Article(id=1217836115566973702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356251, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836115776688903, articleId=1217836115566973702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on performance of a tile vortex generator with enhanced film cooling, columnId=1217836114430313173, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Efficient low-carbon thermal system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the technical problem that the cooling margin of the cylindrical hole is insufficient at low blowing ratios and the cold flow is separated from the wall at high blowing ratios, based on the tip-covered vortex generator (TCVG), a new type of vortex generator (VG) is proposed, which is called tile-shaped vortex generator (TVG). The conventional cylindrical hole and the cylindrical hole with TVG are numerically simulated. The results show that the film cooling efficiency of the cylindrical hole with TVG is 200% higher than that of the conventional cylindrical hole. Moreover, it solves the problem that the cold flow of the conventional cylindrical film hole will separate from the wall at high blowing ratios. With the increase of TVG width, the film cooling efficiency increases, and tends to be stable when the width reaches twice the film hole diameter. With the increase of TVG height, the suppression effect of TVG on cold flow is weakened, and there is an uncooled gap in the near-field area at high blowing ratios, and the film cooling efficiency shows a downward trend. The expansion angle of TVG has little effect on the film cooling effect, and the optimal expansion angle is 7.5°.

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为了解决圆柱孔在低吹风比下冷却裕度不足、高吹风比下冷流脱离壁面的技术难题,基于圆柱形孔的尖端覆盖涡流发生器(TCVG),提出了一种新型涡流发生器(VG)设计,即瓦片形涡流发生器(TVG)。对传统圆柱孔与带有TVG的圆柱形孔进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明:采用TVG时,气膜冷却效率比传统圆柱孔提高200%左右,并且解决了传统圆柱气膜孔在高吹风比下冷流从壁面脱离的情况;随着TVG宽度的增加,气膜冷却效率增加,当宽度达到2倍气膜孔直径时气膜冷却效率趋于稳定;随着TVG高度的增加,TVG对冷流的压制作用减弱,且在高吹风比下近场区出现未冷却的间隙,气膜冷却效率呈现下降趋势。TVG扩张角对气膜冷却效果的影响较小,最优扩张角为7.5°。

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寇志海(1981),博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Jd6VaXnmzgDmvv0yDeYcYA==, magXml=6na3UFhfhRG8TZhOQkKhRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zCzz7IBTeW/M3mRuetFZNw==, pdfFileSize=2404198, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=n7VKKgpL8HqamLjuSV8uvg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OnQFHmSkOzW5rK+DvvNhZQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马朋辉(2000),硕士研究生,主要研究方向为涡轮叶片气膜冷却,

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马朋辉(2000),硕士研究生,主要研究方向为涡轮叶片气膜冷却,

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caption=Comparison of surface-average cooling efficiency under different heights of TVG, figureFileSmall=0k0oznOr8pYiY+1Yclj+qA==, figureFileBig=3wgWk3NUd8eV9f4U+dxK8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133040443781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=CN, label=图24, caption=TVG不同高度下面平均η比较, figureFileSmall=0k0oznOr8pYiY+1Yclj+qA==, figureFileBig=3wgWk3NUd8eV9f4U+dxK8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133166272907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Temperature and streamline distributions in central cross-section of the film hole with different expansion angles of TVG, figureFileSmall=y00YcPzOaF868Dh6XO/dOg==, figureFileBig=o7GAy06uCHLAS5GcweKLQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133258547598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=CN, label=图25, caption=TVG不同扩张角下气膜孔中心截面温度与流线分布, figureFileSmall=y00YcPzOaF868Dh6XO/dOg==, figureFileBig=o7GAy06uCHLAS5GcweKLQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133338239380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=Temperature and streamline distributions in cross-section at X/D=5 with different expansion angles of TVG, figureFileSmall=uwGEPgaj9JyqNt1xx5g46w==, figureFileBig=O4udaSfPVjxhY1Risl8EfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133426319765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=CN, label=图26, caption=TVG不同扩张角下X/D=5截面温度与流线分布, figureFileSmall=uwGEPgaj9JyqNt1xx5g46w==, figureFileBig=O4udaSfPVjxhY1Risl8EfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836133522788761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=EN, label=Fig.27, caption=Distributions of cooling efficiency 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Geometric parameter settings for calculation examples

