Article(id=1217836019869733856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284333435, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284333435, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284333435, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284333435, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217836019408360416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284333326, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284453982, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217836525543408118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1217836019408360416, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217836020167529443, articleId=1217836019869733856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Performance optimization of the integrated system for cooling and power generation of scramjet engines, columnId=1217836020075254754, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Advanced power cycle technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Scramjet engines are mainstream power systems for hypersonic vehicles, and it has significant thermal protection demand and power supply demand during the long-time and high-Mach-number flight of hypersonic vehicle. An integrated cooling and power generation system based on supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is designed for a certain type of scramjet engine. The characterization model of wall heat source for this scramjet engine is constructed. The influences of key design parameters, such as heat absorption pressure, turbine inlet temperature, heat release pressure, and regeneration degree, on the system thermodynamic performance are investigated, as well as the coupling relationships among various design parameters. The optimal design schemes and performance of the integrated cooling and power generation system are obtained by the multi-parameter collaborative optimization. The thermodynamic advantages of the proposed system are also evaluated by comparing with the conventional system with a simple cycle as the baseline. The results show that the proposed integrated cooling and power generation system can achieve a maximum power generation efficiency of 15.9% and a continuous power supply of 206.2 kW, which exhibits a good potential for actual application. The smaller the pinch temperature difference during the heat absorption process of the engine wall, the more significant the thermal performance advantage of the proposed system compared to the benchmark scheme, and the maximum relative increase in power generation efficiency can reach 9.3%.

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超燃冲压发动机是当前高超声速飞行器的主流动力系统。高超声速飞行器长时间、高马赫数飞行时发动机热防护需求与用电需求显著。针对某型号超燃冲压发动机,设计了一种基于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的冷却与发电一体化系统;构建了发动机的壁面热源表征模型,探究了吸热压力、透平入口温度、放热压力和回热度等关键设计参数对系统热力性能的影响规律及参数间的耦合关系;采用多参数协同优化方法,获得了冷却与发电一体化系统的最佳设计方案与最优性能,并以传统简单循环作为基准方案进行对比,评估了本方案的热力性能优势。结果表明:该冷却与发电一体化系统的最高发电效率可达15.9%,可实现206.2 kW的持续电力供应,表现出较好的应用潜力;发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差越小,本方案相对基准方案的热力性能优势越显著,发电效率的最大相对提高量可达9.3%。

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李健(1993),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热力发电和极端环境热防护技术,
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于铭哲(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界CO2布雷顿循环,

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于铭哲(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界CO2布雷顿循环,

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caption=系统在不同发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差下的最高发电效率及其对应的发电功率, figureFileSmall=rrxoGHIBMuyxHx90TEYyIg==, figureFileBig=HIj/S7+Bd8oKeQFWD2NSnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836029634072870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The increase in power generation efficiency of the regenerative cycle relative to the simple cycle, figureFileSmall=AqtGbvARymCP/7UFlHtxbg==, figureFileBig=o5kbM2N/vB5KwOL9yqRQRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836029747319086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=CN, label=图6, caption=回热循环相对简单循环的发电效率提高量, figureFileSmall=AqtGbvARymCP/7UFlHtxbg==, figureFileBig=o5kbM2N/vB5KwOL9yqRQRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217836029864759606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design condition boundaries of the integrated cooling and power generation system

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项目数值
压缩机入口温度T1/K313
燃料初始温度Tf0/K295
回热器夹点温差DTpp,reg/K15
冷却器夹点温差DTpp,cool/K10
透平等熵效率ηT0.90
压缩机等熵效率ηcom0.85
机械效率ηm0.98
发电机效率ηgen0.95
电动机效率ηmot0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1217836029994783040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷却与发电一体化系统的设计工况边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
压缩机入口温度T1/K313
燃料初始温度Tf0/K295
回热器夹点温差DTpp,reg/K15
冷却器夹点温差DTpp,cool/K10
透平等熵效率ηT0.90
压缩机等熵效率ηcom0.85
机械效率ηm0.98
发电机效率ηgen0.95
电动机效率ηmot0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1217836030112223559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The selection range of optimized design parameters

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项目最小值最大值
吸热压力p4/MPa1525
透平入口温度T4/K773.15973.15
放热压力p1/MPa810
回热度δ00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217836030342910287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化设计参数的选取范围

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项目最小值最大值
吸热压力p4/MPa1525
透平入口温度T4/K773.15973.15
放热压力p1/MPa810
回热度δ00.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217836030561014105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameter settings of the optimization model

