Article(id=1217836116011565813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356358, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356358, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836117441823487, articleId=1217836116011565813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experimental and numerical simulation study on slagging characteristics of multiple fuels co-combustion in a 1 000 MW double-swirl coal-fired boiler, columnId=1217836117349548796, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Combustion optimization and intelligent operation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A field test and numerical simulation study is carried out on the slagging problem of a 1 000 MW double-tangential coal-fired boiler during the co-firing of high ash melting point coal and low ash melting point coal. The test results show that as the proportion of low ash melting point coal increases, the slagging in the furnace shows a significant aggravation trend. When the proportion of low ash melting point coal is 50%, slight slagging occurs in the furnace. When the proportion increases to 67%, large-scale coking occurs on the bottom of the large screen heat transfer surface. When the proportion reaches 83%, the slagging situation deteriorates significantly, and the proportion of slag blocks in the furnace slag exceeds 40%. The numerical simulation results of slagging are in good agreement with the field operation test results. The results show that slagging is mainly concentrated in the front and rear wall areas, and the degree of slagging on each heat transfer surface increases with the proportion of low ash melting point coal. Although the addition of low ash melting point coal does not significantly change the near-wall temperature, the significant reduction of the ash melting point of the mixed coal is the fundamental reason for the deterioration of slagging. The operation mode of low ash melting point coal in the burner has a significant effect on slagging, especially when the low ash melting point coal is co-fired in layers D and C, the slagging trend is particularly obvious. It is recommended to prioritize the arrangement of low ash melting point coal in layers A and B, followed by layer F, and avoid co-firing low ash melting point coal in layers D and C.

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针对某1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉在高灰熔点煤与低灰熔点煤混烧过程中出现的结渣问题,开展了现场试验与数值模拟研究。试验研究表明:随着低灰熔点煤掺烧比例的增加,炉内结渣呈现明显加剧趋势;当低灰熔点煤掺烧比例为50%时,炉内出现轻微结渣;掺烧比例提升至67%时,大屏底部受热面出现大面积结焦;当掺烧比例达到83%时,结渣情况显著恶化,炉渣中渣块占比超过40%。结渣数值模拟结果表明:结渣主要集中在前墙和后墙区域;各受热面结渣程度随低灰熔点煤比例增加而加重;低灰熔点煤的掺入虽未显著改变近壁面温度,但混煤灰熔点大幅降低是结渣恶化的根本原因;低灰熔点煤在燃烧器中投运方式对结渣影响显著,其中D、C层掺烧低灰熔点煤时结渣趋势尤为明显;建议优先在A、B层布置低灰熔点煤,其次考虑F层,应避免在D、C层掺烧低灰熔点煤。结渣数值模拟与现场运行试验结果趋势吻合良好。

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马仑(1990),男,博士,特设研究员,主要研究方向为低碳清洁能源与环境安全、有机固废热处置与资源化、燃烧数值模拟,
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李源(1990),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉高效清洁燃烧,

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李源(1990),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉高效清洁燃烧,

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李源(1990),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉高效清洁燃烧,

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m附近中心线温度对比, figureFileSmall=IugV2X+gCi3/6ZTfMUfvjQ==, figureFileBig=cDKLm/LhB+mKlHH3LaZATg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836129362034998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836116011565813, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Coal quality analysis

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晋城煤榆中煤
工业分析(收到基)w/%水分13.1012.30
灰分16.105.15
挥发分8.8330.88
固定碳61.9751.67
元素分析(收到基)w/%C64.5567.94
H2.754.07
O2.139.34
N1.070.82
S0.300.38
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)23.2726.07
灰熔点温度/℃变形温度1 3491 224
软化温度1 4601 264
流动温度>1 500>1 500
), ArticleFig(id=1217836129458503993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836116011565813, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晋城煤榆中煤
工业分析(收到基)w/%水分13.1012.30
灰分16.105.15
挥发分8.8330.88
固定碳61.9751.67
元素分析(收到基)w/%C64.5567.94
H2.754.07
O2.139.34
N1.070.82
S0.300.38
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)23.2726.07
灰熔点温度/℃变形温度1 3491 224
软化温度1 4601 264
流动温度>1 500>1 500
), ArticleFig(id=1217836130750349632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836116011565813, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Information on blended coal combustion

