system achieves better comprehensive performance when the ratio of convergent to divergent length γ is 3/7. The results provide a reference basis for optimizing the comprehensive performance of PCHE with gradually varying cross-section flow channels.

printed circuit board heat exchangers  /  convergent-divergent flow channel  /  supercritical carbon dioxide  /  Brayton cycle  /  numerical simulation
辛嘉俊, 张任平. 渐缩-渐扩流道印刷电路板式换热器结构参数对传热特性的影响数值研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 46 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502047
Jiajun XIN, Renping ZHANG. Numerical study on effect of structural parameters on heat transfer performance of printed circuit heat exchanger with converging-diverging flow channels[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 46 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502047
超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环发电系统具有循环效率高、结构紧凑、灵活性强、环保无污染等优点[1-2]。在特定条件下,布雷顿循环热效率高于传统蒸汽朗肯循环[3-4],可达到50%[5-6]。S-CO2布雷顿循环在未来发展中具有巨大潜力[7],可应用于存在大量余热、热源丰富的场所[8-10]。印刷电路板式换热器(PCHE)是S-CO2布雷顿循环发电系统的关键组件之一,对其结构进行优化并分析S-CO2在其中的流动特性能够提升S-CO2布雷顿循环发电系统的整体性能。
当前,国内、外学者针对S-CO2布雷顿循环发电系统中的PCHE结构优化进行了大量研究。Yuan等人[11]在直线型PCHE的基础上,设计了一种多循环涡流翅片车削PCHE,使其传热能力提高了53.6%,经济效率提高了34.7%。唐凌虹等[12]的研究表明,在雷诺数较小时轴向导热对锯齿型(Z型)PCHE的换热性能影响较大,但是随着雷诺数增大,其影响逐渐减小,在高雷诺数时其影响可以忽略。Meshram等人[13]研究了Z型通道对S-CO2总体换热和压降的影响,结果表明Z型通道的传热系数高于直线型通道,Z型通道较大的弯曲角和较小的线性节距相比于较小的弯曲角和较大的线性节距组合效果更好。Lv等人[14]分析了直线型通道PCHE和波浪型(S型)通道PCHE的换热特性,发现波浪形截面的局部换热系数比直线型截面平均增大了1.56 kW/(m2·K)。Wen等人[15]研究了不同质量流量条件下振幅和波长参数对波浪型PCHE性能的影响,综合评价结果表明,在幅值为3 mm、波长为50或75 mm时PCHE的性能最佳。李德波等[16]的研究表明,当翼型翅片的通道高度与横向节距之比为0.24时PCHE的综合性能最佳。Han等人[17]对比了特斯拉阀型通道PCHE和普通平壁微通道PCHE的性能,发现特斯拉阀型通道PCHE对流换热效果显著增强。Majmader等人[18]对具有三角形、矩形收缩通道结构并以S-CO2为工作流体的PCHE进行了综合分析,发现在低质量流量条件下,三角形收缩通道的热工性能比直线型通道提高了1.5倍。朱兵国等[19]对比了圆形等截面通道、圆形渐缩截面通道、圆形渐扩截面通道的换热性能,发现变截面通道综合性能优于等截面通道。Ponnore等人[20]对热端和冷端采用不同的收敛和发散通道组合进行了研究分析,结果表明收敛、发散通道能够对压力损失进行调节,总体性能也显著提升。
