Article(id=1217836115160122078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356155, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836115365642978, articleId=1217836115160122078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Characterization of non-equilibrium condensate flow loss of H2O/CO2 mixed working fluids in cascade, columnId=1217836114430313173, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Efficient low-carbon thermal system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Supercritical water coal gasification for hydrogen production is a clean and efficient power generation technology. Based on entropy generation theory, numerical investigation on the non-equilibrium condensation flow of an H2O/CO2 mixed working fluid in the final-stage cascade is conducted. The losses are quantified by identifying regions within the cascade where different types of losses occur and calculating the entropy generation in each region. The mechanisms behind the impact of back pressure and CO2 mass fraction in the mixed fluid changes on various losses and entropy generation sources are analyzed. The effects of these parameters on the loss distribution are explored, including a detailed description of how shock waves influence wake losses and the entropy generation distribution within the boundary layer. The results show that wall losses, wake losses, and boundary layer losses consistently account for over 90% of the total losses under different operating conditions. The main sources of entropy generation are wall dissipation, direct dissipation, and turbulence dissipation. When the back pressure increases by 5.03 kPa, the total loss decreases by 31.73%. However, when the CO2 mass fraction in the mixed fluid increases by 40%, the total loss increases by 4.71%. The variation in turbulent dissipation entropy generation within the wake loss is the primary cause of the total loss change and is closely linked to the velocity gradients in the flow field. This study offers significant insights for the loss analysis of the wet steam region in mixed medium steam turbines and for aerodynamic optimization.

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超临界水煤气化制氢发电技术是一种高效清洁的发电技术。基于熵产理论,对末级叶栅内H2O/CO2混合工质的非平衡凝结流动开展数值研究。通过划分出叶栅内不同损失产生的区域并计算各区域内熵产从而量化损失。分析了背压及混合工质中CO2质量分数变化对各类损失及熵产来源的作用机理,并探究其影响规律。结果表明:作为总损失的关键组成部分,壁面损失、尾迹损失和边界层损失在不同工况下的占比始终超过90%。熵产的主要来源包括壁面耗散、直接耗散和湍流耗散。当背压升高了5.03 kPa时,总损失减少了31.73%;而当混合工质中CO2质量分数增加了40%,总损失增加了4.71%。尾迹损失中湍流耗散熵产变化是总损失变化的主要原因,且与流场中的速度梯度密切相关。研究结果可为混合工质汽轮机湿蒸汽区损失分析及气动优化提供参考。

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韩中合(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为气液两相流动计算与测量,

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韩中合(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为气液两相流动计算与测量,

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韩中合(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为气液两相流动计算与测量,

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韩中合 , 邬旭威 , 韩旭 , 姚博川 , 施海波
热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025,54(12): 9-18
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热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025, 54(12): 9-18
叶栅内H2O/CO2混合工质非平衡凝结流动损失特性研究
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韩中合 , 邬旭威, 韩旭, 姚博川, 施海波
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 韩中合(1964),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为气液两相流动计算与测量,

Characterization of non-equilibrium condensate flow loss of H2O/CO2 mixed working fluids in cascade
Zhonghe HAN , Xuwei WU, Xu HAN, Bochuan YAO, Haibo SHI
Affiliations
  • Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505108
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超临界水煤气化制氢发电技术是一种高效清洁的发电技术。基于熵产理论,对末级叶栅内H2O/CO2混合工质的非平衡凝结流动开展数值研究。通过划分出叶栅内不同损失产生的区域并计算各区域内熵产从而量化损失。分析了背压及混合工质中CO2质量分数变化对各类损失及熵产来源的作用机理,并探究其影响规律。结果表明:作为总损失的关键组成部分,壁面损失、尾迹损失和边界层损失在不同工况下的占比始终超过90%。熵产的主要来源包括壁面耗散、直接耗散和湍流耗散。当背压升高了5.03 kPa时,总损失减少了31.73%;而当混合工质中CO2质量分数增加了40%,总损失增加了4.71%。尾迹损失中湍流耗散熵产变化是总损失变化的主要原因,且与流场中的速度梯度密切相关。研究结果可为混合工质汽轮机湿蒸汽区损失分析及气动优化提供参考。

H2O/CO2混合工质  /  非平衡凝结  /  熵产理论  /  损失分析

Supercritical water coal gasification for hydrogen production is a clean and efficient power generation technology. Based on entropy generation theory, numerical investigation on the non-equilibrium condensation flow of an H2O/CO2 mixed working fluid in the final-stage cascade is conducted. The losses are quantified by identifying regions within the cascade where different types of losses occur and calculating the entropy generation in each region. The mechanisms behind the impact of back pressure and CO2 mass fraction in the mixed fluid changes on various losses and entropy generation sources are analyzed. The effects of these parameters on the loss distribution are explored, including a detailed description of how shock waves influence wake losses and the entropy generation distribution within the boundary layer. The results show that wall losses, wake losses, and boundary layer losses consistently account for over 90% of the total losses under different operating conditions. The main sources of entropy generation are wall dissipation, direct dissipation, and turbulence dissipation. When the back pressure increases by 5.03 kPa, the total loss decreases by 31.73%. However, when the CO2 mass fraction in the mixed fluid increases by 40%, the total loss increases by 4.71%. The variation in turbulent dissipation entropy generation within the wake loss is the primary cause of the total loss change and is closely linked to the velocity gradients in the flow field. This study offers significant insights for the loss analysis of the wet steam region in mixed medium steam turbines and for aerodynamic optimization.