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工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
榆中煤实际投运仓数量/台0678810
榆中煤掺混比例/%05058677083
燃烧器A1晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器A2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器B1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器B2晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤
燃烧器C1晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器C2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器D1晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器D2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器E1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器E2晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤
燃烧器F1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤
燃烧器F2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤晋城煤
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掺烧配煤信息

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工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6
榆中煤实际投运仓数量/台0678810
榆中煤掺混比例/%05058677083
燃烧器A1晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器A2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器B1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器B2晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤
燃烧器C1晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器C2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器D1晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器D2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器E1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤
燃烧器E2晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤
燃烧器F1晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤晋城煤榆中煤
燃烧器F2晋城煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤榆中煤晋城煤
), ArticleFig(id=1217836130939093321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836116011565813, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Slagging conditions on different heating surfaces

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位置工况1工况2工况4工况6
掺烧比例050%67%83%
不同受热面总结渣前墙0.1060.4060.4850.593
后墙0.0330.1600.2960.307
左墙0.0060.0820.0780.047
右墙00.0310.0680.141
前屏00.0540.0980.113
后屏0000.004
各燃烧器喷出粒子的总结渣A层左半区0.1251.1251.1250.729
A层右半区0.0831.1670.9380.938
B层左半区0.1160
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
1.134
B层右半区0.1160
(晋城煤)
1.2501.181
C层左半区0.1391.7591.9441.759
C层右半区0.1621.1571.8291.273
D层左半区0.1622.4071.8291.713
D层右半区0.4630
(晋城煤)
2.2692.222
E层左半区0.1390
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
E层右半区0.1850
(晋城煤)
0.023
(晋城煤)
2.338
F层左半区0.0461.1571.0880
(晋城煤)
F层右半区01.1810(晋城煤)1.181
), ArticleFig(id=1217836131018785097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836116011565813, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同受热面总结渣情况

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位置工况1工况2工况4工况6
掺烧比例050%67%83%
不同受热面总结渣前墙0.1060.4060.4850.593
后墙0.0330.1600.2960.307
左墙0.0060.0820.0780.047
右墙00.0310.0680.141
前屏00.0540.0980.113
后屏0000.004
各燃烧器喷出粒子的总结渣A层左半区0.1251.1251.1250.729
A层右半区0.0831.1670.9380.938
B层左半区0.1160
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
1.134
B层右半区0.1160
(晋城煤)
1.2501.181
C层左半区0.1391.7591.9441.759
C层右半区0.1621.1571.8291.273
D层左半区0.1622.4071.8291.713
D层右半区0.4630
(晋城煤)
2.2692.222
E层左半区0.1390
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
0
(晋城煤)
E层右半区0.1850
(晋城煤)
0.023
(晋城煤)
2.338
F层左半区0.0461.1571.0880
(晋城煤)
F层右半区01.1810(晋城煤)1.181
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1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉多燃料混烧结渣特性试验与数值模拟研究
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李源 1 , 陈鑫科 2 , 方庆艳 2 , 马仑 3 , 梁杰 1 , 陈崧 1 , 姚朋伟 4 , 沈国清 5 , 张国防 6
热力发电 | 燃烧优化与智能运行 2025,54(12): 85-93
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热力发电 | 燃烧优化与智能运行 2025, 54(12): 85-93
1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉多燃料混烧结渣特性试验与数值模拟研究
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李源1 , 陈鑫科2, 方庆艳2, 马仑3 , 梁杰1, 陈崧1, 姚朋伟4, 沈国清5, 张国防6
作者信息
  • 1.润电能源科学技术有限公司,河南 郑州 450052
  • 2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 3.武汉理工大学安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 4.南阳天益发电有限责任公司,河南 南阳 474671
  • 5.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 6.河南华润电力首阳山有限公司,河南 洛阳 471000
  • 李源(1990),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉高效清洁燃烧,

通讯作者:

马仑(1990),男,博士,特设研究员,主要研究方向为低碳清洁能源与环境安全、有机固废热处置与资源化、燃烧数值模拟,
Experimental and numerical simulation study on slagging characteristics of multiple fuels co-combustion in a 1 000 MW double-swirl coal-fired boiler
Yuan LI1 , Xinke CHEN2, Qingyan FANG2, Lun MA3 , Jie LIANG1, Song CHEN1, Pengwei YAO4, Guoqing SHEN5, Guofang ZHANG6
Affiliations
  • 1.Rundian Energy Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450052, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion and Low Carbon Utilization, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
  • 3.School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 4.Nanyang Tianyi Power Generation Co., Ltd., Nanyang 474671, China
  • 5.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 6.China Resources Power Henan Shouyangshan Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506105
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针对某1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉在高灰熔点煤与低灰熔点煤混烧过程中出现的结渣问题,开展了现场试验与数值模拟研究。试验研究表明:随着低灰熔点煤掺烧比例的增加,炉内结渣呈现明显加剧趋势;当低灰熔点煤掺烧比例为50%时,炉内出现轻微结渣;掺烧比例提升至67%时,大屏底部受热面出现大面积结焦;当掺烧比例达到83%时,结渣情况显著恶化,炉渣中渣块占比超过40%。结渣数值模拟结果表明:结渣主要集中在前墙和后墙区域;各受热面结渣程度随低灰熔点煤比例增加而加重;低灰熔点煤的掺入虽未显著改变近壁面温度,但混煤灰熔点大幅降低是结渣恶化的根本原因;低灰熔点煤在燃烧器中投运方式对结渣影响显著,其中D、C层掺烧低灰熔点煤时结渣趋势尤为明显;建议优先在A、B层布置低灰熔点煤,其次考虑F层,应避免在D、C层掺烧低灰熔点煤。结渣数值模拟与现场运行试验结果趋势吻合良好。

双切圆燃煤锅炉  /  混烧  /  结渣  /  现场试验  /  数值模拟

A field test and numerical simulation study is carried out on the slagging problem of a 1 000 MW double-tangential coal-fired boiler during the co-firing of high ash melting point coal and low ash melting point coal. The test results show that as the proportion of low ash melting point coal increases, the slagging in the furnace shows a significant aggravation trend. When the proportion of low ash melting point coal is 50%, slight slagging occurs in the furnace. When the proportion increases to 67%, large-scale coking occurs on the bottom of the large screen heat transfer surface. When the proportion reaches 83%, the slagging situation deteriorates significantly, and the proportion of slag blocks in the furnace slag exceeds 40%. The numerical simulation results of slagging are in good agreement with the field operation test results. The results show that slagging is mainly concentrated in the front and rear wall areas, and the degree of slagging on each heat transfer surface increases with the proportion of low ash melting point coal. Although the addition of low ash melting point coal does not significantly change the near-wall temperature, the significant reduction of the ash melting point of the mixed coal is the fundamental reason for the deterioration of slagging. The operation mode of low ash melting point coal in the burner has a significant effect on slagging, especially when the low ash melting point coal is co-fired in layers D and C, the slagging trend is particularly obvious. It is recommended to prioritize the arrangement of low ash melting point coal in layers A and B, followed by layer F, and avoid co-firing low ash melting point coal in layers D and C.

