Article(id=1217836114711331544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284356047, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284356047, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284356047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284356047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836113499177684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284355759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284424805, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836403174593047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836113499177684, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836115009127131, articleId=1217836114711331544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Characteristics of cascaded heat pump driven supercritical organic Rankine Carnot battery, columnId=1217836114430313173, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Efficient low-carbon thermal system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carnot battery (CB) is an energy storage technology with the advantages of high energy storage density and low investment cost. The single-stage heat pump of basic Carnot battery have a low coefficient of performance (COP) under high energy storage density conditions, resulting in a phenomenon of high quality but low utilization of heat. In order to solve this problem, a CB using cascaded heat pump (CHP) and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is proposed. Through modeling and analysis, the optimal combination of CHP-CB working fluids is obtained, and the effects of waste heat source temperature, high and low temperature heat storage tank temperature, CHP intermediate temperature on system COP, energy conversion efficiency, energy storage density (ED) and system exergy loss are discussed. The results show that under high energy density conditions, the COP of the CHP-CB is about 23.5% and 26.9% higher than that of the basic CB when the temperature of the low-temperature storage tank is 50 ℃ and 32 ℃, respeetively. When the temperature of the low-temperature storage tank is 30 ℃, the energy conversion efficiency of the CHP-CB can reach 63.11%. The ED can reach 13.9 kW·h/m3 when the temperature difference between the high- and low-temperature storage tank is 93 ℃, and cascade heating for the heat storage working fluid can be realized.

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卡诺电池(CB)具有储能密度高、投资成本低的优点。基本有机朗肯循环CB(B-CB)的单级热泵(HP)在高储能密度情况下热泵系数(COP)较低,存在热量的高质低用现象,为解决这一问题,提出了一种采用级联热泵(CHP)、超临界有机朗肯循环的CB,通过建模分析,得到了CHP-CB的最佳工质组合,探讨了余热源温度、高低温储热罐温度、CHP中间温度对系统COP、能量转换效率(PTP)、储能密度(ED)的影响以及系统的㶲损。在高储能密度条件下,低温储罐温度分别为50、32 ℃时CHP-CB较基本CB,热泵系数分别提高约23.5%和26.9%,低温储罐温度为30 ℃时能量转换效率可达63.11%。在高低温储罐温度相差93 ℃时系统ED可达13.9 kW·h/m3,且能够对储热工质进行梯级加热。

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孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型发电与储能技术,
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韩东辰(2004),男,本科生,主要研究方向为储能科学与工程,

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Cryogenics, 2016(4): 41-44., articleTitle=Turbine mass flow optimization in helium liquefiers and thermodynamic analysis of factors for affecting optimal turbine mass flow, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217836128950993183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, awardId=52206010, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217836129001324834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, awardId=52206010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52206010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217836119933240215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836119941628824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, companyId=1217836119933240215, 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figureFileBig=sxWggzmNrQbLGuWBglbZqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836123955576935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=图3, caption=热泵改进示意, figureFileSmall=wusiF0ObAIXyniKUwAVhQQ==, figureFileBig=sxWggzmNrQbLGuWBglbZqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836124022685805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of the ORC and SORC improvement, figureFileSmall=4WCIXomXr7VpbVs4y8Rh8g==, figureFileBig=/2YNgNFbYj8xEP859NQDuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836124093988976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ORC与SORC改进示意, figureFileSmall=4WCIXomXr7VpbVs4y8Rh8g==, figureFileBig=/2YNgNFbYj8xEP859NQDuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836124194652280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Equations for exergy loss

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件公式图例
透平Eturb=E1E2E3W
Epump=E1+WE2
凝汽器Econd=E1+E2E3E4
压缩机Ecomp=E1+WE2
节流阀Evalve=E1E2
蒸发器Eeva=E1+E2E3E4
), ArticleFig(id=1217836127617204447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

㶲损方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件公式图例
透平Eturb=E1E2E3W
Epump=E1+WE2
凝汽器Econd=E1+E2E3E4
压缩机Ecomp=E1+WE2
节流阀Evalve=E1E2
蒸发器Eeva=E1+E2E3E4
), ArticleFig(id=1217836127680119012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic parameters