目前,对于PCHE的研究大多聚焦于直线型[11]、Z型[12]、S型[14]、翼型[21]、特斯拉阀型[22]等流道结构,国内、外学者相关研究[18-20]表明渐变型流道PCHE在传热效率提高、压力损失调节、总体性能改善方面优势显著,但是当前大多研究集中于单周期渐变流道,对于渐缩渐扩多周期型流道S-CO2 PCHE的研究仍较为缺乏。对此,本文通过数值模拟的方法,对采用渐缩渐扩型流道PCHE的传热性能进行研究:在定渐缩渐扩截面比(β=R1/R2)、定渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比(γ=LS/LK)的条件下,分析流道节距周期(T)对PCHE性能的影响;在固定Tγ的条件下,研究β值变化对PCHE性能的影响;在固定Tβ的条件下,探讨γ值变化对PCHE性能的影响。
本文数值模拟模型如图1所示,其中图1b)为单个换热单元模型图。文中后续计算仅针对单个换热单元。换热单元单个节距周期尺寸示意见图1c),各模型入口端和出口端均设有10 mm平直节距,以消除入口端和出口端效应。本文所涉及不同参数渐缩渐扩PCHE计算模型的具体工况参数见表1
模拟计算时,固体区域材料选择316L不锈钢。假设固体区域材料物性参数为定值不随温度变化,密度为8 360 kg/m3、定压比热容为417 J/(kg·K)、导热系数为21 W/(m2·K)。模型的进、出口端面均设为绝热壁面,模型的上、下表面和左、右侧表面选用周期壁面边界条件。冷、热流体工作压力分别为22.0、8.5 MPa,流体域入口均为质量流入口,质量流率为0.3~0.7 g/s,流体域热、冷侧入口温度分别为610、360 K,出口均为压力出口。
连续性方程:
xi(ρui)=0
动量方程:
(ρuiuj)xj=pxi+xj[(μ+μt)(uixj+uixi23ukxk)]+ρgi
流体区域能量方程:
(ρuicpT)xi=xi(λfTxi)
固体区域能量方程:
xi(λsTxi)=0
式中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3u为流体流速,m/s;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s;λfλs分别为流体、固体导热系数,W/(m·K);cp为比热容,J/(kg·K);μt为湍流黏度,Pa·s;p为压力,Pa;g为重力加速度,m/s2
S-CO2的热物性参数会随着温度和压力变化,由于PCHE进口S-CO2压力高,进、出口压差和进口压力的比值较小,故近似认为冷、热流体域中S-CO2的热物性参数仅随温度变化[23]。S-CO2的热物性参数可通过REFPROP软件获得,8.5 MPa工况下S-CO2热物性参数随温度变化曲线如图2所示。由图2可以看出,各项热物性参数在拟临界态温度(304 K)附近时发生剧烈变化,选用拟临界态附近的S-CO2为工质进行模拟计算将影响结果的收敛性[24],考虑到以S-CO2为工质的PCHE的相关实验冷流体温度大多为350~400 K,为贴合实际,模拟中冷流体温度定为360 K,此时热物性参数较为稳定。
为方便后续在Fluent软件中使用这些热物性参数,将输出的数据表导入MATLAB软件中进行拟合,最终得到各项热物性参数关联式拟合值R2均在0.990 0~0.999 9之间,符合计算要求。8.5 MPa工况下S-CO2热物性参数拟合曲线和REFPROP数据对比如图3所示。
拟合所得的热侧(下标h表示)和冷侧(下标c表示)S-CO2各项热物性参数关联式如下。
密度ρ
ρh=3.073 7×108t46.557 2×105t3+0.052 9t219.312 7t+2 807.2
ρc=2.040 8×107t44.373 3×104t3+0.353t2127.836t+17 851
比热容c
cPh=4.432 9×107t49.283 5×104t3+0.729 1t2254.593t+34 507
cPc=2.705 5×108t41.897×104t3+0.268 3t2141.589 9t+27 094
导热系数λ
λh=2.970 3×1012t46.328 4×109t3+5.052 1×106t20.001 7t+0.238
λc=2.275 3×1011t44.924 7×108t3+       4.002 5×105t20.014 4t+1.989 5