double-tangential circle coal-fired boiler  /  co-firing  /  slagging  /  field tests  /  numerical simulation
李源, 陈鑫科, 方庆艳, 马仑, 梁杰, 陈崧, 姚朋伟, 沈国清, 张国防. 1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉多燃料混烧结渣特性试验与数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506105
Yuan LI, Xinke CHEN, Qingyan FANG, Lun MA, Jie LIANG, Song CHEN, Pengwei YAO, Guoqing SHEN, Guofang ZHANG. Experimental and numerical simulation study on slagging characteristics of multiple fuels co-combustion in a 1 000 MW double-swirl coal-fired boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506105
燃煤锅炉运行中,严重的结渣往往会造成掉渣炉膛灭火、降低锅炉传热效率、增加烟气阻力,甚至导致超温爆管而停炉的重大安全事故,严重影响机组的经济性与安全性,积灰、结渣问题已成为燃煤电厂工程实际中亟需解决的问题[1-3]
为改善锅炉结渣情况,许多学者对锅炉结渣特性及调整方法进行了研究。何文兵等[4]针对某350 MW锅炉开展了燃用贫煤锅炉改烧强结渣沾污烟煤的调整及改造技术研究,通过改造和调整,锅炉对掺烧62.5%的低灰熔点烟煤具有良好的适应性。杨冬等[5]根据1 000 MW超超临界锅炉的实际运行数据,对其结渣特性进行研究和分析,建立了基于煤灰特性的锅炉结渣特性预测模型,模型能实现锅炉结渣特性的在线实时监测,同时能对煤质不均匀或采用混煤燃烧等情况的锅炉结渣特性做出较准确的判别。王浩帆等[6]针对燃用高碱煤锅炉开展了基于气相碱金属检测的受热面结渣监测实验研究,结果发现,炉内主燃区的火焰温度、气相碱金属质量浓度最高,上二次风与下二次风比例越高,炉膛内的温度与气相碱金属质量浓度水平越高。王赫等[7]针对某600 MW超临界煤粉锅炉炉膛出口屏式过热器和末级再热器严重结渣问题进行了综合分析发现,二次风强度不足,会损坏喷嘴并导致火焰中心上移,使屏式过热器出现大面积结渣,且入炉煤种结渣综合判别指数影响较大,是该锅炉受热面结渣的重要原因。黄见勋等[8]对某300 MW锅炉的结渣问题进行研究,提出采取减小切圆直径、封堵部分向火侧贴壁风喷口等措施可缓解水冷壁结焦问题。董磊等[9]对某1 000 MW超超临界双切圆燃煤锅炉水冷壁结渣特性进行研究,提出将煤质特性较差的煤种置于较低层燃烧器,可降低水冷壁结渣倾向。向家涛等[10]开展了高碱煤掺烧低钠煤的混煤结渣特性试验研究,结果表明,高碱煤碱金属含量高,结渣倾向较强,通过与低钠煤进行掺混燃烧,能够有效降低高碱煤的结渣倾向。张学威等[11]考虑飞灰颗粒运动与沉积过程建立了350 MW前后墙对冲煤粉锅炉燃烧数理模型,实现了灰颗粒在壁面沉积过程的模拟计算,结果表明结渣发生的主要部位为燃尽风上方至水平烟道进口侧墙区域、底层燃烧器射流末端侧墙区域以及过热屏底部区域,且炉内混烧时不同煤种的入炉位置对炉内结渣有较大的影响。甘加耀等[12]对一台330 MW四角切圆锅炉开展了复杂煤种锅炉水冷壁结渣特性的数值模拟及防结渣配煤优化研究,并评估了结渣倾向,提出了防结渣配煤优化方法。上述研究主要采取调整运行参数,对锅炉进行改造等措施来改善炉内结渣问题,具有一定指导意义。
本文针对某1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉在高灰熔点晋城煤与低灰熔点榆中煤混烧过程中出现的结渣问题,开展了系统的现场试验研究。并结合燃烧数值模拟,构建了基于自定义函数UDF的混煤燃烧结焦模型。结合试验和数值模拟结果,系统研究了炉内结渣特性、各受热面结渣倾向、混煤入炉位置对结渣特性的影响,提出了低灰熔点煤入炉指导性建议,分析了受热面结渣的主要因素。相关研究结果可为同类锅炉掺烧低灰熔点煤防结渣提供一定参考。