H2O/CO2 mixed working fluid  /  non-equilibrium condensation  /  entropy production theory  /  loss analysis
韩中合, 邬旭威, 韩旭, 姚博川, 施海波. 叶栅内H2O/CO2混合工质非平衡凝结流动损失特性研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505108
Zhonghe HAN, Xuwei WU, Xu HAN, Bochuan YAO, Haibo SHI. Characterization of non-equilibrium condensate flow loss of H2O/CO2 mixed working fluids in cascade[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 9 -18 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505108
随着环境问题日益严峻,火力发电中煤炭清洁高效技术的重要性日益增加。基于超临界水煤气化制氢发电多联产技术是一种前景广阔的煤炭清洁高效利用技术[1]。该技术利用超临界水环境使煤炭发生气化反应生成的超临界水蒸气和CO2混合气体进入汽轮机内做功。作为关键设备之一,混合工质透平的高效运行对于提升整个系统的效率至关重要。传统火力发电汽轮机的湿蒸汽级内普遍存在着激波/激波、激波/边界层干扰、涡系及脉动压力等复杂问题[2-5]。在级内两相流动中,气动激波与凝结激波的相互耦合[6-7]、波涡干涉引起的汽流偏转、边界层分离和高紊流度尾迹[3]等复杂现象,会导致诸如边界层损失、激波损失、尾迹混合损失、激波/边界层干扰产生的耗散损失等等[8-10]。各类损失本就难以评估和定量分析,而混合工质中所含的CO2气体会对水蒸气的流动及凝结特性产生较大干扰,进一步加剧损失分析的难度。因此亟需一种直观且普遍适用的损失分析方法来定量评估级内流动损失。
本研究所涉及的工况中CO2并不发生凝结,因此将其视为不凝结气体。CO2气体的存在使物性参数发生较大变化,非平衡凝结模型也不再适用,需要修正。姜涛等[11]对超临界H2O/CO2混合工质汽轮机初凝区中的碳酸腐蚀过程进行了仿真模拟,并与经典腐蚀模型进行对比分析;Yang等人[12-13]利用各种理论模型预测了混合工质在超临界水环境下的热导率,并进行了验证;文献[14]对H2O/CO2混合工质在静叶栅内凝结流动特性进行了研究;文献[15-16]对H2O/CO2混合工质凝结温度特性和汽轮机最佳排气压力进行了研究,并对混合工质和纯水蒸气的凝结流动特性进行了对比分析。当前对混合工质的研究主要集中在物性和流动特性,而对其凝结流动损失研究较少。
传统的叶轮机械内各损失分析通常采用半经验公式[17],这样计算得到的损失不够直观,难以精确判断损失在某区域的分布。而通过计算熵产率可以直观地观察到损失的大小和空间分布,可用于汽轮机低压末级的损失分析。文献[18]研究了末级定子叶片轮毂截面的流动,并使用熵产作为边界层损失的度量,通过从总损失中减去热力学损失和边界层损失来确定尾迹混合损失加激波损失;Grübel等人[19]根据低压汽轮机不同损失机制的特点,将损失分为边界层损失、尾迹混合损失、激波损失以及热力学损失,并通过计算每个网格单元内的熵产率,分析了总体损失的组成;Casey M V[20]使用熵产作为绝热涡轮机械的损失度量,提出了一种计算绝热涡轮机械叶栅的损失并定义效率的方法,可用于定义和可视化汽轮机叶栅的损失系数;Vatanmakan等人[21]对汽轮机末级叶片液相会聚截面进行加热,降低叶栅中的湿度,并利用熵产理论发现适当的加热可以降低熵变,减小损失;Cao等人[22]对低压汽轮机末两级进行了模拟,计算了不同负荷下的凝结流动,分析了其熵产特性。