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算例α/(°)hd2类型
Case1无TVG
Case200.4DDTVG
Case300.4D2DTVG
Case400.4D3DTVG
Case500.6D2DTVG
Case600.8D2DTVG
Case77.50.4D2DTVG
Case815.00.4D2DTVG
), ArticleFig(id=1217836135473140152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836115566973702, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算例几何参数设置

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算例α/(°)hd2类型
Case1无TVG
Case200.4DDTVG
Case300.4D2DTVG
Case400.4D3DTVG
Case500.6D2DTVG
Case600.8D2DTVG
Case77.50.4D2DTVG
Case815.00.4D2DTVG
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一种增强气膜冷却的瓦片涡流发生器性能研究
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马朋辉 , 寇志海 , 尹训彦 , 李广超 , 卫海桥
热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025,54(12): 27-38
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热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025, 54(12): 27-38
一种增强气膜冷却的瓦片涡流发生器性能研究
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马朋辉 , 寇志海 , 尹训彦, 李广超, 卫海桥
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院,辽宁 沈阳 110136
  • 马朋辉(2000),硕士研究生,主要研究方向为涡轮叶片气膜冷却,

通讯作者:

寇志海(1981),博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
Research on performance of a tile vortex generator with enhanced film cooling
Penghui MA , Zhihai KOU , Xunyan YIN, Guangchao LI, Haiqiao WEI
Affiliations
  • School of Aero Engine, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503033
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为了解决圆柱孔在低吹风比下冷却裕度不足、高吹风比下冷流脱离壁面的技术难题,基于圆柱形孔的尖端覆盖涡流发生器(TCVG),提出了一种新型涡流发生器(VG)设计,即瓦片形涡流发生器(TVG)。对传统圆柱孔与带有TVG的圆柱形孔进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明:采用TVG时,气膜冷却效率比传统圆柱孔提高200%左右,并且解决了传统圆柱气膜孔在高吹风比下冷流从壁面脱离的情况;随着TVG宽度的增加,气膜冷却效率增加,当宽度达到2倍气膜孔直径时气膜冷却效率趋于稳定;随着TVG高度的增加,TVG对冷流的压制作用减弱,且在高吹风比下近场区出现未冷却的间隙,气膜冷却效率呈现下降趋势。TVG扩张角对气膜冷却效果的影响较小,最优扩张角为7.5°。

气膜冷却  /  瓦片形涡流发生器  /  吹风比  /  冷却效率  /  数值模拟

In order to solve the technical problem that the cooling margin of the cylindrical hole is insufficient at low blowing ratios and the cold flow is separated from the wall at high blowing ratios, based on the tip-covered vortex generator (TCVG), a new type of vortex generator (VG) is proposed, which is called tile-shaped vortex generator (TVG). The conventional cylindrical hole and the cylindrical hole with TVG are numerically simulated. The results show that the film cooling efficiency of the cylindrical hole with TVG is 200% higher than that of the conventional cylindrical hole. Moreover, it solves the problem that the cold flow of the conventional cylindrical film hole will separate from the wall at high blowing ratios. With the increase of TVG width, the film cooling efficiency increases, and tends to be stable when the width reaches twice the film hole diameter. With the increase of TVG height, the suppression effect of TVG on cold flow is weakened, and there is an uncooled gap in the near-field area at high blowing ratios, and the film cooling efficiency shows a downward trend. The expansion angle of TVG has little effect on the film cooling effect, and the optimal expansion angle is 7.5°.

