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Based on the design and operational conditions of Guangdong Huaying LNG Terminal and its surrounding industrial environment, a cascade utilization scheme integrating thermodynamic power generation with shallow cold storage was developed. Moreover, key process parameters were modeled and solved using HYSYS software to enhance energy efficiency and maximize cold energy utilization. The results show that, under the condition of minimum daily send-out (228 t/h), the original single-stage thermodynamic cycle coupled with cold storage achieved an annual power generation exceeding 32.83 GW·h while meeting the cooling demand of a 7 500 m³ cold storage facility. The optimized scheme adopts a two-stage thermodynamic cycle with shallow cold storage, via employing a 40% (weight percentage) ethane and 60% (weight percentage) propane mixed working fluid, and elevating heat source temperature, this improved design increased the annual power generation to 62.04 GW·h, and raised the net power output per unit mass of LNG from 17.54(kW·h)/t to 33.02 (kW·h)/t, with estimated annual electricity cost savings of approximately 53.641 million yuan. Although multi-stage heat engine cycles can reduce irreversible losses caused by temperature differences, considering factors such as cost-benefit ratio and operational reliability, the second scheme demonstrates strong engineering feasibility and economic viability by closely aligning with the actual conditions of the Huaying LNG Receiving Terminal. Both cascade utilization designs demonstrate distinct advantages for different development stages of the receiving terminal and different evaluation indicators for LNG cold energy utilization, providing valuable references for post-commissioning cold energy applications.

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基于广东华瀛液化天然气(LNG)接收站的设计运行条件和周边产业环境,首先设计了一套热机循环发电耦合浅冷冻库的LNG冷能梯级利用方案,并采用专业软件HYSYS建模求解流程中的关键参数,以提升能效和大规模消纳冷能为目标,对原有方案进一步优化改进。结果表明:在全年最低气化日LNG外输量为228 t/h的条件下,原方案采用一级热机循环与冻库结合,年发电量超过3 283×104 kW·h,并满足了7 500 m3冻库的冷负荷需求;而优化设计后的新方案采用“两级热机循环-浅冷冻库”设计,通过提升热源温度,并改用质量分数40%乙烷和60%丙烷的混合工质,使热机循环系统的设计年发电量可提升至6 204×104 kW·h,单位质量LNG的净发电量从原先的17.54 (kW·h)/t增加到33.02 (kW·h)/t,还可节约约5 364.1万元/年电费。尽管多级的热机循环能够减少温差造成的不可逆损失,但考虑投入产出比及运行可靠性等因素,第二方案能与华瀛LNG接收站实际条件紧密结合,具有较好的工程可行性和经济性。上述2种冷能梯级利用设计方案各有优势,适用于接收站的不同发展阶段和LNG冷能利用的不同评价指标,为华瀛LNG接收站全面投产后的冷能利用提供了有益参考。

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季炫宇(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源与工业节能技术,
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黄华(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为LNG储运及能源综合利用,

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Q1Q2为对应设备的输出功;Q3Q4为对应设备的输入功

, figureFileSmall=tH1jv0dryz1r8xuvjntAMw==, figureFileBig=oxHVY63dc2gPbcmNuC+K8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836032419086681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The heat transfer situation inside the heat exchanger E1, figureFileSmall=WmPzQeU80p9c5R4bC4auQg==, figureFileBig=Zh68gZ5yNrsjR129e5Fxjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836032507167073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=图3, caption=E1换热器内部换热情况, figureFileSmall=WmPzQeU80p9c5R4bC4auQg==, figureFileBig=Zh68gZ5yNrsjR129e5Fxjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836032578470245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The improved process flow of LNG cold energy cascade utilization (two-stage power cycle coupled with shallow freezer), figureFileSmall=pX5NiEC30sChqBqNvvXldw==, figureFileBig=w1/qCJtxZbvrWLo4R8aV4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836032700105069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改进后的LNG冷能梯级利用工艺流程(两级热机循环-浅冷冻库), figureFileSmall=pX5NiEC30sChqBqNvvXldw==, figureFileBig=w1/qCJtxZbvrWLo4R8aV4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836032800768369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The advantages and disadvantages of common power generation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电方式优点缺点适用性
直接膨胀法简单易实现利用效率较低主要用于小型LNG气化站,国外已投用多套
低温朗肯循环法投资不高,原理简单,环保利用效率较低适用性强,国外已投用多套
联合法整合不同技术优势,效率高系统较复杂,初始投资和管理成本高主要用于低压外输管网,国外已投用多套
混合媒体法效率较高,可覆盖LNG更大的冷能温域系统较复杂,混合工质选择比较关键适用于大型LNG气化站
), ArticleFig(id=1217836032918208889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见发电方式优缺点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电方式优点缺点适用性
直接膨胀法简单易实现利用效率较低主要用于小型LNG气化站,国外已投用多套
低温朗肯循环法投资不高,原理简单,环保利用效率较低适用性强,国外已投用多套
联合法整合不同技术优势,效率高系统较复杂,初始投资和管理成本高主要用于低压外输管网,国外已投用多套
混合媒体法效率较高,可覆盖LNG更大的冷能温域系统较复杂,混合工质选择比较关键适用于大型LNG气化站
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033014677889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical properties of common working fluids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质常压沸点/℃凝固点/℃临界温度/℃临界压力/MPa
乙烷–88.6–182.532.24.6
丙烷–42.1–187.736.04.3
正丁烷–0.5–138.338.03.8
异丁烷–11.7–140.336.03.7
乙烯–103.7–169.29.25.0
丙烯–47.7–103.88.44.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033123729801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