当前尽管熵产理论已广泛应用于叶轮机械的损失分析,但针对混合工质叶栅内非平衡凝结流动损失的定量研究还较为缺乏。因此,本文基于热力学第二定律中的熵产理论,对汽轮机静叶栅内H2O/CO2混合工质非平衡凝结流动中的各类损失进行划分,通过数值模拟及定量计算,探究不同流动条件对各类损失与各项熵产的影响因素、激波对尾迹损失的影响和边界层区域内的熵产分布规律。为后续H2O/CO2混合工质流动损失的研究及混合工质汽轮机的设计提供一定的参考。
本文对于湿蒸汽两相流动采用Euler-Euler模型。湿蒸汽在自发凝结过程中产生的液滴一般为半径小于1 µm的小液滴,为简化计算,假设气相与液相速度相同,蒸汽与液滴之间没有速度差,以此建立的气液混合相流动控制方程组为:
ρt+xj(ρuj¯)=Γ
ρui¯t+xj(ρui¯uj¯)=pxi+xj(ρui¯uj¯)xj[μ(uj¯xi+ui¯xj23(δk)ijui¯xj)]
ρEt+xi[ui¯(ρE+p)]=xj[λeffTxj+ui(τij)eff]Γ(hhfv)
式中:ρ为气液混合相的密度;u为气液混合相的速度;E为气液混合相的总能;p为气液混合相的压力;T为气液混合相的温度;μ为气液混合相的动力黏度;δk为Kronecker delta数;u′为波动速度;λeff为有效热导率;(τij)eff为黏性应力张量;h为气体总焓;hfv为气化潜热。
液相状态分布控制方程为:
ρβt+xj(ρuj¯β)=Γ
ρNt+xj(ρuj¯N)=J
式中:J为成核率,代表每单位体积的水蒸气中形成新液滴的速率;N为单位质量的液滴数;β为液相质量分数。
β=43πρlr3N
式中:ρl为液相密度;r为液滴平均半径,m。
方程中混合相的物性采用质量加权平均或体积加权平均:
ζ=βζl+(1β)ζv
χ=αlχl+(1αl)χv
式中:ζ为混合相的焓、熵、能量等热力学性质;χ为密度、分子量、黏度、热导率等参数;β为液相质量分数;αl为液相质量分数。
在汽轮机末级运行条件(压力小于100 kPa,温度大于300 K)下,CO2气体不会发生凝结,且其在液膜中溶解量极少。因此,针对H2O/CO2混合工质,本文作以下假设:忽略CO2与液态水的反应;气相中CO2与水蒸气完全均匀混合;液相中仅包含液态水。本文采用经Lamanna进一步修正的ICCT模型[23]
JICCT=ε1S2σπmm3ρv2ρlexp(4πrc2σ3kbTv)exp(θ)
θ=a0σkbTv
a0=(36π)13(vl)23
rc=2σρlRTvlnS
S=ppsat(Tv)
式中:σ为聚团表面张力;ε为Lamanna实验中所得到的修正系数,取0.01;mm为单分子质量;rc为液滴临界半径;S为混合气体的过饱和度;θ为无量纲表面张力;a0为气相分子表面积;kb为Boltzmann常数;vl为单个液滴分子体积;下标l表示液相,v表示气相。
单位体积混合相内的液相质量生成率的计算式为:
Γ=43πrc3ρlJICCT+4πr¯2ρρlNr¯t
式中:r¯/t为液滴生长率。
对于汽轮机低压缸末级,由于其参数较低,Gyarmathy等人[24]提出的水滴生长模型适用性较差,本文采用Young等人[6]在此基础上提出的低压修正模型:
r¯t=λν(TsatTν)ρlhr¯[11+4Kn+3.78(1υ)KnPr]
υ=RTsathlv[α0.52qc2qc(γ+12γ)cpTsathlv]
式中:λ为导热系数;υ为水滴生长半径经验修正系数;Kn为克努森数;Pr为普朗特数;cp为定压比热容;Tsat为蒸汽压力对应的饱和温度;α为液滴生长修正系数;hlv为凝结潜热。
此外,利用Fluent软件求解器对H2O/CO2混合工质非平衡凝结流动进行数值分析,采用Realizable k-ε模型描述湍流。使用用户自定义标量(UDS)对液相控制方程中的液相质量分数β以及液滴数N的标量方程进行补充,使用用户自定义函数(UDF)实现源项的添加,并添加混合气体的状态方程进行求解。
热力学第二定律指出,实际热力过程的不可逆性造成了熵产。流场中的熵产可以看作是由温差传热引起的熵产与流体湍流流动引起的熵产之和,以此定义在单位体积单位温度下熵产率(EPR)为S˙
S˙=S˙D+S˙C
式中:S˙D为流体湍流流动引起的熵产率;S˙C为由温差传热引起的熵产率。式(17)雷诺平均的表达式为:
S˙=S˙D¯+S˙D+S˙C¯+S˙C