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项目数值
储热工质
环境压力/kPa101.325
压缩机等熵效率0.85
透平等熵效率0.85
储热罐效率0.95
泵效率0.80
余热源流量/(kg·s–1)10
), ArticleFig(id=1217836127751422185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储热工质
环境压力/kPa101.325
压缩机等熵效率0.85
透平等熵效率0.85
储热罐效率0.95
泵效率0.80
余热源流量/(kg·s–1)10
), ArticleFig(id=1217836127860474091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Equations for conservation of energy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件公式隶属循环
蒸发器1mp1234(hp2hp1)=mwh(hwh1hwh2)一级热泵
蒸发器2mp5678(hp7hp5)=mwh(hwh3hwh4)二级热泵
凝汽器1mp1234(hp3hp4)=mST(hST4hST3)一级热泵
凝汽器2mp5678(hp8hp6)=mST(hST2hST1)二级热泵
压缩机1Wp23=mp1234(hp3hp2)一级热泵
压缩机2Wp78=mp5678(hp8hp7)二级热泵
阀1hp4=hp1一级热泵
阀2hp6=hp5二级热泵
蒸发器3mSORC(h2h1)=mST(hST4hST1)热机
透平W23=mSORC(h2h3)热机
凝汽器3mSORC(h3h4)=menvh25,menv热机
W41=mSORC(h1h4)热机
), ArticleFig(id=1217836127982108914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

能量守恒方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件公式隶属循环
蒸发器1mp1234(hp2hp1)=mwh(hwh1hwh2)一级热泵
蒸发器2mp5678(hp7hp5)=mwh(hwh3hwh4)二级热泵
凝汽器1mp1234(hp3hp4)=mST(hST4hST3)一级热泵
凝汽器2mp5678(hp8hp6)=mST(hST2hST1)二级热泵
压缩机1Wp23=mp1234(hp3hp2)一级热泵
压缩机2Wp78=mp5678(hp8hp7)二级热泵
阀1hp4=hp1一级热泵
阀2hp6=hp5二级热泵
蒸发器3mSORC(h2h1)=mST(hST4hST1)热机
透平W23=mSORC(h2h3)热机
凝汽器3mSORC(h3h4)=menvh25,menv热机
W41=mSORC(h1h4)热机
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128145686779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Operation parameters of the working fluid

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项目数值
THST123
TLST30
余热源温度Twh85
凝汽器1入口温度128
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128250544384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工质运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
THST123
TLST30
余热源温度Twh85
凝汽器1入口温度128
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128347013381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Operation parameters for waste heat source temperature changes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
THST/℃123
储热罐工质流量mST/(kg·s–1)8.72
凝汽器1入口温度/℃128
凝汽器1出口温度/℃40
凝汽器2出口温度/℃15
凝汽器3出口温度/℃25
蒸发器3出口温度/℃118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128430899464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

余热源温度变化运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
THST/℃123
储热罐工质流量mST/(kg·s–1)8.72
凝汽器1入口温度/℃128
凝汽器1出口温度/℃40
凝汽器2出口温度/℃15
凝汽器3出口温度/℃25
蒸发器3出口温度/℃118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128531562765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Operation parameters of the storage tank

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
Twh85
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128644808980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

储热罐运行参数

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项目数值
Twh85
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128753860888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Parameters for exergy loss

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
THST123
TLST40
Twh85
凝汽器1入口温度128
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
), ArticleFig(id=1217836128862912797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836114711331544, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

㶲损运行参数

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项目数值
THST123
TLST40
Twh85
凝汽器1入口温度128
凝汽器1出口温度40
凝汽器2出口温度15
凝汽器3出口温度25
蒸发器3出口温度118
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级联热泵驱动的超临界有机朗肯循环卡诺电池特性研究
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韩东辰 , 孙恩慧 , 许方宁 , 张伟琪
热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025,54(12): 19-26
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热力发电 | 高效低碳热力系统 2025, 54(12): 19-26
级联热泵驱动的超临界有机朗肯循环卡诺电池特性研究
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韩东辰 , 孙恩慧 , 许方宁, 张伟琪
作者信息
  • 河北省储能与综合能源系统重点实验室,华北电力大学,河北 保定 071003
  • 韩东辰(2004),男,本科生,主要研究方向为储能科学与工程,

