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Article(id=1217836023577494391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202502023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284334320, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284334320, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284334320, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284334320, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836019408360416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284333326, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284453982, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836023908844428, articleId=1217836023577494391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on comprehensive performance of combustion chamber of blast-furnace-gas-fired gas turbine, columnId=1217836020075254754, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Advanced power cycle technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fuel adaptability of a certain type of gas turbine combustion chamber is systematically investigated in response to the characteristics of blast furnace gas composition and its significant fluctuations in its calorific value. By coupling the detailed chemical reaction mechanism with numerical simulation methods, the comprehensive performance characteristics of the gas turbine combustion chamber under different calorific values and composition conditions were obtained, with a focus on analyzing the distribution of temperature and concentration fields and their influencing mechanisms. The results show that, under the same initial conditions and fuel calorific value, as the volume fraction ratio of H2 to CO in the gas increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet decreases from 1 769.35 K to 1 710.11 K, the temperature distribution coefficient decreases from 0.044 to 0.016, the NOx emission concentration at the outlet decreases from 7.56×10–6 mol/m3 to 1.49×10–6 mol/m3, and the CO emission concentration decreases from 993.98×10–6 mol/m3 to 421.95×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency increases from 98.48% to 99.14%. As the volume fraction ratio of CO2 to N2 in the gas increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet decreases from 1 739.30 K to 1 694.99 K, the temperature distribution coefficient fluctuates in the range of 0.032~0.045, the NOx emission concentration at the outlet decreases from 3.18×10–6 mol/m3 to 1.39×10–6 mol/m3, the CO emission concentration increases from 633.73×10–6 mol/m3 to 832.45×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency decreases from 98.89% to 98.56%. In addition, as the fuel calorific value increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet significantly increases from 1 587.30 K to 1 862.39 K, the temperature distribution coefficient shows a downward trend, the NOx emission concentration increases from 0.29×10–6 mol/m3 to 18.66×10–6 mol/m3, the CO emission concentration increases from 459.25×10–6 mol/m3 to 1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency decreases from 99.14% to 98.33%. Finally, 20 sets of data are selected for nonlinear surface fitting. For the blast furnace gas with a heat value range of 3~5 MJ/m3, all the the R2 values of the fitting formula are greater than 0.90, indicating this formula can provide a theoretical basis for the control of low-heat-value fuels in gas turbine combustion chambers.

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根据高炉煤气组分及其热值波动较大的特点，系统研究了某型燃气轮机燃烧室的燃料适应性。通过耦合详细化学反应机理数值模拟方法，获得了不同热值和组分工况下燃气轮机燃烧室的综合性能特征，重点分析了温度场和组分流场分布及其影响机制。研究结果表明：在相同初始工况和燃料热值条件下，随着燃气中H2与CO体积分数比增加，燃烧室出口平均温度从1 769.35 K降至1 710.11 K、温度分布系数从0.044降至0.016，出口NOx排放量从7.56×10–6 mol/m3降至1.49×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从993.98×10–6 mol/m3降至421.95×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率由98.48%提升至99.14%；随着燃气中CO2与N2体积分数比的增加，燃烧室出口平均温度从1 739.30 K降至1 694.99 K，温度分布系数在0.032~0.045波动，出口NOx排放量从3.18×10–6 mol/m3降至1.39×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从633.73×10–6 mol/m3升至832.45×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率从98.89%降至98.56%。此外，随着燃料热值增加，燃烧室出口平均温度显著升高，从1 587.30 K增至1 862.39 K，温度分布系数呈下降趋势，NOx排放量从0.29×10–6 mol/m3增至18.66×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从459.25×10–6 mol/m3增至1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率从99.14%降至98.33%。最后选用20组数据进行非线性曲面拟合，对于热值范围3~5 MJ/m3的高炉煤气，该拟合方程R2均大于0.90，可为燃气轮机燃烧室的低热值燃料调控提供理论依据。

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代佳奇（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为低热值燃料燃气轮机燃烧性能，。
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郑玮琳（1989），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为燃烧室流动与反应动力学，。

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郑玮琳（1989），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为燃烧室流动与反应动力学，。