几种常见工质物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质常压沸点/℃凝固点/℃临界温度/℃临界压力/MPa
乙烷–88.6–182.532.24.6
丙烷–42.1–187.736.04.3
正丁烷–0.5–138.338.03.8
异丁烷–11.7–140.336.03.7
乙烯–103.7–169.29.25.0
丙烯–47.7–103.88.44.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033241170318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Input conditions for LNG cold energy cascade utilization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目内容
LNG的摩尔组分/%甲烷99.81
氮气0.18
乙烷0.01
LNG设计质量流量/(t·h–1)228
LNG入口温度/℃–162.0
LNG入口压力(绝对压力)/kPa7 300
海水入口温度/℃26.6
海水设计质量流量/(t·h–1)8 000
热机循环发电介质丙烷
冻库冷媒循环介质质量分数68%的乙二醇溶液
丙烷循环泵的压差/kPa850
膨胀机内效率%80
丙烷循环泵绝热效率/%75
换热器压差的沿程损失/kPa10~50
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033316667794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

LNG冷能梯级利用输入条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目内容
LNG的摩尔组分/%甲烷99.81
氮气0.18
乙烷0.01
LNG设计质量流量/(t·h–1)228
LNG入口温度/℃–162.0
LNG入口压力(绝对压力)/kPa7 300
海水入口温度/℃26.6
海水设计质量流量/(t·h–1)8 000
热机循环发电介质丙烷
冻库冷媒循环介质质量分数68%的乙二醇溶液
丙烷循环泵的压差/kPa850
膨胀机内效率%80
丙烷循环泵绝热效率/%75
换热器压差的沿程损失/kPa10~50
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033392165269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Power generation and cooling supply under simulated conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模拟计算结果
发电系统LNG冷能/kW54 720.0
膨胀机输出功率/kW4 104.0
循环泵功耗/kW105.5
热机(发电)效率/%7.5
单位质量LNG的净发电量/(kW·h·t–1)17.54
冻库系统中NG的质量流量/(t·h–1)9.5
冻库供冷功率/kW958.6
LNG冷能综合利用率/%9.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033568326045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模拟工况下系统发电、供冷情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模拟计算结果
发电系统LNG冷能/kW54 720.0
膨胀机输出功率/kW4 104.0
循环泵功耗/kW105.5
热机(发电)效率/%7.5
单位质量LNG的净发电量/(kW·h·t–1)17.54
冻库系统中NG的质量流量/(t·h–1)9.5
冻库供冷功率/kW958.6
LNG冷能综合利用率/%9.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033668989345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Exergy values of key equipment in power generation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键设备支付㶲/kW收益㶲/kW㶲损/kW㶲效率/%
E1换热器19 9886 51313 475.0032.58
E4换热器1 159.17160.67998.5013.86
膨胀机5 418.834 1041 314.8375.74
发电系统19 9884 264.6715 723.3321.34
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033752875429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发电关键设备的㶲值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键设备支付㶲/kW收益㶲/kW㶲损/kW㶲效率/%
E1换热器19 9886 51313 475.0032.58
E4换热器1 159.17160.67998.5013.86
膨胀机5 418.834 1041 314.8375.74
发电系统19 9884 264.6715 723.3321.34
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033828372906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The optimized parameter design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点介质温度/℃压力/kPa质量流量/(t·h–1)
1丙烷–38.9110150
2丙烷–42.5100150
3丙烷–41.81 100150
4丙烷30.41 090150
5乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–53.4110160
6乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–76.5100160
7乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–75.71 400160
8乙烷、丙烷(2:3)19.01 390160
9LNG–1627 300228
10LNG–81.87 280228
11NG–40.57 260228
12NG–36.87 240228
13NG20.07 220228
14热排海水34.63005 000
15热排海水31.12705 000
16热排海水26.92405 000
17热排海水25.02105 000
18乙二醇水溶液020040
19乙二醇水溶液–35.020040
), ArticleFig(id=1217836033929036207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