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型发电与储能技术,
Characteristics of cascaded heat pump driven supercritical organic Rankine Carnot battery
Dongchen HAN , Enhui SUN , Fangning XU, Weiqi ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Hebei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Integrated Energy Systems, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506115
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卡诺电池(CB)具有储能密度高、投资成本低的优点。基本有机朗肯循环CB(B-CB)的单级热泵(HP)在高储能密度情况下热泵系数(COP)较低,存在热量的高质低用现象,为解决这一问题,提出了一种采用级联热泵(CHP)、超临界有机朗肯循环的CB,通过建模分析,得到了CHP-CB的最佳工质组合,探讨了余热源温度、高低温储热罐温度、CHP中间温度对系统COP、能量转换效率(PTP)、储能密度(ED)的影响以及系统的㶲损。在高储能密度条件下,低温储罐温度分别为50、32 ℃时CHP-CB较基本CB,热泵系数分别提高约23.5%和26.9%,低温储罐温度为30 ℃时能量转换效率可达63.11%。在高低温储罐温度相差93 ℃时系统ED可达13.9 kW·h/m3,且能够对储热工质进行梯级加热。

级联热泵  /  超临界有机朗肯循环  /  储能密度  /  卡诺电池

Carnot battery (CB) is an energy storage technology with the advantages of high energy storage density and low investment cost. The single-stage heat pump of basic Carnot battery have a low coefficient of performance (COP) under high energy storage density conditions, resulting in a phenomenon of high quality but low utilization of heat. In order to solve this problem, a CB using cascaded heat pump (CHP) and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is proposed. Through modeling and analysis, the optimal combination of CHP-CB working fluids is obtained, and the effects of waste heat source temperature, high and low temperature heat storage tank temperature, CHP intermediate temperature on system COP, energy conversion efficiency, energy storage density (ED) and system exergy loss are discussed. The results show that under high energy density conditions, the COP of the CHP-CB is about 23.5% and 26.9% higher than that of the basic CB when the temperature of the low-temperature storage tank is 50 ℃ and 32 ℃, respeetively. When the temperature of the low-temperature storage tank is 30 ℃, the energy conversion efficiency of the CHP-CB can reach 63.11%. The ED can reach 13.9 kW·h/m3 when the temperature difference between the high- and low-temperature storage tank is 93 ℃, and cascade heating for the heat storage working fluid can be realized.