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郑玮琳（1989），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为燃烧室流动与反应动力学，。

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Shenyang: Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Study on the laminar combustion characteristics of blast furnace gas and natural gas mixed fuel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217836042653188790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0213, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［23］, rfOrder=39, authorNames=张宇, 王奉明, 王彦红, journalName=北京航空航天大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张宇, 王奉明, 王彦红, 等. 一体化加力燃烧室燃烧特性模拟与机器学习燃烧性能预测[J/OL]. 北京航空航天大学学报[2025-08-19]., articleTitle=一体化加力燃烧室燃烧特性模拟与机器学习燃烧性能预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217836042766435002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0213, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［23］, rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHANG Yu, WANG Fengming, WANG Yanhong, journalName=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yu, WANG Fengming, WANG Yanhong, et al. 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Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 50(3): 545-554., articleTitle=Combustion optimization of gas turbines based on CFD numerical simulation and AI algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217836043051647679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［25］, rfOrder=43, authorNames=李贝贝, 李勇, 李家栋, journalName=轧钢, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李贝贝, 李勇, 李家栋. 分级燃烧低排放燃烧器数值模拟与参数优化[J]. 轧钢, 2023, 40(5): 68-75., articleTitle=分级燃烧低排放燃烧器数值模拟与参数优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217836043122950849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［25］, rfOrder=44, authorNames=LI Beibei, LI Yong, LI Jiadong, journalName=Rolling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Beibei, LI Yong, LI Jiadong. 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Rolling, 2023, 40(5): 68-75., articleTitle=Numerical simulation and parameter optimization of staged combustion low emission burners, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217836037880070714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, awardId=JCKY2021130B039, language=EN, fundingSource=Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2021130B039), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217836037942985277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, awardId=JCKY2021130B039, language=CN, fundingSource=国防基础科研计划项目(JCKY2021130B039), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217836029411770583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217836029420159193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, companyId=1217836029411770583, 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figureFileBig=fw6D2obSVQbdYKxnta80Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836034516238795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The flow fields in central cross-section of the combustor with different volume fraction ratios of H2 to CO, figureFileSmall=fIP4NRsWaU/GQgh1cBrbkQ==, figureFileBig=KdYVK9u6stUFyUGzbhMjgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836034591736272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同XH2/XCO燃烧室中心截面流场对比, figureFileSmall=fIP4NRsWaU/GQgh1cBrbkQ==, figureFileBig=KdYVK9u6stUFyUGzbhMjgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836034675622354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The average temperatures at the combustor outlet and the temperature distribution coefficients under different volume 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The components and calorific value of blast furnace gas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号BFG组分体积分数/%WI燃料质量流量/(kg·s–1)空气质量流量/(kg·s–1)QLHV/(MJ·m–3)
H2COCO2N2
a11.0030.1519.0049.851.700.290 30.201 74.00
a23.0027.1519.0050.851.720.285 70.195 4
a35.0024.2019.0051.851.730.280 60.189 1
a47.0021.2519.0052.751.750.275 50.182 8
a59.0018.3019.0053.701.770.270 40.176 6
b15.0024.2013.0057.801.760.271 40.189 1
b25.0024.2016.0054.801.750.276 00.189 1
b35.0024.2019.0051.801.730.280 50.189 1
b45.0024.2022.0048.801.720.285 10.189 1
b55.0024.2025.0045.801.710.289 70.189 1
c11.0037.0519.0042.951.880.238 20.202 34.87
c23.0034.1019.0043.901.900.234 20.197 1
c35.0031.1019.0044.901.910.230 30.192 0
c47.0028.1519.0045.851.930.226 20.186 8
c59.0025.1519.0046.851.950.222 30.181 6
d11.0024.4019.0055.601.540.354 80.201 03.27
d23.0021.4519.0056.551.560.348 50.193 3
d35.0018.4519.0057.551.570.342 90.185 6
d47.0015.4519.0058.551.580.337 30.177 9
d59.0012.5019.0059.501.600.331 00.170 2
), ArticleFig(id=1217836037737464372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836023577494391, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高炉煤气组分与热值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号BFG组分体积分数/%WI燃料质量流量/(kg·s–1)空气质量流量/(kg·s–1)QLHV/(MJ·m–3)
