Article(id=1217836021484540917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284333821, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284333821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284333821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284333821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836019408360416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284333326, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284453982, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836022918992893, articleId=1217836021484540917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical methane-hydrogen mixture in a horizontal tube, columnId=1217836020075254754, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Advanced power cycle technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The RNG k-ɛ model was used to numerically simulate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CH4-H2 mixtures in horizontal pipe. The thermal physical properties of the CH4-H2 mixtures with hydrogen ratio of 0~30%, as well as the heat transfer process of the CH4-H2 mixtures with hydrogen ratio of 0~15% in the horizontal tube were analyzed. The influences of mass flow rate (150~250 kg/(m2·s)) and heat flux density (150~250 kW/m2) on flow and heat transfer of the mixed working fluid with hydrogen ratio of 10% were studied. The results show that when the hydrogen ratio increases from 0 to 30%, the pseudo-critical temperature of the mixed working fluid increases slightly from 190.4 K and then sharply decreases to 181.7 K, and the pseudo-critical pressure increases from 4.3 MPa to 12.3 MPa. With the increase of the hydrogen ratio (0~15%), the heat transfer between the fluid and the wall is strengthened. The increase of mass flow rate strengthens the heat transfer capacity of the mixed working fluid and weakens the heat transfer deterioration caused by buoyancy effect. The increase of heat flux strengthens the heat transfer degree of the wall under the mixed working medium, and weakens the heat transfer degree of the upper wall due to the advanced appearance of the gas-like film. Increasing the mass flow rate and heat flux density can enhance the heat transfer to varying degrees. The research can provide theoretical reference for mixed working medium heat exchangers in hydrogen-doped natural gas transmission and power circulation systems.

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采用RNG k-ɛ湍流模型对超临界CH4-H2混合工质在水平管内的流动传热特性进行数值模拟。分析了掺氢比为0~30%的CH4-H2混合工质的热物理性质,以及掺氢比为0~15%时水平管内的换热过程。重点研究了质量流速(150~250 kg/(m2·s))、热流密度(150~250 kW/m2)对掺氢比为10%的CH4-H2混合工质流动换热特性的影响。结果表明:当掺氢比从0增加到30%时,CH4-H2混合工质的拟临界温度从190.4 K略有升高随后立即降至181.7 K,拟临界压力从4.3 MPa升高到12.3 MPa;随着掺氢比(0~15%)的增加,流体与壁面间换热强化;增大质量流量强化了CH4-H2混合工质的换热能力,削弱了由浮力效应导致的换热恶化程度;增加热流密度强化了混合工质下壁面的换热程度,但类气膜的提前出现削弱了上壁面的换热程度。增大质量流速和热流密度可以不同程度地强化换热。研究结果可为掺氢天然气输送以及动力循环系统中的混合工质换热器提供理论参考。

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杨帆(1981),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体流动传热技术,
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吕英营(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界流体流动传热技术,

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Boundary conditions

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项目数值
入口温度/K150
热流密度/(kW·m–2)200
质量流速/(kg·(m2·s)–1)200
管道内径/mm6
绝热段长度/mm300
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边界条件

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项目数值
入口温度/K150
热流密度/(kW·m–2)200
质量流速/(kg·(m2·s)–1)200
管道内径/mm6
绝热段长度/mm300
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超临界甲烷-氢气混合工质在水平圆管内流动传热特性数值研究
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吕英营 1 , 张丽 2 , 李刚 3 , 王长顺 1 , 海笑 1 , 高月 1 , 杨帆 1
热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025,54(11): 24-31
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热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025, 54(11): 24-31
超临界甲烷-氢气混合工质在水平圆管内流动传热特性数值研究
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吕英营1 , 张丽2, 李刚3, 王长顺1, 海笑1, 高月1, 杨帆1
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁石油化工大学石油天然气工程学院,辽宁 抚顺 113001
  • 2.辽宁石油化工大学机械工程学院,辽宁 抚顺 113001
  • 3.大连船舶重工集团装备制造有限公司,辽宁 大连 116000
  • 吕英营(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界流体流动传热技术,

通讯作者:

杨帆(1981),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体流动传热技术,
Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical methane-hydrogen mixture in a horizontal tube
Yingying LYU1 , Li ZHANG2, Gang LI3, Changshun WANG1, Xiao HAI1, Yue GAO1, Fan YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Petroleum Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
  • 2.College of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
  • 3.Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Dalian 116000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501009
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采用RNG k-ɛ湍流模型对超临界CH4-H2混合工质在水平管内的流动传热特性进行数值模拟。分析了掺氢比为0~30%的CH4-H2混合工质的热物理性质,以及掺氢比为0~15%时水平管内的换热过程。重点研究了质量流速(150~250 kg/(m2·s))、热流密度(150~250 kW/m2)对掺氢比为10%的CH4-H2混合工质流动换热特性的影响。结果表明:当掺氢比从0增加到30%时,CH4-H2混合工质的拟临界温度从190.4 K略有升高随后立即降至181.7 K,拟临界压力从4.3 MPa升高到12.3 MPa;随着掺氢比(0~15%)的增加,流体与壁面间换热强化;增大质量流量强化了CH4-H2混合工质的换热能力,削弱了由浮力效应导致的换热恶化程度;增加热流密度强化了混合工质下壁面的换热程度,但类气膜的提前出现削弱了上壁面的换热程度。增大质量流速和热流密度可以不同程度地强化换热。研究结果可为掺氢天然气输送以及动力循环系统中的混合工质换热器提供理论参考。

超临界甲烷  /  混合工质  /  换热特性  /  数值模拟

The RNG k-ɛ model was used to numerically simulate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CH4-H2 mixtures in horizontal pipe. The thermal physical properties of the CH4-H2 mixtures with hydrogen ratio of 0~30%, as well as the heat transfer process of the CH4-H2 mixtures with hydrogen ratio of 0~15% in the horizontal tube were analyzed. The influences of mass flow rate (150~250 kg/(m2·s)) and heat flux density (150~250 kW/m2) on flow and heat transfer of the mixed working fluid with hydrogen ratio of 10% were studied. The results show that when the hydrogen ratio increases from 0 to 30%, the pseudo-critical temperature of the mixed working fluid increases slightly from 190.4 K and then sharply decreases to 181.7 K, and the pseudo-critical pressure increases from 4.3 MPa to 12.3 MPa. With the increase of the hydrogen ratio (0~15%), the heat transfer between the fluid and the wall is strengthened. The increase of mass flow rate strengthens the heat transfer capacity of the mixed working fluid and weakens the heat transfer deterioration caused by buoyancy effect. The increase of heat flux strengthens the heat transfer degree of the wall under the mixed working medium, and weakens the heat transfer degree of the upper wall due to the advanced appearance of the gas-like film. Increasing the mass flow rate and heat flux density can enhance the heat transfer to varying degrees. The research can provide theoretical reference for mixed working medium heat exchangers in hydrogen-doped natural gas transmission and power circulation systems.