film cooling  /  tile-shaped vortex generator  /  blowing ratio  /  cooling efficiency  /  numerical simulation
马朋辉, 寇志海, 尹训彦, 李广超, 卫海桥. 一种增强气膜冷却的瓦片涡流发生器性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503033
Penghui MA, Zhihai KOU, Xunyan YIN, Guangchao LI, Haiqiao WEI. Research on performance of a tile vortex generator with enhanced film cooling[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503033
为了提升燃气轮机的效率并增大输出功率,采用增加涡轮前燃气进口温度,持续的增加至今仍使其显著高于涡轮材料的熔点,因此需要采用复杂的气膜冷却技术来降低高温部件的热负荷。在高压燃气轮机中,常用的气膜孔类型为圆形孔,其结构简单且易于加工,可在一定程度上实现对热端部件表面的冷却。然而,在大吹风比下,圆形孔容易出现冷流脱壁现象,导致下游气膜无法起到冷却效果。这表明高效的气膜冷却设计仍然是燃气涡轮发动机工业设计中面临的一个重大技术难题。
随着叶片制作工艺的提高,一些新的孔型被提出,如百叶窗孔、叶子形孔、扁豆形孔、三叶草形孔、五角星形孔、双射流孔、箭头形孔、交叉扭转椭圆孔、椭圆孔、扇形孔、收敛缝形孔,这些形状气膜孔得到广泛研究[1-8]。其中椭圆孔、扇形孔、收敛缝形孔已经在一些燃气涡轮机中得到应用。在气膜孔出口处开设浅槽也可提高气膜冷却性能。文献[9-12]研究了槽结构对气膜冷却特性的影响。
近年来,在气膜孔附近安装涡流发生器(vortex generator,VG)来增强气膜冷却效果的方法得到各学者们的广泛关注。当流体跨越障碍时,由于边界层的存在,在其表面会形成回流区,VG就是利用了这一流动机理。Zhang等人[13-14]研究了VG倾角、高度和位置对气膜冷却效率的影响。Sarkar等人[15]通过模拟研究了DWVG与UWVG对气膜冷却效率的影响。此外,Krss等人[16]研究了开槽与斜坡相结合的结构对冷却效果的影响。Song等人[17]实验研究了倾斜角和吹风比以及在圆柱孔出口下游安装微斜坡来提高平板的薄膜冷却性能。Deng等人[18]对上游具有4种类型小翼涡流发生器的平板气膜冷却性能进行了数值研究。Halder等人[19]使用数值模拟研究了涡流发生器位于圆形气膜孔上游,对平板薄膜冷却效果的影响。Straub等人[20]数值模拟了在圆柱形气膜孔出口下游安装V形排列的矩形板对平板气膜冷却效果的影响。He等人[21]在气膜孔出口上游设计了4种V形涡流发生器,研究了其对气膜冷却的影响。Yu等人[22]发现DBD-VGs可以提高气膜冷却性能。Tepe等人[23]发现三角形凹边形(TCES)在射流区域产生一对强大的反向旋转涡旋,可以改善冷却剂在表面上向横向的分散。Lee等人[24]研究了在圆形气膜孔出口下游安装V形排列的矩形板对平板气膜冷却效果的影响。
尽管现有的VG配置(三角斜坡型、小翼型等)可以增强圆柱形平板气膜冷却效果,但在平板气膜冷却方面仍有望改进,对于增强气膜冷却的设计理念仍需要进一步发展,以满足未来燃气轮机热端部件的冷却要求。因此,本文基于尖端覆盖涡流发生器(TCVG),提出了一种新型的结构,旨在进一步提高气膜冷却效果并解决冷流在高吹风比下脱离壁面的问题。对带有瓦片形涡流发生器(TVG)的圆柱气膜孔进行数值模拟,分析不同结构参数对平板气膜冷却效果的影响。
本文的研究均基于平板气膜,利用UG软件建立三维模型。图1为平板气膜计算模型,图1中气膜孔直径D=5 mm,长径比L/D=4,喷射角度45°。主流通道的长、宽、高分别为55D、6D和10D。冷气腔的长、宽、高分别为5D、6D和10D。在气膜孔出口布置TVG,其几何尺寸与位置如图2所示。由图2可见,TVG与TCVG相似,在顶部都是封闭的。而与TCVG不同的是,为了防止冷流在高吹风比下脱离壁面,TVG安装在气膜孔出口位置,TVG前端与气膜孔出口前端对齐。由于考虑到冷流冲击到TVG顶部横向扩散,整个TVG设计成瓦片形且流向扩张。TVG的厚度为e=0.1D,中心线高度为h,前端宽度为d1,后端宽度为d2,长度固定为2D,流向扩张角为α。为了研究其几何参数对平板气膜冷却效果的影响,保持es固定,改变其他参数,算例几何参数设置见表1