H2COCO2N2
a11.0030.1519.0049.851.700.290 30.201 74.00
a23.0027.1519.0050.851.720.285 70.195 4
a35.0024.2019.0051.851.730.280 60.189 1
a47.0021.2519.0052.751.750.275 50.182 8
a59.0018.3019.0053.701.770.270 40.176 6
b15.0024.2013.0057.801.760.271 40.189 1
b25.0024.2016.0054.801.750.276 00.189 1
b35.0024.2019.0051.801.730.280 50.189 1
b45.0024.2022.0048.801.720.285 10.189 1
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高炉煤气燃气轮机燃烧室综合性能研究
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郑玮琳 , 代佳奇 , 宋雪松
热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025,54(11): 12-23
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热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025, 54(11): 12-23
高炉煤气燃气轮机燃烧室综合性能研究
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郑玮琳 , 代佳奇 , 宋雪松
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院，辽宁　沈阳　110136

    • 郑玮琳（1989），女，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为燃烧室流动与反应动力学，。

通讯作者:

代佳奇（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为低热值燃料燃气轮机燃烧性能，。
Research on comprehensive performance of combustion chamber of blast-furnace-gas-fired gas turbine
Weilin ZHENG , Jiaqi DAI , Xuesong SONG
Affiliations
  • College of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502023
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摘要
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根据高炉煤气组分及其热值波动较大的特点，系统研究了某型燃气轮机燃烧室的燃料适应性。通过耦合详细化学反应机理数值模拟方法，获得了不同热值和组分工况下燃气轮机燃烧室的综合性能特征，重点分析了温度场和组分流场分布及其影响机制。研究结果表明：在相同初始工况和燃料热值条件下，随着燃气中H2与CO体积分数比增加，燃烧室出口平均温度从1 769.35 K降至1 710.11 K、温度分布系数从0.044降至0.016，出口NOx排放量从7.56×10–6 mol/m3降至1.49×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从993.98×10–6 mol/m3降至421.95×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率由98.48%提升至99.14%；随着燃气中CO2与N2体积分数比的增加，燃烧室出口平均温度从1 739.30 K降至1 694.99 K，温度分布系数在0.032~0.045波动，出口NOx排放量从3.18×10–6 mol/m3降至1.39×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从633.73×10–6 mol/m3升至832.45×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率从98.89%降至98.56%。此外，随着燃料热值增加，燃烧室出口平均温度显著升高，从1 587.30 K增至1 862.39 K，温度分布系数呈下降趋势，NOx排放量从0.29×10–6 mol/m3增至18.66×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从459.25×10–6 mol/m3增至1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率从99.14%降至98.33%。最后选用20组数据进行非线性曲面拟合，对于热值范围3~5 MJ/m3的高炉煤气，该拟合方程R2均大于0.90，可为燃气轮机燃烧室的低热值燃料调控提供理论依据。

高炉煤气  /  详细反应机理  /  燃烧性能  /  污染物排放  /  燃气轮机

The fuel adaptability of a certain type of gas turbine combustion chamber is systematically investigated in response to the characteristics of blast furnace gas composition and its significant fluctuations in its calorific value. By coupling the detailed chemical reaction mechanism with numerical simulation methods, the comprehensive performance characteristics of the gas turbine combustion chamber under different calorific values and composition conditions were obtained, with a focus on analyzing the distribution of temperature and concentration fields and their influencing mechanisms. The results show that, under the same initial conditions and fuel calorific value, as the volume fraction ratio of H2 to CO in the gas increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet decreases from 1 769.35 K to 1 710.11 K, the temperature distribution coefficient decreases from 0.044 to 0.016, the NOx emission concentration at the outlet decreases from 7.56×10–6 mol/m3 to 1.49×10–6 mol/m3, and the CO emission concentration decreases from 993.98×10–6 mol/m3 to 421.95×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency increases from 98.48% to 99.14%. As the volume fraction ratio of CO2 to N2 in the gas increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet decreases from 1 739.30 K to 1 694.99 K, the temperature distribution coefficient fluctuates in the range of 0.032~0.045, the NOx emission concentration at the outlet decreases from 3.18×10–6 mol/m3 to 1.39×10–6 mol/m3, the CO emission concentration increases from 633.73×10–6 mol/m3 to 832.45×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency decreases from 98.89% to 98.56%. In addition, as the fuel calorific value increases, the average temperature at the combustion chamber outlet significantly increases from 1 587.30 K to 1 862.39 K, the temperature distribution coefficient shows a downward trend, the NOx emission concentration increases from 0.29×10–6 mol/m3 to 18.66×10–6 mol/m3, the CO emission concentration increases from 459.25×10–6 mol/m3 to 1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3, and the combustion efficiency decreases from 99.14% to 98.33%. Finally, 20 sets of data are selected for nonlinear surface fitting. For the blast furnace gas with a heat value range of 3~5 MJ/m3, all the the R2 values of the fitting formula are greater than 0.90, indicating this formula can provide a theoretical basis for the control of low-heat-value fuels in gas turbine combustion chambers.