cascaded heat pumps  /  supercritical organic Rankine cycle  /  energy storage density  /  Carnot battery
韩东辰, 孙恩慧, 许方宁, 张伟琪. 级联热泵驱动的超临界有机朗肯循环卡诺电池特性研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (12) : 19 -26 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506115
Dongchen HAN, Enhui SUN, Fangning XU, Weiqi ZHANG. Characteristics of cascaded heat pump driven supercritical organic Rankine Carnot battery[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (12) : 19 -26 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506115
太阳能、风能等新能源发电方式具有显著的间歇性和波动性,会对电网的稳定性造成冲击[1]。储能设备在消纳新能源电能、实现削峰填谷以及增强电网稳定性方面发挥着至关重要的作用[2]
卡诺电池(CB)作为一种新兴的储能技术,主要由热泵(HP)、储热罐(ST)以及热机(HE)组成[3]。HP可将电能转化为热能储存在ST中,当需要发电时,ST中的流体与HE换热,通过HE将热能重新转化为电能[4]。与抽水蓄能和压缩空气储能相比,CB并不依赖于特定的地理条件[5],同时具有储能密度高、投资成本低的优点,是一种极具潜力的储能技术[6]
CB的应用具有多种可能性。Vecchi等人[7]对CB的系统性能、应用和商业进展进行了综述,表明不同类型的CB在能量转换效率(PTP)和储能密度(ED)方面表现出显著差异,可在供热、供电及废弃电厂改造方面应用。Sorknæs等人[8]研究了将CB集成到100%可再生能源中的经济潜力,提出大规模集成的CB成本应低于62欧元/(MW·h)这一经济阈值。Wang等人[9]则研究了一种新型CB,将其与燃煤电厂相结合以实现节煤并提高整体能量效率,整体效率最高可达42.2%。Basta等人[10]探讨了将小型燃煤热电厂改造成CB的前景,指出小型燃煤热电厂因其灵活性和热电联产特性相比燃煤电厂更适合改造成CB。可见其适合与多种热源结合,通过余热源引入实现储能效率提升。
CB的系统较为多样,Dawahdeh等人[11]提出了一种吸收式热泵CB,利用单极溴化锂吸收式热泵加大储热罐温差,与基本CB相比实现了1.69倍的PTP和1.33倍的净功输出。Zhang等人[12]研究了2种带预热器的CB(R-CB与PR-CB)与基本有机朗肯循环CB(B-CB)之间的差别,其中R-CB相比B-CB增加了热泵侧热量回收换热器和热机侧热量回收换热器,PR-CB又在R-CB的基础上增加了热机侧的预热器。结果发现PR-CB及R-CB的PTP分别比B-CB提高了18.4%和12.6%,且随着PR-CB排出的余热温度升高,PTP提高。上述作者对CB的热泵及热机进行了改进以提高系统PTP与ED,其中预热以及加大储热罐温差的方法较为关键,可由级联设计实现。
目前对CB进行级联设计的研究较少,主要集中在级联潜热储存(CLHS)方面,旨在提高CB系统的能量储存效率。Li等人[13]探讨了二级储热罐CB的系统性能,将储热罐分为低温、中温及高温储罐,系统能量回收效率较B-CB提高了3.31%~24.07%。Dai等人[14]研究了带CLHS的CB系统,发现随着CLHS级数的增加,系统PTP和㶲效率显著提高,但超过4级后提升有限。Dai等人[15]在另一篇文章中提出了多种CLHS模块的体积分配方案,其中基于功率的方案表现最佳,与单级热泵系统相比,PTP提升了27.9%,㶲效率提升了14.0%。Zhao等人[16]研究了一种基于CB的多能源系统,该系统配备了CLHS装置,在提供多等级热能和冷能方面表现出显著的灵活性。
CB面临PTP、ED以及余热源利用率相互制约的三难问题[17],为了在高ED情况下提高CB整体的PTP效率,实现对余热源的梯级利用,本文提出了一种由级联热泵(CHP)、储热罐(ST)及超临界有机朗肯循环(SORC)组成的新系统。该系统通过采用CHP对ST工质进行两段式加热,可以实现余热源流体对ST工质的对口加热,同B-CB系统相比级联热泵卡诺电池(CHP-CB)系统拥有更高的热泵系数(COP)。本文使用MATLAB调用REFPROP对CHP-CB进行了系统参数探究,分析了级联热泵吸热比、余热源温度等因素对系统的影响。
基本有机朗肯循环(ORC)卡诺电池(图1)是由单热泵、储热罐、ORC热机组成。热泵从余热源吸热后,将热量传递给储热工质。发电时热机从储热工质吸热做功发电,并向环境散热进行冷凝。
级联热泵卡诺电池由级联热泵(CHP)、储热罐、超临界有机朗肯循环(SORC)热机组成(图2)。