supercritical methane  /  mixed working fluid  /  heat transfer characteristics  /  numerical simulation
吕英营, 张丽, 李刚, 王长顺, 海笑, 高月, 杨帆. 超临界甲烷-氢气混合工质在水平圆管内流动传热特性数值研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (11) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501009
Yingying LYU, Li ZHANG, Gang LI, Changshun WANG, Xiao HAI, Yue GAO, Fan YANG. Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical methane-hydrogen mixture in a horizontal tube[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (11) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501009
近年来,超临界甲烷因具有安全环保、较高的能量密度和可循环利用等特点,被广泛应用于火箭推进系统、航天器发动机系统和制冷系统,以及超临界布雷顿循环[1]、超临界朗肯循环[2]等动力循环系统。而氢气作为一种清洁无污染、具有极高能量密度的能源载体,在未来能源体系中同样具有巨大的应用潜力[3-4]。甲烷与氢气形成超临界混合工质时,其传热过程变得极为复杂[5-6]。一方面,这种混合工质综合了甲烷和氢气各自的优点,在特定的能源转换系统中有望实现更高的热传递效率,例如在先进的燃气轮机、超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环等系统中,这类传热工质可以提高整个系统的热功转换效率[7]。另一方面,超临界状态下不同比例甲烷掺氢对传热过程的影响尚不明确,给相关能源系统的设计、优化和安全运行带来了挑战[8-9]
迄今为止,全球范围内的研究学者已针对混合工质的传热问题展开了深入研究,并进行了大量的实验与验证。Ding等人[10]对超临界氢气在圆形水平通道内的流动和换热机理进行了数值研究,得出无重力时的换热系数小于有重力时的换热系数的结论。于博文等[11]研究了超临界CO2-丙烷二元混合工质在水平圆管内的传热特性,着重考察了质量流速、组分浓度、热流密度等对流动传热的影响。林智博等[12]对比了超临界CO2-R41二元混合工质与纯CO2工质的传热特性,探究了组分浓度、热流密度等对流动传热的影响。武文华等[13]专注于超临界布雷顿循环领域,重点研究有应用潜力的CO2-Xe混合工质在垂直圆管内的流动换热规律及相应机理。刘佳等[14]对CO2/DME(二乙醚)混合工质进行了换热模拟分析,结果表明,相较于纯CO2工质,混合工质换热系数提高了20%。贾冠伟等[15]总结了不同掺氢比对CH4-H2混合工质热物理性质(密度、温度、比热容等)的影响。Tabkhi等人[16]对比了CH4-H2混合工质掺氢比大于10%和小于10%的管道对运行压力的影响,发现当掺氢比大于15%时,混合工质在超临界状态下不能满足管道输送的运行压力要求。
综上所述,当前对于超临界混合流体的学术探索,主流方向更多集中于以CO2为基底的二元混合工质,对于以超临界甲烷为基底的混合工质,其传热过程研究还处于起步阶段,在公开学术领域鲜有报道。受流体热物理性质的影响,CH4在超临界压力下与不同工质混合后具有不同的传热特性。随着能源技术向高效、清洁、紧凑方向发展,深入理解超临界甲烷-氢气混合工质的传热规律对于推动新型能源动力系统的发展具有至关重要的作用[17-18]。基于此,本文将深入研究超临界甲烷-氢气混合工质的传热特性,分析不同掺氢比对换热能力的影响以及影响传热的关键因素,为天然气与氢能在航空发动机等领域的合理应用提供理论依据和技术支持[19]
图1为直管几何模型及参数,重力方向为y轴负方向(g=9.81 m/s2)。
根据文献[20-21]中相关换热器的几何尺寸,设置圆管半径为r=3 mm,管长为1 600 mm,并在管两端设有300 mm绝热段,以避免入口段效应对流动传热的影响。中间直管段施加均匀的热流密度。设置质量流速G为200 kg/(m2·s),热流密度q为200 kW/m2,设入口端为质量流量入口,出口端为压力出口,压力为8 MPa,其他边界条件见表1[22-23]
甲烷掺混氢气的混合工质在超临界状态下流动的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程如下[20]
连续性方程:
xi(ρui)=0
动量守恒方程:
xj(ρuiuj)=xj[μe(uixj+ujxi)23μeukxk]pxi+ρgi
能量守恒方程:
xi(ρuicpT)=uixi[μe(uixj+ujxi)23μeukxkδij]+πxi(KeTxi)
RNG k-ε湍流方程:
(ρkui)xi=xi(akuekxi)+Gk+Gbρε
(ρεui)xi=xi(akueεxi)+C1εGkεkCε2kRδ
局部换热系数:
h=qTWTb
二次流速度:
Uxy=Ux2+Uy2
式中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3u为流体速度,m/s;ε为湍流耗散率;T为流体温度,K;p为流体压力,Pa;cp为流体定压比热容,J/(kg·K);K代表湍流动能;μ为流体的动力黏度,Pa·s;i、j代表不同方向分量;Gb为流体湍动能因浮升力生成项;Gk为流体湍动能因速度梯度生成项;C为智能调节系数;h为换热系数,W/(m2·K);q为热流密度,MW/m2Uxy为流体截面速度,m/s;Ux为流体沿x轴的速度,m/s;Uy为流体沿y轴的速度,m/s。
利用ICEM软件对计算区域的三维模型进行切分,图2为局部示意。由于壁面流场中的物理参数发生了急剧变化,换热过程变得更为复杂,因此需要对壁面进行加密处理[21]
图3为混合工质在不同网格数下的传热系数对比。可以看出,网格数增加,换热系数变化逐渐平缓。综合考虑,采用1 197 594网格数进行模拟[24]
利用SIMPLEC方法进行流场和压力场的耦合,动量、能量方程以及动能方程均采用二阶迎风格式离散,湍流耗散率和湍动能采用一阶迎风格式离散。当残差均小于10–6时将计算结果视为收敛。当前缺少甲烷掺氢混合工质的实验数据,选取甲烷在水平直管内流动传热的实验数据[25],取圆管加热段120 mm,压力10 MPa,质量流速为11 000 kg/(m2·s),进口温度为123 K,内、外半径分别为0.80 mm和1.30 mm。
图4q=4 MW/m2q=5 MW/m2 2种工况下,内壁面温度随加热长度l的变化曲线。由图4可以看出,模拟数据与实验数据具有相同的变化趋势,且2种工况的最大相对误差为2.1%,可以保证数值计算的精准性,故RNG k-ɛ模型可用于甲烷掺氢混合工质流动换热研究。
设置运行参数为:入口温度150 K,热流密度200 kW/m2,质量流速200 kg/(m2·s)。
甲烷掺氢比直接影响混合工质的临界参数。当掺氢比过大时,拟临界压力过大,本文取0~30%掺氢比[26]图5为掺氢比从0到30%变化时甲烷掺氢混合工质拟临界温度与拟临界压力的变化。随着掺氢比的增大,拟临界温度先从190.4 K略有升高,随后持续降至181.7 K,而拟临界压力从4.3 MPa升高到12.3 MPa。可得出结论,随甲烷掺氢比增大,混合工质拟临界压力增大,拟临界温度先略有上升然后持续下降,且下降速率逐渐增加。
图6为氢气的热物性参数曲线,对比图7中纯甲烷的物理性质可知,氢气的热物性参数(如定压比热容、密度等)较小,当甲烷掺氢比增大到2.4%时,拟临界温度达到最高值191.16 K,随后逐渐降低。以掺氢比10%为例,甲烷掺混10%氢气与纯甲烷工质在8 MPa下的物性参数(密度、定压比热容、导热率和动力黏度)对比根据美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)参考数据库进行计算[27],并导入Origin绘图软件中。掺入氢气后工质的定压比热容、密度、热导率等热物性参数曲线整体向低温区移动。纯甲烷物性参数曲线在210.1 K温度下出现剧烈波动,定压比热容达到峰值,210.1 K即为8 MPa压力下甲烷的拟临界温度(Tpc)。同理,可得出结论,甲烷掺混10%氢气的拟临界温度为195 K。
图8为水平直管内掺氢比(0~15%)对通道上、下壁面换热系数的影响。由图8可以看出:掺氢比为0时下壁面换热系数在Z=0.75 m处到达峰值;掺氢比在5%时下壁面换热系数在Z=0.8 m处到达峰值;掺氢比在10%和15%时,随掺氢比增大,下壁面换热系数增大,且换热系数峰值更靠近加热段入口Z=1.30 m处。由图8可知,当掺氢比增大时,上、下壁面换热系数均增大,下壁面由于氢气浓度增大,拟临界温度降低,比热容较早达到峰值,传热恶化阶段提前结束,因此高氢气浓度的工质更早达到换热系数峰值。
图9图10分别为壁面温度和特征截面流体密度云图。可以看出,近壁面流体密度较小,随着流动的进行,上壁面温度升高,可以推断由于浮升力作用,上近壁面流体形成一层类气膜,阻隔上壁面热量向主流传导,导致上壁面温度飞升,从而出现上壁面传热恶化问题,因此上壁面换热系数出现谷值(图8)。对比纯甲烷工质,掺氢比为15%时,下壁面平均换热系数增加了44%,上壁面平均换热系数增加了38%,且在升温至拟临界温度附近因热物理性质变化引起的增强换热更加明显。
图11为掺氢比10%、质量流速G=200 kg/(m2·s)下,圆管内特征截面温度分布云图。图12分别给出了水平圆管内横截面(y=0 m)、纵截面(x=0 m)内温度随流动距离变化云图。
CH4-H2混合工质在水平管道内流动,图12a)中流体温度出现梯度变化,是由于管内近壁侧升温较快。图12b)的现象是由于浮升力使高密度低温流体贴附于下壁面附近,下壁面换热得到强化,高温低密度流体由下壁面向上壁面迁移。