本文模型所有网格均采用软件Fluent Meshing自动生成,为四面体和六面体组成的混合网格。平板气膜计算域网格划分如图3所示。对平板表面以及气膜孔划分边界层网格,使第1层网格的无量纲距离y+小于1,从而满足湍流模型的要求。
设定主流入口为速度入口,入口流速为20 m/s,温度为350 K,湍流强度为1%。冷流入口也设为速度入口,入口流速依据吹风比M而定(M=0.5、1.0、1.5),温度为300 K,湍流强度为5%。冷流与主流都采用空气。出口设为压力出口。计算域两侧壁面设为周期性边界条件,其余壁面设为绝热无滑移。
采用Fluent软件求解雷诺时均形式的N-S方程和能量方程。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型模拟湍流流动,壁面函数采用增强壁面函数,采用二阶迎风差分格式离散各方程,采用Fluent分离隐式求解器亚松驰求解,收敛残差设置为10–5
吹风比M定义为:
M=ρcvcρgvg
式中:ρc为冷流密度,kg/m3ρg为主流密度,kg/m3vc为冷流在气膜孔出口的平均速度,m/s;vg为主流进口的平均速度,m/s。
气膜冷却效率η定义为:
η=TgTawTgTc
式中:Tg为初始主流温度,K;Taw为绝热壁面温度,K;Tc为初始冷流温度,K。
气膜有效覆盖比Af为:
Af=afaw
式中:af为气膜有效覆盖(η≥0.2等值线所围成的图形面积),m2aw为平板面积,m2
选取308万、344万、412万和453万网格进行网格无关性验证,结果如图4所示。当网格数为412万时,模拟结果基本不变。网格数量的增加对模拟结果的影响很小,故选取412万网格进行计算。
为了验证湍流模型的准确性,依据Liu等人[25]设计的实验建立模型,利用本文计算方法对M=0.5的圆柱气膜孔进行数值模拟,将所得的结果与实验结果进行比较。图5为平板气膜冷却效率分布验证。图6为湍流模型展向平均冷却效率验证。由图5图6可见,气膜冷却效率的预测趋势与实验数据一致。但在气膜孔出口下游附近,该湍流模型低估了展向冷却效率,原因可能有3点:1)建模的缺点以及实验的不确定性;2)近场冷流和主流之间的混合相对较弱,导致湍流较弱;3)气膜孔出口位置湍流结构复杂,N-S方程难以准确预测气膜冷却性能。此外Realizable k-ε湍流模型已在平板气膜冷却性能影响研究中得到了大量的实验验证[10,18,21]
图7显示了Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下气膜孔中心截面温度与流线分布。从图7可以看出,圆柱形气膜孔在低吹风比下冷却射流动量较小,穿透性较弱,冷流受主流压迫紧贴壁面。但随着吹风比的增大,冷流穿透性增强,从而更容易穿透主流,导致冷流流线逐渐上移,冷流的贴壁性逐渐减弱。然而装有TVG结构的圆柱形气膜孔不仅在低吹风比下冷流的贴壁性良好,而且在高吹风比下由于TVG对冷流的阻挡作用,导致冷流无法穿透主流,从而形成良好的贴壁效果。由于TVG的存在,使得气膜孔出口附近流动复杂,形成了多个涡系结构。TVG下方的涡系由于主流遭到冷流的阻碍而形成,TVG上方的涡流则由于冷流从TVG后方流出,导致主流抬升而形成,涡流大小随着吹风比的增大而增大。
图8显示了Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下气膜孔出口下游X/D=5处横截面温度流线分布。从图8可以看出,当M=0.5时,圆柱形气膜孔引发了一对较小的肾形涡。这些肾形涡通过与主流相互作用,将主流卷入冷流下方区域,对整体的气膜冷却效能产生了不利影响。随着吹风比的增大,肾形涡也随之发展壮大,卷吸以及抬升作用也越来越明显,使得冷流离平板壁面越来越远,冷流无法很好地保护平板,造成冷却液的严重浪费。当M=0.5时,装有TVG的圆柱气膜孔在此处会产生一对与肾形涡相反的涡系,此外没有其他涡系结构。该涡系有压迫冷流抬升防止其脱离壁面的作用。随着吹风比的增大,该涡系也随之增大,导致冷流横向扩张越来越大,这意味着动量和标量传输之间存在良好的相关性。
图9显示了Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下气膜冷却效率云图。从图9可以看出,Case1随着吹风比的增大,气膜冷却效果越来越差,在M=1.5时气膜冷却效果近乎没有。这是因为在高吹风比下,冷流动量增大,使得肾形涡增强,冷流的抬升作用增强导致气膜近乎无冷却效果。而装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔相比于传统圆柱形气膜孔来说,因为反向涡系的产生,抑制了冷流的抬升作用,使得气膜有着更高效、更广、更均匀的气膜覆盖,冷却裕度也更大,而且也解决了圆柱形气膜孔在高吹风比下冷流脱壁现象,使得在高吹风比下仍然具有非常好的气膜覆盖。随着吹风比的增大,气膜的冷却效果越来越好。