由平均速度引起的直接耗散熵产率(EPDD)计算式为:
S˙D¯=2μT¯[(u¯x)2+(v¯y)2+(w¯z)2]+μT¯[(u¯y+v¯x)2+(u¯z+w¯x)2+(v¯z+w¯y)2]
由脉动速度引起的湍流耗散熵产率(EPTD)的计算式为:
S˙D=2μT¯[(ux)2+(vy)2+(wz)2]+μT¯[(vx+wy)2+(wx+wz)2+(vz+wy)2]
由于流场中较高的速度梯度和压力梯度,导致叶片表面有显著的不可逆损失,为提高壁面区域的熵产率计算,以式(21)来计算壁面剪切熵产率(EPWS)[25-26]
S˙W=τvT
式中:τ为壁面剪切应力;v为流体在壁面附近第一层网格处的速度。
流动中的温差传热引起的熵产率分为由平均温度梯度引起的熵产率(EPMT)及脉动温度梯度引起的熵产率(EPFT),由平均温度梯度引起的熵产率计算式为:
S˙C¯=λT¯2[(T¯x)2+(T¯y)2+(T¯z)2]
由脉动温度梯度引起的熵产率计算式为:
S˙C=μtcpPrtT¯2[(T¯x)2+(T¯y)2+(T¯z)2]
μt=ρCμk2ε
ε=Cμk3/2L
式中:μ为黏性系数;T¯为温度梯度;u¯v¯w¯均为时均速度分量;uvw均为脉动速度分量;λ为导热系数;Prt为湍流普朗特数;μt为湍流黏度;ρ为流体密度;Cμk-epsilon湍流模型中的一项常系数项,取0.09;k为湍动能;ε为湍流耗散率。
由式(18)—式(25)可以计算熵产率,但脉动速度分量在实际模拟中难以获取,无法直接计算出由脉动速度引起的熵产率,所以将S˙D定义为:
S˙D=ρεT¯
得到单位体积单位温度的熵产率后,就可以通过局部熵产生率的体积积分和壁面熵产生率的表面积分计算出熵产,计算公式为:
δLoss=T0ViS˙dVi+T0AS˙WdA
式中:T0为环境温度;Vi为划分的损失区域;A为叶片表面积;δLoss为流场中的总损失,即单位时间内该区域的能量损失。
本文采用Wyslouzil等人[27]使用的缩放喷管内双组份气体凝结实验数据对所建立的数值模型进行验证。喷管内流动工质为N2/H2O混合气体,入口温度为287.6 K,入口总压60 kPa,其中水蒸气分压为1 kPa。图1为喷管中轴线压比的模拟数据与实验数据对比。由图1可见,二者变化趋势一致。模型能够准确预测N2/H2O混合气体的非平衡凝结现象,可以用于后续研究。
本文以Dykas实验中使用的叶栅[28]为研究对象,其几何结构如图2所示。建立模型并划分结构化网格,总网格数取整,分别为5万、10万、20万、35万和50万。5套网格计算的叶片表面压力分布如图3所示。由图3可见,随着网格数量增加,叶片表面压力变化幅度逐渐减小,当网格数达到20万时,压力分布趋于稳定,考虑计算精度和计算时间,选用20万网格模型进行后续计算。
本文基于熵产理论对混合工质透平末级叶栅内的流动损失进行定量评估,以混合工质为整体,划分不同区域并积分计算熵产率得到损失大小,将损失分为激波损失、边界层损失、尾迹损失、壁面损失和剩余损失。图4为不同损失区域。
图4中红色区域为激波损失区域。在超声速流动中,激波会在叶片尾缘两侧形成,激波的出现往往伴随着较大流体密度变化,所以可以利用密度梯度来划分激波损失区域。定义一个参数ε来确定激波损失区域,其表达式为:
ε=ρc|c|
式中:∇ρ为密度梯度;c为速度向量。结合几何约束并规定ε的值可以划分出激波损失区域。
边界层损失区域定义为速度达到自由流99%的叶片表面以内区域,但考虑叶片表面复杂性,采用固定值近似划定边界层区域(图4中绿色区域),该区域内熵产显著高于外部。湍流涡耗散率是湍流中涡动能转化为热能的速率,其反映了湍流内部黏性作用导致的能量损失速率。尾迹区域内流体速度急剧变化导致涡旋变形和破碎更加频繁,不同涡旋之间的相互作用更加剧烈,导致尾迹区域湍流涡耗散率较大。因此利用湍流涡耗散率可以划分出尾迹损失区域。壁面损失为叶片表面壁面熵产率的积分。剩余损失即为图4中浅蓝色区域,为部分未能被包括在上述区域内的损失。
出口压力的改变会对混合工质的凝结流动和损失造成较大影响,进出口参数设置为进口压力50.3 kPa,进口温度354 K,进口CO2质量分数20%,出进口压比分别为0.50、0.55及0.60。不同压比下各损失占比如图5所示。