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项目数值
种群数300
最大迭代次数300
函数适应度0.001
选择函数selectionstochunif
变异函数mutationgaussian
交叉因子0.8
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优化模型的参数设置

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项目数值
种群数300
最大迭代次数300
函数适应度0.001
选择函数selectionstochunif
变异函数mutationgaussian
交叉因子0.8
), ArticleFig(id=1217836031966105961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The optimal design schemes of the system under different pinch point temperature differences during heat absorption process in the engine wall

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项目发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差ΔTpp, in/K
1015202530
吸热压力p4/MPa24.9825.0024.9024.9625.00
透平入口温度T4/K777.09773.64773.15773.15778.36
放热压力p1/MPa8.898.949.198.948.92
回热度δ0.150.140.150.100.08
), ArticleFig(id=1217836032075157871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1217836019869733856, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

系统在不同发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差下的最佳设计方案

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项目发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差ΔTpp, in/K
1015202530
吸热压力p4/MPa24.9825.0024.9024.9625.00
透平入口温度T4/K777.09773.64773.15773.15778.36
放热压力p1/MPa8.898.949.198.948.92
回热度δ0.150.140.150.100.08
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超燃冲压发动机冷却与发电一体化系统性能优化
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于铭哲 1 , 李健 1 , 李祥 2 , 史梦瑶 2 , 何博 1 , 沈俊 1
热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025,54(11): 32-41
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热力发电 | 先进动力循环技术 2025, 54(11): 32-41
超燃冲压发动机冷却与发电一体化系统性能优化
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于铭哲1 , 李健1 , 李祥2, 史梦瑶2, 何博1, 沈俊1
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2.天津商业大学机械工程学院,天津 300134
  • 于铭哲(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界CO2布雷顿循环,

通讯作者:

李健(1993),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热力发电和极端环境热防护技术,
Performance optimization of the integrated system for cooling and power generation of scramjet engines
Mingzhe YU1 , Jian LI1 , Xiang LI2, Mengyao SHI2, Bo HE1, Jun SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501024
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超燃冲压发动机是当前高超声速飞行器的主流动力系统。高超声速飞行器长时间、高马赫数飞行时发动机热防护需求与用电需求显著。针对某型号超燃冲压发动机,设计了一种基于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的冷却与发电一体化系统;构建了发动机的壁面热源表征模型,探究了吸热压力、透平入口温度、放热压力和回热度等关键设计参数对系统热力性能的影响规律及参数间的耦合关系;采用多参数协同优化方法,获得了冷却与发电一体化系统的最佳设计方案与最优性能,并以传统简单循环作为基准方案进行对比,评估了本方案的热力性能优势。结果表明:该冷却与发电一体化系统的最高发电效率可达15.9%,可实现206.2 kW的持续电力供应,表现出较好的应用潜力;发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差越小,本方案相对基准方案的热力性能优势越显著,发电效率的最大相对提高量可达9.3%。

超燃冲压发动机  /  热防护  /  超临界CO2  /  布雷顿循环  /  热力发电

Scramjet engines are mainstream power systems for hypersonic vehicles, and it has significant thermal protection demand and power supply demand during the long-time and high-Mach-number flight of hypersonic vehicle. An integrated cooling and power generation system based on supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is designed for a certain type of scramjet engine. The characterization model of wall heat source for this scramjet engine is constructed. The influences of key design parameters, such as heat absorption pressure, turbine inlet temperature, heat release pressure, and regeneration degree, on the system thermodynamic performance are investigated, as well as the coupling relationships among various design parameters. The optimal design schemes and performance of the integrated cooling and power generation system are obtained by the multi-parameter collaborative optimization. The thermodynamic advantages of the proposed system are also evaluated by comparing with the conventional system with a simple cycle as the baseline. The results show that the proposed integrated cooling and power generation system can achieve a maximum power generation efficiency of 15.9% and a continuous power supply of 206.2 kW, which exhibits a good potential for actual application. The smaller the pinch temperature difference during the heat absorption process of the engine wall, the more significant the thermal performance advantage of the proposed system compared to the benchmark scheme, and the maximum relative increase in power generation efficiency can reach 9.3%.