动力黏度μ
μh=1.051 6×1015t42.218 1×1012t3+1.745 3×       109t25.702 5×107t+8.540 8×105
μc=2.523 2×1014t45.286 3×1011t3+4.149 9×108t21.445 9×105t+0.001 9
式中:t为温度,K。
通过ANSYS Fluent对模型在稳态条件下进行数值计算,流体流动状态为湍流,选用SST k-ω湍流模型[25-26]。采用有限体积法离散控制方程,离散方案采用二阶迎风格式,采用SIMPLE算法[27-28]求解压力-速度耦合方程。
文中所涉及模型已进行网格独立性验证和模型可靠性验证。划分网格时对流体区域网格进行了加密处理,还为流体区域设置了10层边界层网格,热、冷流体边界层网格第1层厚度分别为0.001 8、0.002 3 mm,边界层增长率均为1.2,保证了y+值小于1,满足Fluent中壁面函数SST k-ω的使用要求,局部网格划分结果如图4所示。
网格模型的独立性验证结果如图5所示。当网格数量达到556万时,参数变化趋于平缓;当网格数量由556万上升到677万时,热侧S-CO2出口温度变化仅有0.06%,热侧S-CO2进、出口压差变化仅有0.65%。兼顾计算资源的影响,后续模拟计算采用556万网格数量。
考虑到数值计算方法的准确性,将本文所用数值计算方法与文献[29]中Zhou等人的结果进行对比,如图6所示。对比参数为热侧S-CO2分段式截面的面平均温度和热流体各分段式截面的压差,面平均温度最大相对误差为0.52%,各分段式截面的压差最大相对误差为6.8%,数值模拟结果与论文参考数据吻合度较高,表明该计算模型可靠。
流体通道的水力直径Dh
Dh=4VS
式中:V为流体通道换热总体积,m3S为流体通道换热总面积,m2
范宁摩擦因子f
f=ΔpDh2Lρu2
式中:Δp为流体进、出口压降,Pa;L通道长度,m。
对流换热系数h
h=q(TwTb)
式中:q为面平均热流密度,W/m2Tw为换热壁面面平均温度,K;Tb为流体平均温度,K。
努塞特数Nu
Nu=hDhλ
式中:λ为导热系数,W/(m2·K)。
综合评价因子δPEC
δPEC=Nu/Nu0(f/f0)13
式中:Nu0f0表示参比通道,本文选取直流道模型为参比通道。
在定渐缩渐扩截面比(β=R1/R2)为1/0.7、定渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比(γ=LS/LK)为1/1的条件下,在质量流率为0.3~0.7 g/s时,对表1中模型A1—A5进行分析。
图7Nu随节距周期T变化曲线。由图7可见,热侧和冷侧的Nu均与T的大小成反比:当T由7.5 mm增大到15.0 mm时,Nu的减小幅度较大,特别是当质量流率为0.6、0.7 g/s时,减幅达到了17.81%、17.37%;当T大于15.0 mm之后,直至T为45.0 mm,Nu的减小幅度都较为平缓,特别是当T由30.0 mm增大到45.0 mm时热流体侧Nu减幅仅为1.76%。由此可知:T越小,对管道内流体的扰动越大,湍流强度越高,能够增强换热;反之,当T增大到一定程度时对流体的扰动作用将逐渐减小,流体流动湍流程度下降,将削弱换热。
图8为范宁摩擦因子f随节距周期、质量流率变化曲线。f主要受压降、密度和流体速度影响,在相同质量流率下,冷流体密度高于热流体,热、冷流体平均流速分别为2.56、0.61 m/s。由图8计算结果可知,冷流体侧的摩擦阻力损失整体大于热流体侧,热侧和冷侧的摩擦阻力损失均随着节距周期的增大而减小,且与质量流率的大小成反比。
图9为热流体和冷流体的综合性能评价指标(δPEC)随节距周期和质量流率的变化曲线。由图9可知,无论是热流体侧还是冷流体侧,δPEC均超过1,表明采用渐缩渐扩节距周期的PCHE模型综合性能优于传统的直流道模型。由于热流体侧的S-CO2工作压力低于冷流体侧,热侧的S-CO2密度、导热系数、黏度、比热容、传热系数均低于冷侧;冷侧高密度流体惯性力比热侧强,在渐缩渐扩流道的流动分离较弱,而热侧低工作压力、低密度流体易受几何扰动,惯性力较弱,虽然湍流能够得到增强,但是热侧压降大于冷侧,沿程损失较大,降低了传热效率。以上因素影响了S-CO2在流道中的流动和传热性能,使冷侧的δPEC普遍高于热侧。