本文研究对象为某1 000 MW超超临界单炉膛煤粉锅炉,炉宽34.29 m,炉深14.36 m,炉顶高68.36 m,锅炉外形如图1所示。锅炉采用低NOx同轴燃烧系统燃烧方式,设有6层强化着火煤粉喷嘴,在煤粉喷嘴四周布置有周界风。相邻2层煤粉喷嘴之间布置有1层辅助风喷嘴,包括上下2只偏置的二次风喷嘴和1只直吹风喷嘴。在主风箱上部设有2层紧凑燃尽风喷嘴,在主风箱下部设有1层火下风喷嘴。锅炉燃烧系统按配置双进双出钢球磨煤机直吹式制粉系统设计,锅炉共配置12个原煤仓。48只直流式燃烧器分6层布置于炉膛下部,煤粉和空气从2个面4个角送入,在炉膛中呈双切圆方式燃烧。主燃烧器和炉膛出口之间布置有1组燃尽风燃烧器喷嘴。满负荷时,6层燃烧器全部投运,每台磨煤机的2个出口分别连接相应层左右2个半区的各4角燃烧器。
锅炉煤种信息见表1。磨煤机组合为ABCDEF,锅炉常规燃用煤为晋城煤,与其设计煤种较为相似,其变形温度TDT接近1 350 ℃、软化温度TST为1 460 ℃,流动温度TFT均高于1 500 ℃,属于高灰熔点煤;而榆中煤虽然流动温度TFT均高于1 500 ℃,但变形温度TDT约1 224 ℃、软化温度TST为1 264 ℃,其灰熔点明显低于晋城煤,属于低灰熔点煤。掺烧50%(质量分数,下同)榆中煤时,6个原煤仓用于储存榆中煤;掺烧58%榆中煤时,7个原煤仓用于储存榆中煤;掺烧67%、70%榆中煤时,8个原煤仓用于储存榆中煤;掺烧83%榆中煤时,10个原煤仓用于储存榆中煤。表2为满负荷掺烧工况下配煤信息,共投运6层燃烧器A、B、C、D、E、F。
根据锅炉的实际几何结构尺寸进行了精细化的建模和网格划分,充分考虑各一次风、二次风喷口外型对入炉膛风流动的影响,采用高质量的六面体网格,经过无关性验证,兼顾计算时间和成本,最终采用网格数为390万。为准确模拟燃烧器出口区域物理量梯度变化大的特性,将此区域网格进行细化。为减小伪扩散的计算误差,在主燃区采用贴合切圆分布的网格。锅炉模型如图2所示。
利用Fluent软件对该锅炉的煤粉燃烧进行数值模拟计算。采用Realizable k-ε双方程湍流模型模拟气相湍流流动。采用涡耗散模型来模拟气相燃烧过程。采用DO辐射模型模拟炉内辐射传热过程。采用随机轨道模型对煤粉颗粒的运动进行模拟。采用双竞争方程释放模型模拟挥发分释放。在模拟焦炭燃烧时采用动力/扩散控制反应模型。更多燃烧模型可参考文献[13-20]。
结焦分析模型中煤粉颗粒当前温度下粘附壁面的概率Pi的计算方式如下:
{Ρi=0 ,TiTsΡi=TiTsTaTs(1Ρs)+Ρs ,TsTiTaΡi=1 ,TaTi
式中:Ti为颗粒当前温度,℃;Ts为该煤种的软化温度,℃,数值上等于该煤粉灰熔点测试软化温度TSTTa为该煤的绝对粘附温度,℃,数值上等于该煤粉灰熔点测试流动温度TFTPs为该煤粉颗粒在软化温度Ts下粘附在壁面的概率,其计算方式如式(2):
Ρs=TSTTDTTFTTDT
基于上述公式,得出煤粉颗粒当前粘附壁面概率,再对当前颗粒生成随机值,当随机值在当前温度下粘附壁面概率Pi之内时,判定为煤粉粘附在壁面,判定机制如下:
{Random(0,1)Ρi, Random(0,1)Ρi, 
图3为模型中各参数对粘附系数的实际影响。可以看出:粘附判定范围越大,粘附份额越高;软化温度下粘附概率越大,粘附份额越高;软化温度越高,粘附份额越低;绝对粘附温度越高,粘附份额越低。上述特性基本满足煤粉结焦规律,本粘附结焦模型可用于后续炉内低灰熔点煤粉掺烧的结焦特性分析。在上述模拟基础上,利用自定义程序统计后生成粘附结果,同时将所有统计粘附粒子的空间坐标导出,进一步将所有粒子绘制在炉膛的三维模型上,可以直观观察到煤粉颗粒在壁面的粘附结焦情况。
该锅炉共配置12个原煤仓,试验过程中,将榆中煤的掺配量从6个仓(比例50%)逐步增加至10个仓(比例83%),分别进行掺烧试验。采用红外高温计测定炉膛各层观火孔内的火焰峰值温度,测试时,数据稳定后每15 min记录一次数据,将同一层温度值取平均。现场掺烧过程中,维持掺烧煤仓个数不变,从捞渣机处取出一定质量的炉渣样本。参考《煤的结渣性测定方法》(GB/T 1572—2018),本文定义了炉渣中渣块占比α,即炉渣经筛除处理后,锅炉炉渣中粒度大于6 mm的渣块占总炉渣的质量分数,用于表征炉膛结渣情况。计算公式如下:
α=m1m0×100%
式中:m1为炉渣中粒度大于6 mm的渣块质量,kg;m0为总炉渣质量,kg。
该锅炉在实际运行中,由于掺入了大量低灰熔点煤(榆中煤),炉内水冷壁与受热面出现大面积结焦问题,影响锅炉安全运行。现场掺烧运行中发现:随着低灰熔点榆中煤掺烧份额不断增加,锅炉水冷壁和受热面的结焦问题加剧;当榆中煤掺烧比例达到67%时,屏式过热器区域观测到明显结焦,燃烧器喷口烧损脱落。通过观火孔观察到屏式受热面存在大面积结焦现象,而在低负荷运行时,大量焦块从受热屏区和水冷壁区掉落,直接砸到灰斗及炉底,之后在捞渣机内可见大块碎渣与硬焦。与此同时,受热面吹灰的频率也愈加频繁,运行维护成本也相应增加。现场屏区观火孔结渣以及焦块外观如图4所示。
图5为筛分后焦渣外观。从图5中可以看出,不同工况下的筛分后残余渣块形态和大小有着较为明显的区别,随着榆中煤掺烧比例增加,炉渣形态变化明显,块状炉渣中渣块占比例明显增加。
图6为炉渣中渣块占比α随着榆中煤掺烧比例变化情况。由图6可以看出:榆中煤比例从50%增加到58%时,炉渣中渣块占比有所增加;进一步增加到67%时,炉渣中渣块占比显著增加;榆中煤比例增加到83%时,炉渣中渣块占比达到40%以上。上述现场运行情况表明,低灰熔点榆中煤增加了炉内水冷壁与受热面结渣风险,且榆中煤掺烧比例增加到67%时,炉内结渣较为严重。
图7为榆中煤掺混前后2个典型工况下炉内温度分布。由图7可以看出,炉膛横截面呈对称的双峰高温区,对应2个切向燃烧器的旋流火焰核心,位于燃烧器出口附近射流交汇区域。由于切圆燃烧形成的旋转气流,高温区沿炉膛高度呈螺旋上升趋势,煤粉颗粒的燃烧放热使主燃区温度梯度显著。在炉膛燃尽区,随着燃尽风掺混及辐射换热增强,温度逐渐降低。掺烧榆中煤前后炉内温度分布变化差异相对不显著。
图8为锅炉掺烧不同比例榆中煤受热面结焦云图。由图8可以看出:不掺混榆中煤时,煤软化温度TST为1 460 ℃,远高于壁面附近烟气温度,燃料结渣倾向较低;掺烧榆中煤后,由于榆中煤的灰熔点1 264 ℃低于设计煤种灰熔点1 400 ℃,明显低于壁面附近烟气温度,这显著增加了燃料结渣倾向。同时,结渣主要位置为左右炉膛主燃区及侧墙区域、大屏区入口,这由图4a)现场情况得到验证。随着低灰熔点榆中煤掺混比例增加,结渣趋势明显增加,这与现场试验结果是一致的。
为进一步定量对比结渣影响,对各受热面以及各燃烧器喷出粒子的总结渣情况进行了统计(质量分数),具体见表3。从受热面总结渣情况可以看出,结渣主要位于前墙和后墙区域;且随着榆中煤的掺混比列增加,各受热面的结渣严重程度增加,结渣程度增加幅度基本与掺混榆中煤的比例呈正相关关系。从各燃烧器喷出粒子的总结渣情况可以看出:不同层燃烧器喷出的煤粉粒子由于受炉内流动及燃烧影响,结渣量呈现不同差异,且高灰熔点晋城煤结渣量较小,低灰熔点榆中煤结渣量较大。对掺烧榆中煤的燃烧器进行分析对比可以看出,掺混50%榆中煤时,结渣趋势由强到弱的顺序为D层>C层>F层;掺混67%榆中煤时,结渣趋势由强到弱的顺序为D层>C层>A、B层;掺混83%榆中煤时,结渣趋势由强到弱的顺序为D层>C层>B层>A层。总的来说,建议榆中煤的掺烧布置位置优先安排A、B层,其次是F层,避免在D、C层掺烧榆中煤。
图9为典型掺烧工况下炉内温度分布与混煤软化温度TST对比,炉内温度利用红外温度枪通过观火孔测量,混煤软化温度TST通过实验室测定得到。结果表明,各工况炉膛径向温度最高点基本也出现于34.2 m附近区域,即炉膛F层燃烧器中心位置。工况2下,掺混50%榆中煤,现场运行结果发现结渣情况不显著,这主要是由于炉膛温度均低于该比例下混煤的软化温度TST(约1 348 ℃);掺混58%榆中煤(工况3)和67%榆中煤(工况4),水冷壁出现结渣,炉膛在45 m以下区域温度明显高于对应混煤灰软化温度TST(约1 314 ℃);掺混70%榆中煤(工况5),炉膛在50 m以下区域温度明显高于对应混煤灰软化温度TST(约1 227 ℃);特别地,掺混83%榆中煤以上,现场运行结果发现结渣现象较为明显,这主要是由于炉膛所有位置均高于对应软化温度TST(约1 177 ℃)。同时可以看出,大屏入口附近(50 m左右)温度随掺混比例的提高有较明显的升高,在较高掺混比例下屏过位置的结渣严重。