图13为格拉晓夫数Gr随流动距离的变化。可以看出,GrZ=1.00 m附近达到峰值,此时上、下壁面温差达到最大值,导致浮升效应最强,冷流体在通道顶部竖直向下流动,热流体在通道底部沿通道两侧向上流动(图14),在Z=1.00 m处,两股冷流体在通道顶部形成对流,产生两个新的涡流,削弱了上壁面换热恶化程度,验证了图9中上壁面温度在Z=1.00 m附近不再急剧上升的现象。随后,这两股涡流在Z=0.80 m附近消失。
图14为不同质量流速对超临界甲烷掺氢混合工质换热的影响。可以看出,CH4-H2(90%/10%)二元混合工质在质量流速G=150 kg/(m2·s)时,在Z=1.20 m处提前产生一对新的涡流。
随着质量流速的增加,上、下壁面换热系数均明显上升(图15),下壁面换热系数峰值远离入口处,上壁面换热恶化程度减小,对比混合工质质量流速G=150 kg/(m2·s)工况,G=250 kg/(m2·s)时下壁面换热系数增加了55.9%,上壁面换热系数增加了47.6%。由此可知,在圆形直管道下壁面处,质量流速越大,工质达到拟临界温度所需流动距离越长,换热恶化开始阶段越远离入口,浮升力作用所引起的一对新涡流越晚出现,强化换热段也随之推迟出现。
对于圆形直管道上壁面,增大质量流速会削弱浮升力对主流体的影响,如图16所示。在较高质量流速下,近上壁面流体密度梯度较为密集,即热边界层变薄,换热恶化效果减弱,因此增大质量流速可削弱由浮升力影响的换热恶化程度。
图17P=8 MPa、G=200 kg/(m2·s)时,CH4-H2(90%/10%)二元混合工质换热系数沿管长的变化规律。
对比热流密度150 kW/m2工况,热流密度为250 kW/m2时,上壁面换热系数下降了5.6%,且前半程较为明显,这是由于热流密度的增加导致类气膜形成较早,换热恶化程度比较剧烈。下壁面换热系数整体增加了26.55%,且前半程变化较小,后半程明显变大。这是由于前半程热流密度增加,下壁面温度急剧升高,下壁面温度与主流温度的差值也较大,热流密度与温差的比值变化较小,换热系数变化趋于平缓。而在后半程,换热系数增大是因为主流温度已超过拟临界温度,工质比热容下降,主流温升速率加快。此时,下壁面温度与主流体温差的变化较小,而热流密度在增加,根据式(6),热流密度与温差的比值(即换热系数)显著增大。
通过数值模拟对比了CH4及不同掺氢比的CH4-H2混合工质在水平直管中的传热特性,分析了掺氢比对混合工质热物理性质及换热过程的影响,讨论了质量流速和热流密度对换热特性的影响,主要结论如下:
1)随掺氢比增大,混合工质拟临界压力增大,拟临界温度略有升高(掺氢比低于2%时)随后降低且降低速率增加,流体与壁面之间换热系数增大。
2)当掺氢比从0增加到15%时,下壁面平均换热系数增加了44%,上壁面平均换热系数增加了38%。同时,伴随着混合工质拟临界温度的降低,其比热容的峰值提前到达,流体与下壁面的换热系数峰值提前出现。
3)对比质量流速150 kg/(m2·s)工况,混合工质在质量流速250 kg/(m2·s)时,下壁面换热系数增加了55.9%,上壁面换热系数增加了47.6%。质量流速的增加延迟了下壁面换热系数峰值的出现,削弱了上壁面由浮升力引起的换热恶化程度。相较于热流密度150 kW/m2工况,热流密度为250 kW/m2时上壁面换热系数下降了5.6%,下壁面换热系数整体增加了26.55%。综上所述,增大质量流速能显著强化上、下壁面换热并抑制浮升力导致的恶化效应;而增加热流密度虽强化了下壁面换热,但因其类气膜提前形成而削弱了上壁面换热。二者对换热的强化程度和机理有所不同。
  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220725)
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2025年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501009
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
基金
Fundamental Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKMZ20220725)
辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220725)
作者信息
    1.辽宁石油化工大学石油天然气工程学院,辽宁 抚顺 113001
    2.辽宁石油化工大学机械工程学院,辽宁 抚顺 113001
    3.大连船舶重工集团装备制造有限公司,辽宁 大连 116000

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杨帆(1981),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为超临界流体流动传热技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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