blast furnace gas  /  detailed reaction mechanism  /  combustion performance  /  pollutant emissions  /  gas turbine
郑玮琳, 代佳奇, 宋雪松. 高炉煤气燃气轮机燃烧室综合性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (11) : 12 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502023
Weilin ZHENG, Jiaqi DAI, Xuesong SONG. Research on comprehensive performance of combustion chamber of blast-furnace-gas-fired gas turbine[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (11) : 12 -23 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502023
正文
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钢铁企业在炼铁过程中会产生大量工业副产品气体，如高炉煤气（BFG）和焦炉煤气（COG）等[1]。其中高炉煤气作为典型低热值燃料，被广泛应用于燃气轮机及其联合循环中[2-3]，不仅有助于降低对环境的影响，而且可以有效缓解我国能源结构供应紧张问题[4]。然而，高炉煤气具有热值低、组分波动大等特点，这给燃烧室设计带来了巨大挑战。由于其较低的热值，为保证燃烧室出口热负荷不变，需要提高燃料流量，这将使燃烧室内部流场结构发生变化；同时，高炉煤气组分的改变会导致燃烧不稳定性以及绝热火焰温度和局部热释放率发生变化，且其含烟尘大且有毒等特点会影响污染物排放[5]。综上所述，高炉煤气燃气轮机燃烧室需要综合考虑燃料组分和热值变化对燃烧稳定性、污染物排放等各方面的影响，具有较高的技术难度。
国内外学者已对低热值燃料燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧特性进行了一定的研究。在国内，燃料适应性研究主要采用数值模拟。王朝晖等[6]通过对比研究某型燃气轮机燃烧天然气和中低热值燃料的性能，发现这几种燃料均能满足设计要求，但低热值燃料工况下燃烧室出口温度相对较低。何敏等[7]研究发现，低热值燃料的化学反应速率与其组分密切相关。随着气体燃料中惰性气体组分比例的增加，化学反应速率显著降低，导致燃烧效率下降，并对燃烧室内的燃烧效率与燃烧室出口的温度分布产生重要影响。梁拯等[8]采用不同合成组分的低热值气体开展燃烧试验。研究发现可燃组分中氢气能明显抑制低炉内CO和NOx的生成。李涛等[9]通过数值模拟研究某燃气轮机燃烧室的燃料适应性，发现在等热负荷条件下，燃烧室出口温度的均匀性随燃料热值的降低而下降，且当燃烧室改烧煤制气时，应适当降低负荷运行或对喷嘴结构进行相应调整以保证燃烧室的长时间和稳定运行。国外研究方面，Battista等人[10]通过实验方法分别研究了GE公司LM500和MS5001机组改烧各类中低热值气体燃料的可行性。结果表明，当燃料的热值在±20%范围内波动时，燃烧室仍能保持在足够高的性能状态。Yamamoto等人[11]采用数值模拟和试验测试对低热值燃料的燃烧过程进行了研究，但未分析同热值不同组分低热值燃料燃烧特性的差异。
综上所述，对于低热值燃气对燃气轮机燃烧室性能的影响研究已经成为热点。然而，由于研究对象以及研究方法的差异性，现有研究结论往往存在一定的分歧，且缺少对燃料热值组分的系统深入研究。为获得某改型天然气燃气轮机燃烧室在改烧高炉煤气时的燃烧与排放特性，本文针对不同燃料组分和热值的高炉煤气开展了系统研究，并形成燃料组分比值与燃烧室出口参数的拟合公式，旨在为低热值燃料燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧组织方法与优化提供理论依据。
1　计算模型和计算方法
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1.1　物理模型