优化后的参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点介质温度/℃压力/kPa质量流量/(t·h–1)
1丙烷–38.9110150
2丙烷–42.5100150
3丙烷–41.81 100150
4丙烷30.41 090150
5乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–53.4110160
6乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–76.5100160
7乙烷、丙烷(2:3)–75.71 400160
8乙烷、丙烷(2:3)19.01 390160
9LNG–1627 300228
10LNG–81.87 280228
11NG–40.57 260228
12NG–36.87 240228
13NG20.07 220228
14热排海水34.63005 000
15热排海水31.12705 000
16热排海水26.92405 000
17热排海水25.02105 000
18乙二醇水溶液020040
19乙二醇水溶液–35.020040
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034025505203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Simulation results of key equipment for the original and new schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原方案新方案
发电系统LNG冷能/kW54 720.054 720.0
膨胀机输出功/kW4 104.0Q1为3 377.0
Q2为4 378.0
循环泵功耗/kW105.5Q3为95.5
Q4为132.0
发电效率/%7.514.2
单位质量LNG的净发电量/((kW·h)·t–1)17.5433.02
冻库系统供冷功率/kW960.0960.0
LNG冷能综合利用率/%9.315.9
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034147140024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

原、新方案各关键设备模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原方案新方案
发电系统LNG冷能/kW54 720.054 720.0
膨胀机输出功/kW4 104.0Q1为3 377.0
Q2为4 378.0
循环泵功耗/kW105.5Q3为95.5
Q4为132.0
发电效率/%7.514.2
单位质量LNG的净发电量/((kW·h)·t–1)17.5433.02
冻库系统供冷功率/kW960.0960.0
LNG冷能综合利用率/%9.315.9
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034243609022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Performance comparison of the proposed process with other existing processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电方式单位质量LNG净发电率/(kW·h·t–1)㶲效率HEx/%海水温度/℃
二级朗肯串联+直接膨胀[26](CCC系统)21.3420.7520.0
三级朗肯循环-独立混联[27]24.2625.7025.0
两级朗肯循环-混联[28](TCRC系统)23.8724.6215.0~20.0
三级朗肯循环-独立混联[29]29.17(非LNG做冷源)34.3015.0
两级朗肯串联+直接膨胀[25]42.7015.0~20.0
两级热机循环串联33.0235.0534.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034323300802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

本研究工艺与其他现有工艺的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电方式单位质量LNG净发电率/(kW·h·t–1)㶲效率HEx/%海水温度/℃
二级朗肯串联+直接膨胀[26](CCC系统)21.3420.7520.0
三级朗肯循环-独立混联[27]24.2625.7025.0
两级朗肯循环-混联[28](TCRC系统)23.8724.6215.0~20.0
三级朗肯循环-独立混联[29]29.17(非LNG做冷源)34.3015.0
两级朗肯串联+直接膨胀[25]42.7015.0~20.0
两级热机循环串联33.0235.0534.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034453324232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Economic and carbon reduction effect analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案类型方式节约电量/(万kW·h·a–1)节约电费/(万元·a–1)减碳量(标准煤)/(t·a–1)CO2减排量/(t·a–1)SO2减排量/(t·a–1)年需LNG/(万t·a–1)
原方案发电3 283.22 593.711 852.332 733.5985.0182.4
冻库256.0202.2924.22 552.376.8
总计3 539.22 795.912 776.535 285.81 061.8
新方案发电6 204.04 902.222 396.461 853.91 861.2182.4
冻库256.0202.2924.22 552.376.8
节约泵功耗330.0260.71 191.33 290.199.0
总计6 790.05 364.124 511.967 696.32 037.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217836034574959054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836021903967056, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

经济性和降碳效果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案类型方式节约电量/(万kW·h·a–1)节约电费/(万元·a–1)减碳量(标准煤)/(t·a–1)CO2减排量/(t·a–1)SO2减排量/(t·a–1)年需LNG/(万t·a–1)
原方案发电3 283.22 593.711 852.332 733.5985.0182.4
冻库256.0202.2924.22 552.376.8
总计3 539.22 795.912 776.535 285.81 061.8
新方案发电6 204.04 902.222 396.461 853.91 861.2182.4
冻库256.0202.2924.22 552.376.8
节约泵功耗330.0260.71 191.33 290.199.0
总计6 790.05 364.124 511.967 696.32 037.0
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华瀛液化天然气接收站冷能梯级利用工艺设计及能效优化
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黄华 1 , 周万伟 2 , 季炫宇 2 , 袁志超 1 , 周雄 2 , 欧阳顺 1 , 李巳聪 1 , 杨鲁 2
热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025,54(11): 49-57
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热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025, 54(11): 49-57
华瀛液化天然气接收站冷能梯级利用工艺设计及能效优化
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黄华1 , 周万伟2, 季炫宇2 , 袁志超1, 周雄2, 欧阳顺1, 李巳聪1, 杨鲁2
作者信息
  • 1.华瀛天然气股份有限公司,广东 潮州 521000
  • 2.重庆科技大学资源循环利用与碳中和技术研究院,重庆 400000
  • 黄华(1984),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为LNG储运及能源综合利用,