由于工作压力的差异,热侧和冷侧S-CO2δPEC随节距周期T和质量流率变化的规律也不同。热侧δPECT为15.0~25.0 mm时出现剧烈变化,T为7.5、45.0 mm时热流体速度仅相差0.69%。由此可见,在T变化的过程中流体速度变化不大,但是在T增大的过程中压降、fNu却逐渐减小,且Nu的降幅大于f的降幅,δPEC的大小与fNu直接相关,当Nu减小到一定值时,δPEC将出现降低趋势。如图9a)所示:在节距周期小于15.0 mm时,热侧δPEC值与质量流率呈反比关系;当节距周期超过25.0 mm时,热侧δPEC则与质量流率呈正比关系;热流体侧节距周期的最优值为15.0~25.0 mm。相比之下,冷侧δPEC随节距周期的变化较为规律,变化趋势相同,冷侧δPEC值始终与节距周期的大小呈反比,与质量流率的大小呈正比。由此可知,提高S-CO2流体的工作压力能够提高PCHE流道内的综合性能。
在定渐缩渐扩节距周期为10 mm、定渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比为1/1的条件下,在质量流率为0.3~0.7 g/s时,对表1中模型B1—B5进行分析。
图10Nu随截面比变化情况。由图10可以看出:当渐缩渐扩截面比β由1/0.7变化到1/1.1时,热、冷流体侧Nu均呈下降趋势;当β由1/1.1变化到1/1.2时,Nu呈上升趋势。在计算的几种工况中,β为1/1.1时是变化趋势的转折点,但两侧的Nu并非以β为1/1.1对称变化。β越大,R2截面就越小,流体在渐缩渐扩结构中流经R2截面时速度就越高,流体与壁面之间的对流换热将增强,对流换热系数越高,换热效果越好;当截面比和其他条件一定时,Nu随着质量流率的增大而增大,质量流率的增大使流体速度增加,对流换热能力增强,流体与壁面的热量交换增强。
图11为范宁摩擦因子f随截面比、质量流率变化的曲线图。由图11可知:β为1/0.9是f变化趋势的转折点:当β由1/0.7变化到1/0.9时,热流体侧和冷流体侧的f皆呈下降趋势;当β由1/0.9变化到1/1.2时,热流体侧和冷流体侧的f皆呈上升趋势。说明在流体与壁面换热增强的同时,流体在通道内的摩擦阻力损失也相应增加。
图12给出了在不同质量流率下,热流体和冷流体在变截面比通道内δPEC的变化情况。可以看出:对于B1、B2、B3模型,β值均大于1,热、冷流体的δPEC均在1以上,说明这3种结构的综合性能均优于直流道模型;而对于B4、B5模型,β值均小于1,热、冷流体通道的δPEC均在1以下,说明这2种结构的综合性能比直流道模型差。
图13为不同β下流道内流体速度分布云图对比,分别对应B1、B5 2种情况。
图13可以看出:当β值大于1,流体在流经入口段的平直流道后,流体通道截面先逐渐减小后逐渐增大,此时通道内流体的速度先增大后减小,流体在截面缩小段的扰动增加,之后在流经截面扩大段时,会产生类似射流冲击的效果,流体湍流程度增加,使流体与壁面的接触更加充分,同时在扩大段还会形成涡旋,涡旋冲刷壁面破坏了边界层的发展,增强了流体和壁面之间的传热;若β值小于1,流体通道截面则先增大后减小,此时通道内流体的速度先减小后增大,这种结构会减小流体的整体速度,降低流体湍流程度,从而降低整个系统的换热性能。
在定渐缩渐扩节距周期为10 mm、定渐缩渐扩截面比为1/0.7的条件下,在质量流率为0.3~0.7 g/s时,对表1中模型C1—C4进行分析,C1—C4分别对应γ为1/9、3/7、7/3、9/1的情况。图14Nuγ的变化情况。
图14所示:热、冷侧Nu均与质量流率的大小成正比,且同一工况下冷侧Nu始终大于热侧Nu;在定质量流率条件下,几种工况Nu由大到小依次为C3、C2、C4、C1;当质量流率为0.7 g/s时,以模型C1和C3为例,模型C1中热、冷流体的平均流速分别为6.123、1.382 m/s,而模型C3中热、冷流体的平均流速分别为6.285、1.433 m/s,模型C3中流体流速高于模型C1中流体流速;此外,模型C3中热、冷流体对流换热系数均大于模型C1。因此,模型C3的Nu大于模型C1的Nu
图15为范宁摩擦因子fγ、质量流率变化图。可以看出,γ不变时,范宁摩擦因子f随质量流率增大而减小。以模型C3为例,质量流率由0.6 g/s增至0.7 g/s时,流体速度增加,速度平方增加,入口处到出口处的压降损失也增加:热、冷侧流体u2分别增加了37.9%和34.5%,而热、冷侧压降分别增加了33.81%和34.17%。流体压降增加幅度小于u2的增加幅度,导致f减小。在定质量流率条件下,几种工况f由大到小依次为C3、C2、C4、C1。