图5可以看出,随着背压的升高,流场中的总熵产减小,损失减少了31.73%,虽然壁面损失的占比随着背压的升高增加,但壁面损失的绝对值变化较小,总损失的降低主要是由于流场中其他各损失的减少。除去壁面损失,主要损失还有尾迹损失和边界层损失,这2种损失之和占到90%左右。边界层损失的占比随着背压增大增加了21.00%,而剩余损失和尾迹损失的占比分别减小了2.00%和18.00%,损失的减少主要归因于尾迹损失的大幅降低,而边界层损失降低的值有限,所以占比升高。壁面损失、尾迹损失和边界层损失作为总损失的关键组成部分,3类损失在总损失中的占比在压比为0.50~0.55时变化幅度较大,而在压比为0.55~0.60时变化趋于平稳。
图6展示了自发凝结流动下流场中各参数的分布。由图6可以看出,在速度急剧变化的区域有较高的熵产,随着背压的升高,流场中工质的流动速度降低,导致总熵产减少,从熵产率云图中也能看出各区域的熵产率在减小。随着背压增大,流场中液相质量分数下降,其原因为工质膨胀程度减弱,过冷度减小,抑制了液相生成。而液滴半径增大,是由于成核率下降导致液滴数减少,且流速降低延长了液滴增长时间,从而半径增大。
为分析随背压增大损失变化的原因,对不同损失来源进行了详细研究,图7为各熵产项大小。由图7可见,熵产主要来源于EWPS、EPDD和EPTD,当出进口压比为0.50时,EPTD占比高于EPWS和EPDD。随着压比增至0.60,总熵产逐渐减小,其中EPDD及EPWS减少幅度较小,而EPTD减少幅度较大。EPTD减少了64.67%,EPDD减少了17.10%,而EPWS仅减少了10.86%,壁面耗散因相对占比提升而成为主导项。所以总熵产降低的主要原因是EPTD的减少。
除去壁面损失,主要的损失来源为边界层损失和尾迹损失,为探究这2类损失中各项熵产的变化,分析了边界层损失和尾迹损失中各熵产项,结果如图8所示。由图8可以看出,边界层损失中EPDD占大部分,而尾迹损失中EPTD占大部分,随着背压增大,边界层损失中的各项熵产变化较小,而尾迹损失中的EPTD减少了77.86%。因此,总熵产中EPTD大幅减少的主要原因是尾迹区域内的EPTD在减少,这是导致损失降低的重要原因。
如前文所述,背压升高时总熵产减少的主要原因是尾迹损失的降低,而尾迹损失中EPFT、EPMT及EPDD变化较小,EPTD的减少是尾迹损失降低的主要原因。为探究影响尾迹区域EPTD变化的因素,在出进口压比0.50的工况下,取5条等间距分布的线段(图9),读取每条线上的EPTD以及速度梯度的分布(图10),图9x轴、y轴分别表示距建模原点的空间位置。由图9图10可见,线1—线5逐渐远离叶片尾缘,EPTD以及速度梯度的最大值逐渐减小。EPTD曲线沿线1—线5均出现2个峰值,与速度梯度曲线的峰值位置相对应。由于直线与工质流动方向有一定角度,所以第1个峰值较第2峰值更大,与速度梯度的2个峰值大小相对应。这表明,强烈的速度梯度在诱导着较高的EPTD产生。
总损失减少是由于背压升高导致压差减小,静叶膨胀程度降低,整体马赫数下降。尾迹区扰动减弱,湍流强度与速度梯度降低,从而减少湍流耗散。同时激波结构减弱,削弱了激波与尾迹、边界层之间的干扰,降低了损失。膨胀减弱亦提升了流动稳定性,有效减缓了边界层发展,进一步减少其内部动能损耗。其次背压升高削弱了非平衡凝结,从而使凝结引起的局部熵产减小。
为探究混合工质中不同H2O和CO2的比例对凝结流动损失影响,通过改变混合工质中CO2质量分数进行模拟计算。进出口参数中进口压力及温度不变,出进口压比0.50,CO2质量分数分别选用0、10%、20%、30%及40%进行模拟计算。
图11给出了不同CO2质量分数下损失占比。由图11可以看出,在3种工况下,总损失分别为0.446 0、0.465 0、0.467 0 W/K,总损失随着CO2质量分数的增大仅增加了4.71%。对于各损失占比来说,壁面损失、尾迹损失和边界层损失占主要部分,3种损失之和占比在90%以上。当混合工质中CO2质量分数从0增加至40%时,3种损失的相对占比变化较为平缓,边界层损失占比降低5.00%,尾迹损失占比提高6.00%,而壁面损失、激波损失和剩余损失变化不大,只有边界层损失和尾迹损失的变化较明显,边界层损失降低了0.014 3 W/K,尾迹损失增加了0.030 8 W/K,而其他的各损失受浓度变化影响较小。