通讯作者:

季炫宇(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源与工业节能技术,
Research on cold energy cascade utilization process design and energy efficiency optimization for Huaying LNG receiving station
Hua HUANG1 , Wanwei ZHOU2, Xuanyu JI2 , Zhichao YUAN1, Xiong ZHOU2, Shun OUYANG1, Sicong LI1, Lu YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Huating Natural Gas Co., Ltd., Chaozhou 521000, China
  • 2.Institute of Resource Recycling and Carbon Neutral Technology, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502121
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基于广东华瀛液化天然气(LNG)接收站的设计运行条件和周边产业环境,首先设计了一套热机循环发电耦合浅冷冻库的LNG冷能梯级利用方案,并采用专业软件HYSYS建模求解流程中的关键参数,以提升能效和大规模消纳冷能为目标,对原有方案进一步优化改进。结果表明:在全年最低气化日LNG外输量为228 t/h的条件下,原方案采用一级热机循环与冻库结合,年发电量超过3 283×104 kW·h,并满足了7 500 m3冻库的冷负荷需求;而优化设计后的新方案采用“两级热机循环-浅冷冻库”设计,通过提升热源温度,并改用质量分数40%乙烷和60%丙烷的混合工质,使热机循环系统的设计年发电量可提升至6 204×104 kW·h,单位质量LNG的净发电量从原先的17.54 (kW·h)/t增加到33.02 (kW·h)/t,还可节约约5 364.1万元/年电费。尽管多级的热机循环能够减少温差造成的不可逆损失,但考虑投入产出比及运行可靠性等因素,第二方案能与华瀛LNG接收站实际条件紧密结合,具有较好的工程可行性和经济性。上述2种冷能梯级利用设计方案各有优势,适用于接收站的不同发展阶段和LNG冷能利用的不同评价指标,为华瀛LNG接收站全面投产后的冷能利用提供了有益参考。

液化天然气  /  冷能梯级利用  /  热机循环  /  能效优化  /  经济性评价

Based on the design and operational conditions of Guangdong Huaying LNG Terminal and its surrounding industrial environment, a cascade utilization scheme integrating thermodynamic power generation with shallow cold storage was developed. Moreover, key process parameters were modeled and solved using HYSYS software to enhance energy efficiency and maximize cold energy utilization. The results show that, under the condition of minimum daily send-out (228 t/h), the original single-stage thermodynamic cycle coupled with cold storage achieved an annual power generation exceeding 32.83 GW·h while meeting the cooling demand of a 7 500 m³ cold storage facility. The optimized scheme adopts a two-stage thermodynamic cycle with shallow cold storage, via employing a 40% (weight percentage) ethane and 60% (weight percentage) propane mixed working fluid, and elevating heat source temperature, this improved design increased the annual power generation to 62.04 GW·h, and raised the net power output per unit mass of LNG from 17.54(kW·h)/t to 33.02 (kW·h)/t, with estimated annual electricity cost savings of approximately 53.641 million yuan. Although multi-stage heat engine cycles can reduce irreversible losses caused by temperature differences, considering factors such as cost-benefit ratio and operational reliability, the second scheme demonstrates strong engineering feasibility and economic viability by closely aligning with the actual conditions of the Huaying LNG Receiving Terminal. Both cascade utilization designs demonstrate distinct advantages for different development stages of the receiving terminal and different evaluation indicators for LNG cold energy utilization, providing valuable references for post-commissioning cold energy applications.