图16为热侧和冷侧综合性能评价指标δPECγ变化的曲线图。在4种工况中,模型C2、C3的热、冷侧δPEC值均大于1,即C2、C3模型的综合性能优于直流道模型;模型C1、C4的热、冷侧δPEC值均小于1,说明C1、C4模型综合性能低于直流道模型。从图16还能看出,随着质量流率的增大,模型C2的δPEC值略高于模型C3的δPEC值,说明在计算的几种工况中,模型C2的综合性能最好。
图17为4种γ下流道内流体速度分布云图对比。由图17可以看出:流体均在渐缩段加速,此过程动能增加,不会产生流动分离;流体在流经渐扩段时,由于速度减小压力增大,易因逆压梯度发生流动分离而产生不同大小的涡流;模型C1、C2渐缩段长度大于渐扩段,模型C3、C4渐缩段长度小于渐扩段,模型C3、C4形成的涡流比模型C1、C2更大,模型C3、C4的沿程压降损失也更大。综合各工况下的δPEC可得出结论,在定周期条件下,兼顾换热性能及沿程压降损失,对渐变结构进行设计时,应控制渐缩段长度小于渐扩段长度,最佳渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比应在3/7附近。
为探究渐缩渐扩型流道对PCHE综合性能的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,以S-CO2为流体工质,对不同工况参数的渐缩渐扩型流道PCHE进行了模拟计算,比较了不同工况参数PCHE的Nu、f、δPEC,得出如下结论。
1)节距周期T的影响。对于定渐缩渐扩截面比β为1/0.7、定渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比β为1:1的情况,渐缩渐扩节距周期T增大,Nuf均减小,冷流体侧和热流体侧综合性能δPEC均大于1,且冷流体侧δPEC略高于热流体侧。
2)渐缩渐扩截面比β的影响。对于定渐缩渐扩节距周期T为10 mm、定渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ为1:1的情况,当渐缩渐扩截面比β大于1时,综合性能δPEC大于1,综合换热性能和截面比β为正相关;当渐缩渐扩截面比β小于1时,δPEC小于1,综合换热性能被削弱。
3)渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比γ的影响:对于定渐缩渐扩节距周期T为10 mm、定渐缩渐扩截面比β为1/0.7的情况,在计算的几种工况中,渐缩长度与渐扩长度之比β为3/7和7/3时,综合性能δPEC大于1,综合换热性能得到强化。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52466004)
  • 景德镇市科技计划项目(2023GY001-10; 20202GYZD013-21)
  • 景德镇陶瓷大学研究生创新专项资金项目(JYC202436)
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502047
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52466004)
国家自然科学基金项目(52466004)
Jingdezhen Science and Technology Planning Project(2023GY001-10; 20202GYZD013-21)
景德镇市科技计划项目(2023GY001-10; 20202GYZD013-21)
Graduate Innovation Special Fund Project of Jingdezhen Ceramic University(JYC202436)
景德镇陶瓷大学研究生创新专项资金项目(JYC202436)
作者信息
    景德镇陶瓷大学材料科学与工程学院,江西 景德镇 333403

通讯作者:

张任平(1979),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为相变储能、相变传热界面调控,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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