图1为燃气轮机燃烧室示意。该燃烧室为单头部双级旋流、三级供气结构。燃烧室头部由内向外分别为值班级喷嘴、预燃级喷嘴以及主燃级喷嘴。主燃级和预燃级喷嘴内燃料经过两级旋流器的作用与空气在预混段内预先混合后，再进入火焰筒内燃烧，值班级喷嘴内采用扩散燃烧方式，可以稳定火焰并有效控制燃烧区火焰温度，抑制NOx的生成。双旋流器采用同向旋流的方式，内外旋流器旋流数均为0.8。外环为主燃级旋流器，内环为预燃级旋流器。分别选取叶厚为4 mm、叶宽为25 mm、周向分布18个的直叶片，以及叶厚为2 mm、叶宽为23 mm周向分布8个的直叶片。值班级喷嘴中间为主喷口，侧面有10个辅助进气口；预燃级喷嘴周向均布4个；主燃级喷嘴周向均布20个。燃料占比按主燃级58%、预燃级40%、值班级2%进行分配，空气分级比为1.77，即主燃级旋流器空气流量与预燃级旋流器空气流量之比为1.77。
考虑到部分结构尺寸跨度较大，采用六面体-多面体核心网格对燃气轮机燃烧室进行空间离散化处理[12-13]。为了保证计算精度，对燃气轮机燃烧室的喷嘴、旋流器、燃烧室主燃区以及燃烧室出口等流场复杂、化学反应迅速等区域进行局部网格加密处理。燃烧室结构及计算流体域网格如图2所示。
1.2　计算方法
模拟软件采用ANSYS Fluent，考虑到燃气轮机燃烧室流场的强旋流特征，基于雷诺平均N-S方程方法，湍流模型为Realizable k-ɛ方程模型[14-15]，并耦合部分预混燃烧模型中的FGM燃烧模型，对湍流-燃烧相互作用进行模化[16-17]。在生成火焰面数据库时，采用GRI.Mech3.0详细气相化学动力学机理，包含了325个基元化学反应，涉及53种化学物质。经过广泛的实验验证，该机理可较为精准地预测燃烧产物的组成分布，并且主要针对温度范围1 000~2 500 K、压力范围0.001~1.000 MPa以及当量比0.1~5.0的预混系统。相较于其他更复杂的机理模型，GRI-Mech 3.0在保持较高精度的同时，计算效率相对较高，能够满足大规模数值模拟的需求[18]。
辐射模型采用P1辐射模型，压力-速度耦合算法为Coupled算法，压力插值算法为二阶差分，其他空间离散方法均为一阶迎风格式。燃料和空气进口条件均设置为质量流量入口，边界条件采用绝热无速度滑移壁面，壁面处湍流参数为0。上述计算方法已经与实验结果进行对比验证，燃烧性能计算与实验结果的误差介于2.07%~6.25%，且曲线走势相同[19]。
1.3　网格无关性验证
在保证计算方法相同的前提下，对比了231万、332万以及475万3套网格的计算结果，选取燃烧室中心轴线上的轴向速度与温度数据进行对比分析，结果如图3、图4所示（D为燃烧室剖面轴的直径）。其中332万和475万网格的计算结果非常接近，同时兼顾单个算例计算时间以及计算精度的准确性，最终选定网格数为332万。
最后，采用验证后的网格划分及计算方法开展燃用高炉煤气的改型燃气轮机燃烧室综合性能的计算。模拟中所涉及的高炉煤气组分与热值见表1。其中在进行等燃烧室热负荷工况模拟时，保证初始进口参数与基础试验工况相同[20-23]，将空气温度设为690 K、压力0.3 MPa；此外，在保持燃烧室热负荷（843.180 kW）及当量比（Φ=1）不变的前提下，改变燃料热值以及组分时需要调整燃气流量及相应的空气流量。
为表征燃烧室的出口温度分布特征，引入燃烧室出口温度分布系数（ζOTDF），温度分布系数计算公式为：
ζOTDF=T4max−T4aveT4ave−T3ave
式中：T4max为出口最高温度；T3ave为进口温度；T4ave为出口平均温度。
为衡量燃料在燃烧室内燃烧充分程度，引入燃烧效率，本文利用燃气分析法计算燃烧室的燃烧效率，由于本燃烧室含氢的未完全燃烧产物生成量特别小，可以忽略不计。故燃烧效率的计算公式为：
η=XCO2+0.53XCO−0.397XH2XCO2XCO
式中：X表示各组分的体积分数。
2　结果与分析
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本节对比分析不同工况下的燃烧室流场、温度场及组分场等特征，并对燃烧室燃烧效率、出口排放及出口平均温度进行拟合，获得相应的拟合曲面和经验公式。
2.1　可燃气体组分的影响
高炉煤气中可燃气体组分为H2和CO，在燃料燃烧时发挥着关键作用。在进口参数、出口热负荷、当量比及燃料热值保持不变前提下，燃料组分编号a1—a5对比了不同可燃气体的组分体积分数（标准状态下，下同）比（XH2/XCO）燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧与排放性能。
图5为不同XH2/XCO比值下燃烧室出口平均温度和温度分布系数变化曲线。从图5可以看出，随着XH2/XCO比值的增加，燃烧室出口平均温度呈现明显的下降趋势，从1 769.35 K降至1 710.11 K。同时，温度分布系数也随之从0.044降至0.016，出口温度分布更加均匀。