liquefied natural gas  /  cold energy cascade utilization  /  thermodynamic cycle  /  energy efficiency optimization  /  economic evaluation
黄华, 周万伟, 季炫宇, 袁志超, 周雄, 欧阳顺, 李巳聪, 杨鲁. 华瀛液化天然气接收站冷能梯级利用工艺设计及能效优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (11) : 49 -57 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502121
Hua HUANG, Wanwei ZHOU, Xuanyu JI, Zhichao YUAN, Xiong ZHOU, Shun OUYANG, Sicong LI, Lu YANG. Research on cold energy cascade utilization process design and energy efficiency optimization for Huaying LNG receiving station[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (11) : 49 -57 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502121
作为全球最大的液化天然气(LNG)进口国,2023年中国LNG进口量达7 132万吨(约984亿m3),同比增长12.6%,占全国天然气进口总量的59.4%,是我国天然气进口的最主要途径之一[1]。LNG储运温度通常维持在–162 ℃以下,在经管网供应给下游用户之前,必须先加热气化至环境温度,在这个过程中LNG约释放冷量830~860 kJ/kg[2]。如何因地制宜、高效经济地回收利用LNG冷能是接收站需要解决的迫切问题。在全球范围内,其不同温域范围内LNG冷能的利用方式主要包括直接利用、间接利用2大类[3-4]
LNG冷能发电是利用LNG与环境(或工业热源)的温差,让工质在二者之间通过热机循环做功实现发电[5]。近年来国内外大量学者对LNG冷能发电技术展开研究,基于LNG冷能研发的发电技术不断革新进步,如低温动力系统[6]、储能发电系统[7]、热声Stirling发电机[8]、以LNG和低温废热为冷热供应源,以氨水为工质的冷、电联产系统等。而Li Yongyi团队[9]研究了3个不同结构基于LNG冷能利用的联合发电系统:LNG直接膨胀联合朗肯循环、2个平行朗肯循环的联合、双膨胀结构再热系统,再在流体参数与热力参数上进行优化改良。Shingan Bhalchandra等[10]结合了朗肯循环和直接膨胀循环,以确定系统的净功率产生和效率,结果发现工作流体压力、LNG质量流速和涡轮机输出压力是实现最佳结果的关键变量。曾丽瑶[11]通过对比指出朗肯循环法(ORC)具有经济性好、效率高、冷能回收较高的特点,并且当工质为饱和碳氢化合物(HC族)如丙烷和丁烷则有更高的单位工质净输出功。
本文针对中国石油化工集团有限公司(中石化)华瀛LNG接收站的设计生产条件,以及其周边的产业布局和冷能需求等禀赋资源,对LNG冷能梯级利用的路径进行规划设计,并从工艺技术、经济效益和节能降碳等方面进行优化改进,通过对比分析不同的工艺技术方案,为该接收站未来建设运营LNG冷能回收利用项目提供有益参考。
华瀛LNG接收站项目位于广东省潮州市饶平县潮州港经济区金狮湾远景港区。项目一期规划LNG最大气化外输能力为600×104 t/a;其中管道外输设施能力为460×104 t/a。一期管道最小气化量为32×104 Sm3/h(约为228 t/h),项目将采用中间介质气化器(IFV)进行LNG气化,其气化热源为常温海水,海水换热后排海温降小于5 ℃。单台IFV满负荷工作时所需海水流量约为8 000 m3/h,一期设计IFV总流量共40 000 m3/h。
与LNG接收站毗邻,且厂区中心距仅3.5 km的大唐潮州火力发电厂,已建成投用2×600 MW和2×1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组,采用海水直冷冷凝系统,冷却水源为临近港区海水,流量约为20 000 t/h。同时规划了2套460 MW的燃气蒸汽联合循环机组,采用冷却塔循环水冷凝系统以减少外排海水的“热污染”,循环水总流量约为60 000 t/h。因对海洋生态环境保护的要求,外排海水最高温升不超过8 ℃。华瀛站当地全年平均海水水温为21.6 ℃,9月夏季平均水温较高为26.6 ℃,2月冬季平均水温较低为14.9 ℃。