图10显示了Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下孔下游X/D=5处气膜冷却效率横向分布。由图10可以发现,当M=0.5时,圆柱形气膜孔在中心线附近冷却效率η最高,达到50%左右。η向两侧逐渐降低。随着吹风比的增大,在该处的气膜横向覆盖越小,η越低。相较于标准圆柱气膜孔,装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔在该处的η分布规律类似,但随着吹风比的增大,气膜的横向覆盖更广,冷却效率更高,最高处(M=1.5)可达到98%左右。
图11显示了Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下展向平均气膜冷却效率分布。从图11可以看出,装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔展向平均气膜冷却效率分布规律与圆柱形气膜孔类似,沿流动方向,展向平均气膜冷却效率逐渐降低。与圆柱形气膜孔展向平均气膜冷却效率随吹风比升高而降低不同的是,装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔展向平均气膜冷却效率随着吹风比升高而升高。在M=0.5时,展向平均气膜冷却效率沿着流动方向降低趋势幅度较大。随着吹风比的升高,展向平均气膜冷却效率沿着流动方向降低趋势逐渐放缓。这与图9所得的结果一致。
图12展示Case1与Case3在不同吹风比下平均气膜冷却效率。从图12可以看出,圆柱形孔的面平均气膜冷却效率η随吹风比的增大而降低,原因是圆柱形气膜孔的最佳吹风比通常在0.5左右。一旦吹风比超过此值,η就会随着吹风比的增加而降低。这是圆柱形气膜孔的固有缺点。而装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔的面平均η随吹风比的增大而增大,这是因为TVG阻碍了冷流的抬升,使得冷流在高吹风下也不会脱离壁面而降低气膜冷却效果。与圆形孔相比,装有TVG的圆柱形气膜孔在M=0.5时面平均η提升了200%左右,在M=1.0与M=1.5时。面平均η则远远高于了圆柱孔。
图13显示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG宽度气膜孔中心截面温度与流线分布。由图13可以看出,随着TVG宽度的增加,产生的涡系越来越小,冷流在TVG上的抬升效果也越来越小,气膜厚度变的越来越薄,使冷流的利用率有了一定的提升。
图14展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG宽度气膜孔出口下游X/D=5处横截面温度与流线分布。由图14可见,在M=0.5时,在X/D=5处产生的反向涡系随着TVG宽度的增大而增大。宽度为3D时,在近壁面处产生了一对非常小的肾形涡,该肾形涡由于反向涡系的存在,以及自身发展程度较小的原因,使得其对冷流的影响微乎其微。因为有TVG的阻挡作用,所以随着吹风比的增大,由TVG下方进入的主流越来越少,导致主流对冷流的影响越来越小,以至于使肾形涡随着吹风比的增大而减小,在M=1.0时已无影响。在M=0.5、1.0时,随着TVG宽度的增加,冷流的横向覆盖变得更宽,气膜厚度变得越来越薄,导致冷流的利用率越来越高。
图15展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG宽度气膜冷却效率。由图15可以发现,当TVG宽度为D时,TVG两侧限制了气膜向两侧的扩张,使气膜的横向覆盖面积较小。在M=1.0时,此处冷流产生了一个较大的回流,这是由于射流动量大而外通道小所致。当TVG宽度增大时,气膜的横向覆盖范围有了较大的增长。当TVG宽度为3DM=0.5时,在孔出口下游附近产生了小段冷却效率较低的区域,并且此时气膜冷却效率η分布与M=1.0有着较大的差异。因为在M=0.5时,在气膜孔下游除了具有一对反向涡系外,还有一对肾形涡,肾形涡的出现使得下游冷流抬升,降低了η
图16展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG宽度下游X/D=5处气膜冷却效率横向分布。从图16可以看出,随着TVG宽度的增加,气膜在该处的横向覆盖面积也随之增加,但该处η的最大值却随之下降。M=1.0时,Case2和Case3的冷却效率在两侧出现了拐点,这是由于从TVG前方流出的冷流所导致的,其他几个算例未出现此种现象主要原因在于吹风比较小和TVG宽度较大。