图6为不同XH2/XCO比值下燃烧室出口CO和NOx排放变化规律。随着XH2/XCO比值的增加，2种污染物的排放量均呈现下降趋势。NOx的排放量从7.56×10–6 mol/m3降至1.49×10–6 mol/m3，满足污染物排放标准要求；CO排放量从993.98×10–6 mol/m3降至421.95×10–6 mol/m3。燃烧室出口CO排放量较高，主要可归结于两方面原因：其一，高炉煤气本身CO含量较高，且该燃烧室属于轴向分级燃烧室，其在精准控制NOx排放方面性能出色，不过在这一过程中，会相应地提升CO排放量升高的风险；其二，鉴于高炉煤气热值较低的特性，为满足燃烧需求，必须增加高炉煤气的质量流量。然而，气流速度的增大使得燃烧室内回流区长度出现增加，进而导致燃烧室高温区向燃烧室出口靠近，这一系列变化也是使CO排放量较高的关键因素。
图7为不同XH2/XCO比值下燃烧室燃烧效率变化规律。由图7可见，随着XH2/XCO比值的增加，燃烧室的燃烧效率从98.48%提升至99.14%，呈现上升趋势。
为深入探究上述现象的内在机理，本文对比分析了不同XH2/XCO比值下燃烧室中心截面的温度场、速度流场及各产物组分流场分布特征，结果如图8所示。
由图8可见，随着XH2/XCO比值的增加，燃烧室内部主回流区与角回流区的整体形态保持稳定（图8a)）。但由于燃料质量流量的减小，主回流区长度呈现逐渐缩短的趋势，高温区主要集中在值班级出口及回流区剪切层内部。随着XH2/XCO比值逐渐增加，燃烧室高温区逐渐向头部移动，且燃烧室整体温度呈现下降趋势。这种现象是由于燃烧产物中比热容较高的H2O含量明显升高（图8b)），会吸收部分燃烧热，降低了燃烧室的总体温度，这与图5所示的出口平均温度下降现象相吻合。
图6中燃烧室出口NOx排放量的减少主要归因于燃烧室温度的降低（图8d)），而CO排放量的减少与燃气组分中CO含量的降低直接相关（图8e)），这与图8所示燃烧内污染物分布相同。
图7中燃烧效率的提升一方面是由于燃料质量流量的降低导致燃烧室内气体流速减小，延长了燃料的驻留时间；另一方面，燃烧室头部的高活性自由基OH含量显著提升，而出口处OH含量相应减少（图8c)），燃气燃烧速率得到提高，最终促进燃烧效率的提升。
2.2　稀释气体组分的影响
高炉煤气中的CO2、N2作为稀释气体，既不参与燃烧放热过程，也不具备助燃作用。相反，这些稀释气体会吸收燃烧过程中产生的大量热量，导致混合气体升温速率降低，影响燃烧稳定性。因此，深入分析稀释气体组分对燃烧室性能影响也十分关键。在保证进口参数、出口热负荷、当量比以及燃料热值保持不变前提下，针对燃料组分编号b1—b5研究不同稀释气体组分比例（XCO2/XN2比值）下燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧与排放性能。
图9为不同XCO2/XN2比值下的燃烧室出口平均温度和温度分布系数的变化曲线。从图9可以看出，随着XCO2/XN2比值的增加，燃烧室出口平均温度从1 739.30 K降至1 694.99 K。而温度分布系数则在0.032~0.045波动，未表现出明显的变化规律。
图10为不同XCO2/XN2比值下的燃烧室出口CO和NOx排放变化规律。由图10可见，随着XCO2/XN2比值增加，燃烧室出口CO排放量从633.73×10–6 mol/m3增加到832.45×10–6 mol/m3，而NOx排放量则从3.18×10–6 mol/m3降低至1.39×10–6 mol/m3，呈现相反的变化趋势。
图11为不同XCO2/XN2比值下的燃烧室燃烧效率变化。由图11可见，随XCO2/XN2比值的增加，燃烧室的燃烧效率呈现轻微下降趋势，从98.89%降至98.56%，其变化幅度较小。
为深入探究上述现象的内在机理，本文对比分析了不同XCO2/XN2比值下燃烧室中心截面的温度场、速度流场及各产物组分流场分布特征，结果如图12所示。
由图12可见，随着XCO2/XN2比值的增加，燃烧室内气流速度呈现增加趋势，导致燃烧室回流区长度略有增加，燃烧室内整体温度降低（图12a)）。其原因在于：一方面，XCO2/XN2比值的增大导致燃气质量流量增加，引起气流速度提升，从而减少了燃料在燃烧室内的驻留时间。另一方面，虽然燃烧产物H2O的变化不明显（图12b)），但燃料中CO2的增加对高活性自由基的生成产生了显著的抑制作用（图12c)），从而降低了化学反应速率。上述因素综合作用不仅导致了燃烧室出口平均温度的降低（图9），还直接影响了污染物的排放特性（图10）：一方面，温度降低有效抑制了燃烧室NOx（图12d)）的生成；另一方面，较低的温度环境减缓了CO的完全氧化过程，致使CO排放量增加（图12e)）。同时，上述变化也是导致燃烧效率下降（图11）的主要原因。
2.3　燃料热值的影响