在LNG冷能利用中,深冷部分的空气分离、低温发电等技术较为成熟;且据市场调研发现,潮州当地及周边的空分市场已经趋于饱和。故在方案设计中,拟采用低温发电方式对LNG的深中冷部分进行回收利用。同时,华瀛LNG接收站周边暂未有较大规模的冻库产业,在冷链市场方面存在一定的缺口,因此LNG的浅冷部分可考虑用于冻库取冷替代机械压缩制冷,从而实现低成本储存高价值海鲜产品,其LNG冷能梯级利用的工艺路线如图1
LNG冷能发电技术已相对成熟,在实际工程应用中已出现多种工艺方式,表1列出了较为主流的LNG冷能发电工艺方式[12]
表1可以看出,每种方法都有各自的优缺点,实际工程应用也有所不同。相对于其他方法,低温朗肯循环法具有原理简单、适用性强的特点,且投资相对较小,同时也符合环保要求。综合考虑后,本文首先选择低温朗肯循环法用于LNG冷能发电工艺,并将浅冷部分用于冻库以提升LNG冷能梯级利用的整体能效。
表2为几种常见的工质物性。相比于其他工质,丙烷具有较低的常压沸点和凝固点,使其在常温下易于液化,适用于多种应用场景;其次,丙烷具有适中的临界温度和临界压力,使其操作过程相对稳定可控,有利于系统安全运行;此外,丙烷相对乙烷而言价格较为经济,而且在许多地区具有广泛的供应渠道,使其成本效益更高。结合目前所需温度及相关技术的成熟运用,选用丙烷作为循环工质。
冷能发电后,出口天然气(NG)温度可提升至–40 ℃左右。由于发电系统出口NG温度仍然较低,而冻库所需的冷能品位不高,可将这部分LNG浅冷用于冻库,实现LNG冷能梯级利用。
冻库功能区的工作温度一般为–30~10 ℃,为了降低换热温差,提高冷能利用率,通常采用中间冷媒进行换热。冷媒需要满足多方面要求,其中包括安全性、抗腐蚀性及热传导性能等。相比于市场其他冷媒,乙二醇水溶液(质量分数68%)具有较低的凝固点,使其在低温环境下不易结冰,能够匹配供冷温度,有利于冻库设备的稳定运行。其次,乙二醇水溶液具有良好的热传导性能,对冻库设备和管道没有腐蚀性,安全可靠,有助于延长设备使用寿命。结合目前所需的温度及相关技术的成熟运用[13-14],选择质量浓度68%乙二醇水溶液作为冷媒将NG冷能置换出来用于冻库项目,为显热载冷,冻库内部的冷媒通常为液氨。
本文设计冻库为储存海鲜的单层低温冻库,库长50 m、宽30 m、高5 m;其设计总容量为7 500 m3,占地面积1 500 m2。按1 m3冷负荷120 W计算,冻库总冷负荷约为900 kW,1 h所需冷能为3 240 MJ。为了能够给冻库传递冷量,保证冻库的稳定运行,乙二醇溶液的高、低温度应符合冻库工作温度区间。设计乙二醇溶液入口温度为0 ℃,出口温度为–35 ℃,根据热平衡计算出理论所需要的乙二醇水溶液流量为38.57 t/h。
本文利用Aspen HYSYS软件设计了如图2所示的LNG冷能用于“一级热机循环-浅冷冻库”的梯级利用工艺流程。其中,在E1换热器的节点6出口设置NG旁路用于冻库用冷,使得旁路中NG流量匹配冻库所需冷量。整个系统的温度区间遵循梯级利用原则,采用不同的循环介质配合不同项目,将冷能利用率进一步提高;同时此系统具有简单的工艺结构,以及较强的扩展性和灵活性。热源暂选海水,使得该工艺适用于沿海大多数LNG接收站,具有普适性。
为避免后续LNG用气量在不同季节的调峰要求影响冷能发电工艺,故在冷能利用中,按照最小的LNG外输量228 t/h设计,夏季9月平均海水水温为26.6 ℃。采用实际运营数据作为LNG冷能梯级利用的输入条件,具体见表3
通过HYSYS软件计算得出相关的工况模拟计算结果如表4所示。其中,系统出口节点6的NG温度为–76.7 ℃,后端仅需要9.5 t/h的NG质量流量便可以为7 500 m3冻库提供足够冷能。NG在系统总出口温度为24.48 ℃,达到输送至下游客户使用要求,外排海水在系统出口温度为21.62 ℃,符合当地外排水的温降要求。由此可知,整个系统设计运行参数符合工艺要求和环保法规,即LNG冷能用于“一级热机循环-浅冷冻库”的联合方式可实现稳定的梯级利用。
为了衡量能量在不同状态下转化为功的大小,引入㶲的概念,用Ex表示。㶲的计算涉及物理㶲和化学㶲两方面。本设计工艺中,针对LNG作为冷源的情况,通常只考虑其冷量㶲。这意味着㶲的计算主要关注LNG在冷却过程中释放的冷量,而忽略其他㶲因素。冷量㶲计算方式如下[15]
Ex,QC=(1TT0)Q
式中:Ex,QC表示冷量㶲,即吸入冷量QC时作出的最大有用功;T0表示环境温度;T为该工况下的温度;Q为该状态下的热量。
在对系统或单个设备的整体能量进行分析时,通常只考虑输入和输出之间的能量平衡。如:
Exi+ExiE1=0
式中:Exi+表示体系输入㶲;Exi表示体系输出㶲;E1表示体系㶲损。
为了更全面地评估能源利用效率,引入了㶲效率的概念,表示为:
ηEx=ΔExiΔExo
式中:ηEx表示体系的㶲效率;ΔExoΔExi表示体系输入、获得的㶲。
在整个工艺模拟中,根据式(1)—式(3),以及Aspen HYSYS模拟结果,计算出如表5所示的各个关键设备的冷㶲情况,对E1换热器内部换热情况进行分析,结果如图3所示。