图17显示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG宽度展向平均气膜冷却效率。由图17可以看出,当M=0.5时,TVG宽度由D增加到2D时,展向平均η有一个较大的增长。而当TVG宽度由2D增加到3D时,展向平均ηX/D=3之前减小,之后有一小幅度的增长,在X/D=13下游几乎不变。展向平均ηX/D=3之前减小的原因为肾形涡在此处对冷却效果的抑制作用。当M=1时,展向平均η随着TVG宽度由D增长到2D有一个大幅度的增加。宽度由2D增长到3D时,展向平均ηX/D=17之前增长,在此之后则出现了下降趋势。
图18展示了M=0.5、1.0、1.5时不同TVG宽度面平均气膜冷却效率。从图18可以看出,当TVG宽度由D增加到2DM=0.5、1.0、1.5时,面平均η依次提高了约23.0%、66.7%和80.0%。随着吹风比的增加,面平均η时均值的增大幅度越来越大。当TVG宽度由2D增加到3D时,在各吹风比下的面平均η变化非常小。
图19展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG高度气膜孔中心截面温度与流线分布。由图19可以发现,气膜的厚度随着TVG高度的增大而增大。TVG高度决定了冷流喷出高度的上限,而当吹风比较小时,从气膜孔中喷出的冷流动量低,导致在壁面所产生的气膜厚度较薄,受到TVG影响小。当TVG高度为0.8DM=1.0时,在气膜孔出口下游附近产生了一小段未被气膜覆盖到的区域。
图20展示了M=0.5、1.0下不同TVG高度气膜孔下游X/D=5处横截面温度流线分布。从图20可以看出,与TVG高度为0.4D只产生反向涡对不同的是,当高度为0.6D时,在此基础上产生了一对肾形涡,肾形涡对η有着负面影响。肾形涡的大小随着TVG高度的增大而变大。因为当TVG的高度变大时,TVG顶部对冷流的压制作用降低,主流与冷流更容易发生掺混产生肾形涡。
图21展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG高度气膜冷却效率云图。由图21可以发现,随着TVG高度的增加,η呈现不同的分布。当M=0.5时,气膜的横向覆盖随着TVG高度的增加而逐渐变窄。当M=1.0时,气膜的横向覆盖随着TVG高度由0.4D增加到0.6D的变化较小,而增加到0.8D时下降显著。当TVG高度为0.8DM=1.0时,在气膜孔后缘到X/D=2的流向位置,由于肾形涡造成的冷流抬升,可看到未冷却的间隙。
图22展示了M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG高度下游X/D=5处气膜冷却效率横向分布。由图22可见,当M=0.5时,X/D=5处η最大值和横向有效覆盖面积随着TVG高度的增大而变小。当M=1.0时,η最大值随着TVG高度的增大而变小,气膜的横向有效覆盖面积随着TVG高度的增大先增大后减小,在0.4D时最大。
图23M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG高度展向平均气膜冷却效率分布。从图23可以看出,当M=0.5时,展向平均ηX/D=15之前随着TVG高度的增加而降低。在X/D=15之后,TVG高度由0.2D增加到0.4D时,展向平均η几乎不变。当M=1.0时,TVG高度为0.2D与0.4D时气膜的展向平均η相差较小。当TVG高度由0.4D增加到0.6D时,展向平均η下降明显。主要是因为在TVG高度为0.4D时产生的肾形涡较小,对气膜覆盖影响较小。而当TVG高度为0.6D时,肾形涡进一步变大,导致展向平均η明显降低,这与图19结果一致。
图24M=0.5、1.0和1.5时不同TVG高度面平均气膜冷却效率分布。由图24可见,M=0.5、1.0、1.5时,随着TVG高度的增加,平板的面平均η随之降低。M=0.5,面平均η依次降低了约23%、40.8%。M=1.0,面平均η依次降低了约3.2%、31.4%。M=1.5,面平均η依次降低了约2.1%、23.9%。面平均η的下降幅度随着TVG高度的增大而加剧。
图25M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG扩张角气膜孔中心截面温度与流线分布。由图25可见,气膜厚度随着TVG扩张角的增大而减小。此外无其他影响。图26M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG扩张角气膜孔出口下游X/D=5处横截面温度流线分布。由图26可见,TVG扩张角的变化对X/D=5处横截面温度与流线分布无明显影响。