图12给出了不同CO2质量分数下各熵产项,其主要损失还是EPDD、EPTD和EPWS。随CO2质量分数增大至40%,各类熵产变化不大,EPWS基本没有变化,EPMT减少了4.6×10–3 W/K,EPFT减少3.5×10–3 W/K,EPDD减少7.4×10–3 W/K,这对于整体损失的影响是非常小的。而EPTD增加了0.037 3 W/K,增加了约26.40%,增长较为显著,占比最大项由壁面耗散转变为湍流耗散。但由于其他损失都有减少,总损失也只增加了0.021 0 W/K,增加了4.70%,因此,CO2质量分数增大使各熵产项值略有变化,但对总损失影响较小。
混合工质中CO2质量分数增加导致总损失增加的原因为CO2作为不凝气体,比热容较小,CO2质量分数升高后,混合工质整体的热容能力降低,导致温升幅度变小,局部湍流强度增加,进而增加了湍流耗散。且CO2质量分数的增加使水蒸气分压降低,使凝结需要更高的过冷度,从而使流场中的局部温度和压力变化,导致损失增加。
本文基于熵产理论,对汽轮机末级静叶模型内的H2O/CO2混合工质凝结流动过程进行了数值研究。通过改变进出口压比及混合工质中CO2质量分数得到各工况下的流动损失结果,分析了各损失占比及其变化规律,揭示了损失变化的原因,主要得到以下结论。
1)改变不同进出口参数会影响各项损失变化。总损失随背压增大而减少,随混合工质中CO2质量分数增加而增加。在不同工况下,壁面损失、尾迹损失和边界层损失之和占总损失90%左右。在各项熵产中,EPWS、EPDD和EPTD是总损失的主要来源。EPMT和EPFT占比及其变化较小。
2)为进一步揭示损失变化的主要原因,对各项损失及熵产来源变化进行了分析。随着出进口压比升高至0.60,其总损失降低的主要原因是尾迹损失中EPTD降低了64.67%。对尾迹区域内损失分布进行分析,越靠近尾缘熵产率越大,而速度梯度是影响熵产率的一个重要因素。混合工质中CO2质量分数的改变对损失影响较小,仅增加了4.71%,各项损失变化也较小。因此,总熵产变化的主要原因来自于尾迹区域EPTD大幅度变化
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(E2023502025)
  • 河北省高等学校科学研究项目青年拔尖项目(BJ2025053)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2024MS145)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505108
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2023502025)
河北省自然科学基金项目(E2023502025)
Young Top-notch Project of Scientific Research Program of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province(BJ2025053)
河北省高等学校科学研究项目青年拔尖项目(BJ2025053)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024MS145)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2024MS145)
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    华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
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