在燃料热值发生变化时，燃料的燃烧效率、绝热火焰温度及反应速率等关键参数均会发生相应变化，故有必要对燃烧室性能的变化进行评估。高炉煤气热值变化范围在2.5~5.0 MJ/m3，在保持CO2体积分数不变的前提下，调整可燃组分（H2、CO）和N2的体积分数来实现热值梯度变化。其中编号c、a、d组热值逐组降低。鉴于各组数据表现出相似的变化规律，本节选取具有代表性的c3、a3和d3工况，分析燃料热值变化对燃烧室性能的影响。
图13为不同燃料热值工况下燃烧室出口平均温度和温度分布系数变化情况。由图13可见，随着燃料热值的增加，燃烧室出口平均温度呈现显著上升趋势，从1 587.30 K攀升至1 862.39 K，而温度分布系数从0.041降至0.032。图14为不同燃料热值工况下燃烧室出口CO以及NOx分布。由图14可见，随着燃料热值升高，燃烧室出口NOx和CO排放量均增加，NOx排放量从0.29×10–6 mol/m3增至18.66×10–6 mol/m3，CO排放量从459.25×10–6 mol/m3增至1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3。
图15为不同燃料热值工况下燃烧室燃烧效率变化。由图15可见，随着燃料热值的升高燃烧室燃烧效率明显下降，从99.14%降低到98.33%。排放污染物的明显增加，表明燃烧过程中未完全燃烧的可燃物逐渐累积，导致了燃烧室燃烧效率的降低。
图16对比分析了不同燃料热值下燃烧室中心截面的温度场、流场及浓度场分布特征。由图16可见，随着高炉煤气热值的增加，燃烧室内温度发生显著变化。这种现象主要归因于燃料热值增加导致的绝热火焰温度升高，并且燃烧室内燃烧产物H2O含量下降（图16b)）会进一步导致整体温度的升高。值得注意的是，燃烧室高温区向头部值班级喷嘴移动，这增加了值班级喷嘴被烧蚀的风险。此外，由于燃料质量流量的减少，混合气射流速度的降低，导致燃烧室内部流场发生明显变化，燃烧室主回流区尺度（包括长度和宽度）以及角回流区均呈现收缩趋势（图16a)）。
图14中燃烧室出口污染物排放的升高是由于燃料热值的增加导致燃烧室内整体温度的增加，进而引起污染物NOx排放量升高（图16d)），而CO排放量增加与燃料中CO含量升高有关（图16e)）。
随着高炉煤气热值的增加，燃烧室污染物排放量升高，出口未完全燃烧的中间产物含量也呈现增加的趋势（图16c)），反映出燃烧过程的不充分性，与图15中燃烧室燃烧效率的降低相一致。
2.4　非线性曲面拟合
在燃料热值发生变化时，鉴于编号a、b、c、d 4组工况，共20组数据的XH2/XCO与XCO2/XN2值均存在差异，对应燃烧室的出口性能参数也不同。将可燃气体比值XH2/XCO记为x，稀释气体比值XCO2/XN2记为y，选取燃烧室燃烧效率z1（%）、燃烧出口CO体积分数z2（%）、燃烧室出口平均温度z3（K）以及燃烧出口NOx体积分数z4（%）4个出口关键参数与上述2个燃料组分参数进行非线性拟合，得到如图17所示拟合曲面，形成相应拟合方程，并利用相关系数R2进行评估[23-25]。
z1=a1+a2x+a3y+a4x2+a5xy+a6y2
式中：a1、a2、a3、a4、a5、a6为常参数。
经拟合，a1=102.038 8，a2=–16.551 9，a3=–7.701 1，a4=1.678 5，a5=49.148 2，a6=–5.657 2，相关系数R2=0.957 0>0.90。
 z2/100=b0+b1x+b2y+b3x2+b4xy+b5y2+b6x3+b7x2y+b8xy2+b9y3
式中：b0、b1、b2、b3、b4、b5、b6、b7、b8、b9为常参数。
经拟合，b0=–68.400 4，b1=75.752 1，b2=131.644 8，b3=–944.575 2，b4=–2 974.300 8，b5=5 462.000 2，b6=174.978 7，b7=2 299.065 5，b8=2 529.627 3，b9=–946.252 2，相关系数R2=0.969 7>0.90。
 z3/100=c0+c1x+c2y+c3x2+c4xy+c5y2+c6x3+c7x2y+c8xy2+c9y3
式中：c0、c1、c2、c3、c4、c5、c6、c7、c8、c9为常参数。
经拟合，c0=25.951 6，c1=128.067 2，c2=–157.512 2，c3=–262.580 4，c4=–414.329 2，c5=557.743 8，c6=54.727 4，c7=615.660 0，c8=226.052 6，c9=–532.210 3。相关系数R2=0.941 4>0.90。
z4=d0⋅exp(d1x+d2y+d3x2+d4xy+d5y2+d6x3+d7x2y+d8xy2+d9y3)