图27M=0.5、1.0时不同TVG扩张角气膜冷却效率云图。由图27可加见,当M=0.5,TVG扩张角由0°增到7.5°时,在孔下游的远场出现只覆盖到两侧的情况。随着扩张角进一步增大至15°,分离点(在中心线上沿着流动方向出现的η=0.2的点)前移,气膜在远场处表现出一定范围的无效覆盖区域,这种现象主要原因是:当气膜孔出口下游蔓延的气流动量不足以抵消或超过气膜孔射流带来的动量时,冷流在此处发生分离。在吹风比增大时,冷流的动量随之增加,导致分离点向后方区域延移。
图28M=0.5、1.0时,TVG不同扩张角孔下游X/D=5处气膜冷却效率横向分布。由图28可见,M=0.5时,TVG扩张角的增大对气膜的横向覆盖范围几乎无影响,但气膜有效覆盖宽度(η≥0.2)有着微小的增长。此外,在中心线处(Y/D=0)的η随着TVG扩张角的增加而降低。M=1.0时,TVG扩张角的增大对气膜有效覆盖宽度(η≥0.2)没有产生变化,但气膜的横向覆盖宽度随之变小。这是因为从孔前方泄露的冷流也会影响气膜的横向覆盖宽度,吹风比增大时,泄露流增大,对气膜的横向覆盖宽度的影响增大。
图29展示了M=0.5、1.0时,TVG不同扩张角展向平均气膜冷却效率分布。从图29可以看出,在气膜孔出口附近,由于倾斜角的存在,导致TVG在平板上所围成的面积减小,气膜覆盖面积随之减小,所以此处的展向平均η随着TVG倾斜角的增大而减小。沿着流向往后,首先Case7和Case8的展向平均η接近且超过了Case3,紧接着Case3和Case7的展向平均η逐渐接近,最后超过了Case8。主要原因是Case7和Case8在近场区气膜的横向有效覆盖范围较宽,使得展向平均η超过了Case3,而在远场区由于Case8在中心线附近出现了无气膜覆盖的区域,使得Case8在远场区展向平均η较低。M=0.5时,Case8的展向平均ηX/D=11后低于了Case3,M=1.0时,Case8的展向平均ηX/D=17后低于了Case3。
图30M=0.5、1.0、1.5时TVG不同扩张角面平均气膜冷却效率分布。由图30可以看出,当TVG扩张角由0°增加到7.5°时,在吹风比为0.5、1.0和1.5时,面平均η分别升高了约3.2%、2.4%和0.6%。当TVG扩张角由0°增加到15°时,面平均η分别降低了约4.6%、6.0%和6.7%。总的来说,TVG扩张角对气膜冷却效果的影响较小。随着TVG扩张角的增加,面平均η先增加后减小,在扩张角为7.5°时达到最大。
1)圆柱气膜孔在高吹风比下冷流穿透性增强,贴壁性逐渐减弱,η降低。而装有TVG结构的圆柱形气膜孔不仅在低吹风比有着更高的η,而且在高吹风比下由于TVG对冷流的阻挡作用,导致冷流无法抬生,从而形成良好的贴壁效果。在M=0.5时,面平均η效果提升了200%左右。在M=1.0与M=1.5时,面平均η则远远高于了圆柱孔。
2)圆柱形气膜孔在下游产生一对肾形涡。它将主流卷入冷流下方,导致冷流抬升,对气膜冷却效果有着一定的负面影响。而装有TVG的圆柱气膜孔在下游会产生一对与肾形涡相反的涡系,该涡系有着压迫冷流抬升防止其脱离壁面的作用。
3)TVG的宽度由D增加到2DM=0.5、1.0和1.5时,气膜的横向覆盖宽度显著增加,面平均η依次提高了约23.0%、66.7%和80.0%。由2D增加到3D时,面平均η几乎不变。随着TVG高度的增加,在孔下游逐渐出现一对肾形涡,其大小随着TVG高度的增大而增大,所以面平均η随TVG高度的增加而降低。TVG扩张角对气膜冷却效果的影响较小,随着TVG扩张角的增加,面平均η先增加后减小,在扩张角为7.5°时达到最大。
4)TVG体积小且易于集成,可应用于大弯曲涡轮叶片、涡轮外环等部件。未来的VG设计将更加精细化,从而进一步拓展其在燃气轮机热端部件中的应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52376028)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503033
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376028)
国家自然科学基金项目(52376028)
作者信息
    沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院,辽宁 沈阳 110136

通讯作者:

寇志海(1981),博士,教授,主要研究方向为燃气轮机热端部件冷却,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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