热泵侧在原有单热泵基础上增加了P5678循环作为一级热泵,且CHP均采用朗肯循环,循环由蒸发器、压缩机、凝汽器、节流阀组成。CHP向ST传递热量的过程如图3所示,其中实线代表级联热泵,虚线代表单热泵。级联热泵的一级热泵从经过一次换热的中温余热源吸热并将热量传递给低温储热工质;二级热泵从高温余热源吸热并将热量传递给预热过的中温储热工质,相比单热泵将高质热量传递给冷罐低温储热工质进行加热,级联热泵通过两段式加热将中温热能传递给冷罐低温储热工质,高温热能传递给中温储热工质,实现对余热源热量的梯级利用。
储热罐与B-CB相同,均采用水作为储热工质。水的储热性能良好,同时成本低廉、环境友好,是一种优秀的储热工质。在冷罐(LST)和热罐(HST)之间循环流动。储热时,水从热泵吸热后进入HST;发电时,水将热量传递给SORC后进入LST。
本文通过固定高温储罐温度THST,降低低温储罐温度TLST的方式提高ED,ORC与SORC改进示意如图4所示。由图4可知,ORC热机在降低TLST时由于温度限制,压力下降导致热机效率降低,若设定ST温度线与ORC换热曲线距离即图4δ1δ2相等且为一恒定值δ,则随着TLST下降,ORC循环需降低蒸发器压力以维持δ恒定,而这会降低热机效率。为了避免这一问题,CHP-CB采用SORC热机,其换热曲线不存在平直段,压力不因TLST下降而降低。SORC循环由高温换热器、压缩机、发电机、低温换热器、水泵组成。
本文使用MATLAB对REFPROP进行调用计算,经预设蒸发器及换热器出入口压力、温度,可由各点已知的2个参数计算出其他参数。为了便于计算,循环遵循以下假设[11]:1)忽略循环中沿程压力损失,确保一条管道中压力处处相同,保证循环各点参数连续;2)换热仅在换热器、蒸发器、冷凝器中发生,其他管道无热量损失。在换热设备中流体按照出入口预设温度进行变化,且换热迅速;3)管道各处无泄漏,流量保持守恒。
压缩机及透平过程为等熵过程,其等熵效率为0.85。避免了复杂现实工况变化时的不确定性,保证系统在稳态下运行。
本文提出的CHP-CB主要在高ED的储能环境下工作,本文使用的储能密度公式[5]为:
ED=ηSORCρSTcp,STΔTST/3 600
式中:ηSORC为SORC热机效率;ρST为储热工质密度,计算时采用储热工质平均温度下的密度;cp,ST为储热工质等压比热容,采用储热工质平均温度下的等压比热容;ΔTST为高低温储热罐的温差。其中ηSORC由式(2)计算。
ηSORC=WturbWpumpQin,SORC
式中:Wturb为SORC热机透平做工;Wpump为凝结泵耗功;Qin,SORC为SORC热机吸热量。
系统的能量转换效率ηPTP公式如下:
ηPTP=ηCOPηSTηSORC
式中:ηCOP为CHP整体的热泵系数,计算公式如式(4);ηST为储热罐效率,取0.95。
ηCOP=Qout,HP1+Qout,HP2Wcomp1+Wcomp2
式中:Qout,HP1Qout,HP2分别为一级热泵和二级热泵对储热罐的放热量;Wcomp1Wcomp2分别为一级热泵循环和二级热泵循环中压缩机的耗功。
系统的充电功率(CP)WCP为:
WCP=Wcomp1+Wcomp2=Qout,HPηCOP
式中:Qout,HP为CHP向储热罐工质传递的总热量。
在工质经过压缩机时,设备的等熵效率ηs,comp[18]为:
ηs,comp=h2sh1h2h1
式中:h1为入口焓值;h2s为等熵条件下出口焓值;h2为真实出口焓值。
工质经过透平时,设备的等效效率ηs,turb[19]为:
ηs,turb=h1h2h1h2s
系统所用单位流量工质㶲值如式(8)所示,工质㶲值为流量与单位流量㶲值的乘积,具体如式(9)所示。
e=hh0T0(ss0)
E=em
式中:e为循环内单位流量的㶲值;hs分别为该点工质的焓值、熵值;h0s0为该点工质在温度T0下的焓值、熵值;m为工质流量;T0设为20 ℃;系统内各器件㶲损计算采用表1公式。
本文通过设置系统CHP与SORC热机的压力以及重要状态点温度,并采用上述公式对系统参数进行计算。
本文所建立模型参数见表2图2各器件能量守恒方程见表3,㶲损计算式见表1
级联热泵与单级热泵的COP随低温储罐温度变化如图5所示。由图5可知,在工作流体为R245FA,THST为123 ℃,TLST分别为50、32 ℃时,CHP的ηCOP相比HP分别提高约23.5%和26.9%。随着TLST进一步下降,CHP与HP的ηCOP均升高,其中CHP的增长率较大,说明在ΔTST较大的情况下,即CB具有更高的ED下(式(1)),CHP相比HP更具优势。
CHP与HP的COP随充电功率变化对比如图6所示。由图6可知,在工作流体为R245FA,THST为123 ℃,CP分别为0.65、0.95 kW时,CHP的ηCOP相比HP分别提高约13.5%和18.8%,表明在同等电能输入情况下(式(5)),CHP可向储热罐工质传递更多热量,提高系统ED
图5图6证明了CHP-CB相比B-CB能够提高系统ED,并且在高ED情况下工作性能更优。
对系统热泵侧进行了R123、R1233ZD(E)、R1224YD(Z)、R245FA以及热机侧R227EA、R1234YF、R1234ZE(E)、R134A各4种流体的计算。其中热泵侧工质临界温度均在150 ~185 ℃,保证其在工作时处在亚临界状态;热机侧工质临界温度均为100 ℃左右,保证在设计工况下工质能够保持气态,且吸热时曲线与储热罐温度线无交叉、膨胀时不经过两相区。各点参数见表4,系统工质PTP能力对比如图7所示。从图7可以看出热泵侧采用R123与热机侧采用R1234ZE(E)工质时的ηPTP最高,可达到63.12%,接下来对CHP-CB系统运行的讨论均建立在此工质对工作情况下。