式中：d0、d1、d2、d3、d4、d5、d6、d7、d8、d9为常参数。
经拟合，d0=0，d1=55.453 4，d2=110.044 3，d3=–51.501 4，d4=–70.457 7，d5=–25.653 5，d6=–4.679 3，d7=–52.696 2，d8=–87.589 2，d9=–96.157 1，相关系数R2=0.928 7>0.90。
在实际高炉煤气燃气轮机燃烧室运行时，此拟合方程对于热值范围在3~5 MJ/m3的高炉煤气组分比值的调控具有一定的参考价值。
3　结论
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以某型燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象，在保证燃烧室出口热负荷、当量比、初始温度以及初始压力不变的前提下，采用验证后的数值模拟方法，系统研究了高炉煤气的组分及热值变化对燃气轮机燃烧室综合性能的影响规律，通过对温度场、组分流场、污染物排放特性等多维度指标的深入分析，得出以下结论。
1）高炉煤气中XH2/XCO比值的增加导致燃烧室性能参数发生以下变化：燃烧室出口平均温度呈下降趋势（从1 769.35 K降至1 710.11 K）、出口温度分布均匀性明显优化，温度分布系数从0.044降至0.016，污染物排放水平整体改善，其中NOx排放量从7.56×10–6 mol/m3降至1.49×1–6 mol/m3，CO排放从993.98×10–6 mol/m3降至421.95×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率显著提升（从98.48%增至99.14%）。
2）高炉煤气中XCO2/XN2比值的增加，导致燃烧室性能参数发生以下变化：燃烧室出口平均温度逐步降低（从1 739.30 K降至1 694.99 K）、温度分布系数在0.032~0.045变化，无明显规律，出口NOx排放呈现明显下降趋势（从3.18×10–6 mol/m3降至1.39×10–6 mol/m3），而CO排放则显著增加（从633.73×10–6 mol/m3升至832.45×10–6 mol/m3），燃烧效率略有降低（从98.89%降至98.56%）。
3）高炉煤气热值的增加导致燃烧室的性能参数发生以下变化：出口平均温度大幅升高（从1 587.30 K升至1 862.39 K）、温度分布系数有所下降，污染物排放量明显增加，其中NOx排放量从0.29×10–6 mol/m3激增至18.66×10–6 mol/m3、CO排放量从459.25×10–6 mol/m3升高至1 030.61×10–6 mol/m3，燃烧效率呈现下降趋势（从99.14%降至98.33%）。
4）以XH2/XCO与XCO2/XN2 2个燃料组分参数为自变量，以燃烧室燃烧效率、出口平均温度、CO与NOx排放量4个燃烧室出口关键参数为因变量进行曲面拟合，拟合公式适用于热值范围3~5 MJ/m3的高炉煤气，经评估拟合效果良好，R2值均在0.9以上。
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  • 国防基础科研计划项目(JCKY2021130B039)
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2025年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502023
  • 接收时间：2025-02-18
  • 首发时间：2026-01-13
  • 出版时间：2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-18
基金
Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(JCKY2021130B039)
国防基础科研计划项目(JCKY2021130B039)
作者信息
    沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院，辽宁　沈阳　110136

通讯作者:

代佳奇（2000），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为低热值燃料燃气轮机燃烧性能，。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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