表5可知,E1换热器㶲损最大,达到了13 475.00 kW,大于其他设备㶲损的总和,进而导致其㶲效率较低,只有32.58%。从图3可以看出,E1换热器内部传热温差跨度非常大,为40~120 ℃,而且通过Aspen HYSYS模拟软件可知,在E1换热器内部,丙烷在换热过程里发生了相变,期间涉及气液两相进行换热,进而导致E1换热器的㶲较大,即㶲效率较低。系统中各关键设备的平均㶲效率较低,在21.34%左右,原因仍然是换热器内部的传热温差较大,因而在工程设计中为提高㶲效率可从这方面着手。
表5可知,当LNG气化量为228 t/h时,膨胀机输出功率为4 104 kW,假定发电机效率为100%,当地平均电价经调查约为0.79元/(kW·h),则折合计算得发电经济收益约为3 242.16元/h。按热机循环系统年运行8 000 h计算,年收益可达2 593.7万元。
该系统运行过程能为冻库提供的冷能功率为958.6 kW,如果以常规机械压缩式冷水机组制冷,取制冷系数COP为3,可计算出供冷过程中折合冷能价值为252.4元/h,按运行时间8 000 h计,则年节约电费202万元。若扩大冻库建设使用规模,整个工艺所产生的冷能价值也会相应增加。
结合对华瀛LNG接收站周边产业调研结果,可采用毗邻热电厂的温排水与接收站的冷排水互换工艺耦合,用以提升热电厂凝汽器和LNG接收站中间介质气化器IFV的传热效率;并在深中冷利用部分以提升能效为目标,增加热机循环系统的㶲效率及热机效率,实现对LNG深中冷部分的大规模消纳和高效率利用。
根据闫玮祎等[16]的研究分析,在低温朗肯循环发电中,海水的入口温度对冷能发电装置有着明显影响,在其他条件均相同的情况下,热源海水的温度越高,系统发电效率越高。黄宇等[17]的研究表明,LNG接收站与电厂温排水耦合利用可显著降低海水泵功耗,并减少气化设备的运行成本,实现LNG冷能、工业余热等能源的有效利用。以表5的模拟结果来看,其冷能发电率并不高,只有7.5%,热机循环系统的出口仍然蕴含着大量冷能。同时,由于我国LNG接收站输出压力普遍在70×105 Pa以上,要将这一高压力且温度为–162 ℃的流股作为冷源直接利用,会使得冷、热两个流股换热温差大,所以一级热机循环对于LNG冷能的利用会产生较大的不可逆损失,导致气化器和冷凝器中都有较大的㶲损失。其中,高压LNG的汽化过程并非等温,在与恒温相变工质换热的过程中,也会产生较大㶲损。
针对上述问题,拟采用多级热机循环来减少传热过程带来的㶲损,并采用多种有机物混合作为工质,将工质的恒温冷凝替换为在一定温域内随LNG/NG温度变化而变温冷凝。张超等[18-19]研究了不同的工质对朗肯循环系统的单位净输出功量的影响,模拟结果表明混合工质的最大发电量均高于各单一工质。其中,黄峰等[19]发现当乙烷与丙烷的质量比(下同)为2:3时,相应的净发电量有着明显提升,这是由于混合工质与LNG的相变曲线更为契合,之间的传热关系良好。
不少学者研究了不同构型多级有机朗肯循环(ORC)的性能,其流程可以是多级、串联或并联,发现三级有机朗肯循环(3S-ORC)的发电能力要明显高于传统单级有机朗肯循环[20-22],双蒸发器ORC比单蒸发器ORC净功率输出高27%左右。豆少刚等[23]对传统的两级低温朗肯循环进行了优化改进,提出新型两级低温朗肯循环系统,进而提高了㶲效率。赵鹏飞等[24]提出的三级独立混联ORC方案通过优化换热流程,使LNG发电量及㶲效率均得到了提高,表明多级循环在减少换热温差和㶲损方面具有显著优势。
所以,本文为了提高单位LNG冷能利用率同时获得更大的净输出功,根据上述特性确定了“两级热机循环”的模型布局,拟采用以下方案:
1)热机循环发电的热源将选取毗邻热电厂的外排海水,其温度与环境相比温升不应高于8.0 ℃,即选取的稳定热源为34.6 ℃。
2)拟采用改进的“两级热机循环”替代单级纯丙烷工质的朗肯循环(热机循环)。其中第一级循环中采用了乙烷与丙烷(2:3)的混合工质发电,二级循环依然使用单工质丙烷,使工质在相变过程中更加地贴合LNG气化温度曲线,进而减少温差过大带来的不可逆损失。
根据上述方案优化思路,利用HYSYS软件搭建了如图4的串联工艺流程。LNG首先经过E2换热器,将深冷部分传递给混合工质,一级发电后的LNG进入E1换热器,参与以丙烷为介质的朗肯循环二级发电,实现LNG的梯级利用。
模拟过程中一些关键设备的参数设定尤为重要。如循环工质在进入膨胀机发电中,决定发电量的是其入口压力及温度,由于温度是由热排海水提供,因此工质在进入膨胀机之前不得超过34.6 ℃,而压力可在合理范围里进行适当的取值。工艺优化后的参数设计见表6表7为原、新方案各关键设备模拟结果。