余热源温度变化对系统影响如图8所示。在余热源温度Twh从95 ℃变化到70 ℃的情况下(表5),由于可供利用的热量减少,TLST逐渐提高,导致系统的ED减少、WCP减小。由式(4)—式(5)可知,此时ηCOP升高说明WCP减小速度大于Qout,HP的减小速度。由于蒸发器3能量守恒方程的制约,热机侧流量发生变化,ηSORC保持不变,由式(3)可知,ηPTPηCOP升高而升高。
储热罐运行参数见表6,通过增大ΔTST以增大系统ED的过程中,提高THST与降低TLST对系统的影响分别如图9图10所示。
图9可知,在TLST为30 ℃、增大THST的过程中,由于余热源温度限制,需要大量电能驱动压缩机做功以提高工质温度,导致ηCOP持续下降。提高THST会提高热机工质温度,并提高ηSORC,但随着ηSORC增长率放缓,由式(3)可知,ηPTP主要由ηCOP主导,其随THST升高而下降。
图10可知,当THST为123 ℃并减小TLST时,虽然ηSORC无增长,但ηCOP逐渐提高,ηPTPηCOP主导,随之提高,所以对于增大系统ED来说,减小TLST比增大THST更具优势。
中间温度Tmid为两级热泵的交接温度,即图2P4P8点温度,设计时两点温度相同。本部分运行参数同表4,热泵中间温度影响如图11所示。由图11可知,当Tmid上升时,热泵向储热罐工质放热的平均温度上升,使TLST提高,其对系统的影响如图12所示。由图12可知,当Tmid提高时,由于冷凝器能量守恒方程的限制,TLST提高,储热罐工质流量mST提高,Qout变化较少,但一级热泵压力提高,压缩机耗电提高,所以ηCOPTmid提高而减小,ηPTP随之减小。
系统运行参数见表7,系统热泵侧及热机侧㶲损分别如图13图14所示。系统热泵侧㶲损主要集中在二级热泵,其㶲损占比较一级热泵多52%。二级热泵工作温度较高,工作压力跨度较大,㶲损较大。其中由于从余热源吸收的热量不同、向储热工质放出的热量不同,两级热泵循环中各器件㶲损排序不相同。热机侧㶲损主要集中在透平及凝汽器,两者㶲损占热机侧㶲损的92.3%。透平前后压力和温度差异较大,导致该位置产生较高的㶲损。凝汽器向大环境散热至常温,温度变化大,导致㶲损较大。蒸发器中SORC工质同储热罐热流体进行换热,两者换热温差较小,因此㶲损较小。
本文提出了一种级联热泵耦合超临界有机朗肯循环的卡诺电池,针对单级热泵CB在高ED下出现热量的高质低用问题进行了改进,并提高了系统整体性能。模型通过MATLAB软件调用REFPROP进行计算,对比了CHP-CB与B-CB系统的ηCOPηPTPED等,并对CHP-CB进行了不同参数设计研究,主要结论如下。
1)本文提出的CHP-CB相比B-CB,能够在高ΔTST下实现高ηPTP,低温储罐温度分别为50、32 ℃时,CHP-CB的ηCOP相比B-CB分别提高了23.5%和26.9%,TLST为30 ℃时ηPTP可达63.11%。CB的ED与ΔTST呈一次关系,在ΔTST为93 ℃时系统ED可达13.9 kW·h/m3。系统同时加强了对余热源的梯级利用,解决了ηPTPED、余热源利用率相互制约问题。
2)CHP从余热源吸收的热量随着余热源温度的升高而增加,进而加大ΔTST,提高系统的ED。由于CHP的凝汽器放热温度对储热罐温度的限制,CHP的Tmid即一级热泵的凝汽器进口、二级热泵的凝汽器出口温度越低、ΔTST越大,系统ED越高。
3)系统主要通过降低TLST,固定THST以提高系统ED,反之由于余热源最高温度的限制,热泵侧ηCOPTHST升高而下降,ηSORC增速随之放缓,出现ηPTP达到最大值63.11%后转而下降的情况。
4)CHP的㶲损主要集中在换热温度更高的二级热泵,二级热泵㶲损占比相较一级热泵多52%。SORC侧的㶲损主要集中在透平及凝汽器,高温高压工作条件下的器件㶲损较大,两者㶲损占热机侧㶲损的92.3%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
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2025年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506115
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(52206010)
国家自然科学基金项目(52206010)
作者信息
    河北省储能与综合能源系统重点实验室,华北电力大学,河北 保定 071003

通讯作者:

孙恩慧(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型发电与储能技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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