图10为不掺烧与掺烧83%榆中煤后靠近锅炉壁面0.1 m附近烟汽温度分布云图。由10可以看出,高温区主要位于主燃区前后墙区域,掺混前后温度云图差异不显著。为进一步定量比较掺混前后烟气温度变化,选取左侧靠近前墙和后墙0.1 m附近中心线进行温度对比(图11)。由图11可以看出,掺混前后壁面附近烟气温度云图变化相对较小,中心线1和中心线2上掺混前后温度变化也相对较小。以上结果表明,在锅炉目前运行工况下近壁面温度变化不是结渣的主要原因,掺混榆中煤使得混煤灰熔点显著降低是造成锅炉结渣的主要原因。
针对某1 000 MW双切圆燃煤锅炉混煤掺烧(高灰熔点晋城煤大比例掺烧低灰熔点榆中煤)过程中存在的结渣现象,进行了现场试验与结渣数值模拟研究,主要结论如下。
1)现场试验结果表明:当低灰熔点煤掺烧比例50%时,炉内存在一定结渣现象;当掺烧比例达到67%以上时,炉内结渣较为显著,大屏底部受热面存在大面积结焦现象;掺烧比例增加到83%时,炉内结渣较为显著,炉渣中渣块占比达到40%以上。
2)结渣数值模拟结果与现场运行试验结果趋势基本一致,即随着低灰熔点煤掺混比例增加,结渣趋势明显增加;受热面总结渣情况表明,结渣主要位于前墙和后墙区域;随低灰熔点煤的掺混比列增加,各受热面的结渣严重程度增加;各燃烧器喷出粒子的总结渣量表明,D、C层掺烧低灰熔点煤时结渣趋势较为显著,建议低灰熔点煤的掺烧布置位置优先安排A、B层,其次是F层,避免在D、C层掺烧榆中煤。
3)结合试验和模拟分析,掺混前后锅炉近壁面温度变化不显著,低灰熔点煤掺混导致混煤灰熔点显著降低是造成锅炉结渣的主要原因。相关研究结果可为同类锅炉掺烧低灰熔点煤防结渣提供一定参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52306136)
  • 武汉市自然科学基金探索计划项目(2024040801020264)
  • 武汉理工大学自主创新基金(104972025RSCbs0023)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB4106103)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506105
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52306136)
国家自然科学基金项目(52306136)
Wuhan Natural Science Foundation Exploration Program Project(2024040801020264)
武汉市自然科学基金探索计划项目(2024040801020264)
Independent Innovation Fund of Wuhan University of Technology(104972025RSCbs0023)
武汉理工大学自主创新基金(104972025RSCbs0023)
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFB4106103)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB4106103)
作者信息
    1.润电能源科学技术有限公司,河南 郑州 450052
    2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430073
    3.武汉理工大学安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    4.南阳天益发电有限责任公司,河南 南阳 474671
    5.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    6.河南华润电力首阳山有限公司,河南 洛阳 471000

通讯作者:

马仑(1990),男,博士,特设研究员,主要研究方向为低碳清洁能源与环境安全、有机固废热处置与资源化、燃烧数值模拟,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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