根据表6表7的工艺模拟结果:新方案“两级热机循环-浅冷冻库”系统单位质量LNG的净发电量由原先的17.54 (kW·h)/t提升到33.02 (kW·h)/t;海水用量则从8 000 t/h降至5 000 t/h,外排海水以及NG管网入口均符合潮州当地使用要求。由此可知,新方案工艺流程可行,能够实现LNG稳定的梯级利用。
表8展示了现有冷能发电部分的工艺及性能参数,从表8可以发现,与其他工艺相比,本研究改进的新型工艺单位质量LNG净发电量最高。这主要是由于该方案的热源采用毗邻电厂的外排热海水,其热源温度较高,与循环工质形成较大温差,导致输出功增加。热源的稳定供给,也保证了发电系统的稳定运行。同时,在㶲效率方面,本工艺也有较高的提升,不同级层的发电系统采用不同工质可减少相关设备的㶲损,进而提升整体系统的㶲效率,而文献[25]的两级热机循环串联便采用了此原理,还利用了NG的本身压力㶲进行直接膨胀发电,故其㶲效率大于其他工艺。
新方案采用电厂热排海水作为两级热机循环发电的热源,不仅能提高发电量,还能节约海水泵的功耗;并将海水用量则从8 000 t/h降至5 000 t/h,预计节约海水泵功耗约412.5 kW,年节约泵用电费260.7万元/a。参考毗邻火力发电厂的单位发电率煤耗,约折算标准煤耗为0.361 kg/(kW·h),标准煤的CO2和SO2排放系数分别取2.76、0.083。计算得出LNG冷能项目原、新方案工艺模拟对比结果见表9。其中,由于冻库工艺所用LNG为发电工艺的二次利用,所以总需流量中不计冻库工艺的LNG流量。该系统年发电量为6 204×104 kW·h,单位质量LNG的净发电量从原先的17.54 (kW·h)/t提高到33.02 (kW·h)/t,㶲效率从原先的21.34%提升至35.05%,整个系统可节约电费5 364.1万元。原方案可节约1.28万吨标准煤,而新方案的节能量提升至2.45万吨;另外,CO2的减排量达到6.77万吨,展现了更为显著的降碳效果。
本文根据广东华瀛LNG接收站的设计运行条件及周边产业环境,初步设计了“一级热机循环-浅冷冻库”的冷能利用方案,并在此基础上,利用部分深、中冷以提升能效和大规模消纳冷能为目标,降低相关系统的㶲损失,对原有方案进行了优化改进。
1)原方案中采用以丙烷为中间介质的单级热机循环串联冻库的方式对冷能进行回收利用。新方案采用“两级热机循环-浅冷冻库”工艺方案对原有LNG冷能梯级利用系统进行优化改进,并采用毗邻电厂的温排海水为热源,以提升系统能效。第一级循环中采用了乙烷与丙烷(2:3)的混合工质发电,二级循环依然使用单工质丙烷,使工质在相变过程中更加地贴合LNG气化温度曲线,进而减少温差过大带来的热损失。新方案通过提高海水热源,优化发电系统设计,使得发电率及冷能回收率得到提高。该系统年发电量为6 204×104 kW·h,单位质量LNG的净发电量从原先的17.54 (kW·h)/t提高到33.02 (kW·h)/t。整个系统可节约电费5 364.1万元,同时发电系统的㶲效率得到提升。该工艺不仅具有显著的降本增效效果,还具备良好的可操作性和可观的工程化推广潜力。
2)在节能减排方面,新方案相较于原方案取得了显著的提升。原方案可节约1.28万吨标准煤,而新方案的节能量提升至2.45万吨;另外,CO2的减排量达到6.77万吨,展现了更为显著的降碳效果。这些优化措施不仅提高了能源利用效率,也为减少温室气体排放做出了更大贡献。
尽管新方案的利用效率更高,但在实际的运行中需要依靠稳定热源,且投资规模要求较高,其静态回收期也相对较长。而原方案适用于LNG接收站初期运行阶段,一次性建设投资较低,且不考虑与电厂在工艺参数、建设和运营中的协同问题,能够更快建设落地。在实际工程中应综合评估热源稳定性、投资能力与建设时序等因素,以实现技术经济最优匹配。
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2025年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202502121
  • 接收时间:2025-02-13
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-13
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    1.华瀛天然气股份有限公司,广东 潮州 521000
    2.重庆科技大学资源循环利用与碳中和技术研究院,重庆 400000

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季炫宇(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源与工业节能技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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