scramjet engine  /  thermal protection  /  supercritical carbon dioxide  /  Brayton cycle  /  thermal power generation
于铭哲, 李健, 李祥, 史梦瑶, 何博, 沈俊. 超燃冲压发动机冷却与发电一体化系统性能优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (11) : 32 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501024
Mingzhe YU, Jian LI, Xiang LI, Mengyao SHI, Bo HE, Jun SHEN. Performance optimization of the integrated system for cooling and power generation of scramjet engines[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (11) : 32 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501024
作为高超声速飞行器的动力系统,超燃冲压发动机比冲高、工作速度范围广,优势明显[1-3]。当高超声速飞行器在临近空间长时间、高马赫数飞行时,高焓来流和燃烧释热使超燃冲压发动机面临严苛的热环境[4-6],超燃冲压发动机的有效热防护技术对于高超声速飞行器发展至关重要[7-9]
热防护技术主要包括被动热防护和主动热防护[10-12]。被动热防护是指采用轻质耐高温材料以保证发动机结构不被破坏,但随飞行时间和马赫数增加,壁面温度将超过材料的使用极限,难以满足热防护需求[13-15]。主动热防护以再生冷却技术为主,通过碳氢燃料流经发动机壁面的冷却通道发挥热防护作用,但飞行器高马赫数飞行时,再生冷却所需的燃料将超过燃烧需求,且碳氢燃料易裂解,裂解产物成分复杂,易在冷却通道内出现积碳、结焦等现象,恶化换热效果,给再生冷却技术的应用带来巨大困难[16-18]。同时,高超声速飞行器各种控制系统和功能系统需要消耗大量电能,长时间、高功率的电能输出是满足高超声速飞行器长时间飞行用电需求的关键[19-21]
超临界CO2布雷顿循环具有发电效率高、系统简单、调控灵活和结构紧凑等优点,在光热发电[22]、火力发电[23]和余热利用[24]等领域表现良好。以超临界CO2布雷顿循环为基础,在超燃冲压发动机高温壁面与低温燃料之间构建冷却与发电一体化系统,不仅可将发动机壁面热量转换为电能以满足飞行器的用电需求,而且可以满足发动机壁面的冷却需求,实现冷却与发电的兼顾。基于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的冷却与发电一体化系统在超燃冲压发动机热防护与飞行器供电方面优势突出[25-26],表现出巨大应用潜力。例如:Chen等人[27]发现采用冷却与发电一体化系统可以满足高超声速飞行器的MW级用电需求;Guo等人[28]发现采用冷却与发电一体化系统可以满足超燃冲压发动机在6~7马赫数飞行时的冷却需求,同时产生的电能可以补偿飞行器由于携带该系统所带来的额外能量损耗。
参数优化是提升冷却与发电一体化系统性能的重要手段。冷却与发电一体化系统的可优化参数众多,包括吸热压力、透平入口温度、放热压力和回热度等;参数对系统性能的影响规律复杂多变,而且不同参数间存在着复杂的制约或协同关系:因此,开展多参数的协同优化,实现多参数的协同匹配,是获得冷却与发电一体化系统最佳设计方案与全局最优性能的关键途径。
本文针对某型号超燃冲压发动机,设计了基于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的冷却与发电一体化系统,构建了该型号超燃冲压发动机壁面热源的表征模型,探究了吸热压力、透平入口温度、放热压力和回热度等关键设计参数对系统热力性能的影响规律及参数间的耦合作用关系;采用多参数协同优化方法获得了冷却与发电一体化系统的最佳设计方案与最优性能,并与基准方案进行对比以评估本文方案的热力性能优势。本文成果可为冷却与发电一体化系统优化设计和超燃冲压发动机性能提升提供理论支撑。
冷却与发电一体化系统的结构与热力过程如图1所示。系统以超临界CO2作为循环工质,其从发动机高温壁面(热源)吸收热量转变为高温高压气体,经透平膨胀做功对外输出电能。采用回热器回收膨胀乏气的部分热能,再以较低的温度把剩余热量传给低温的冷却用燃料(热沉),经压缩机增压后进入回热器和高温壁面进行吸热,而冷却用燃料经CO2预热后进入燃烧室燃烧。该系统可满足发动机热防护需求并为高超声速飞行器长时间飞行提供电力保障,同时预热燃料有利于提高燃烧效率。
为满足冷却与发电一体化系统的设计需求,采用某型号超燃冲压发动机的壁面温度与热流密度作为热源条件。目标型号超燃冲压发动机采用单级圆形燃烧室设计,为简化分析,可将其燃烧室壁面近似为规则圆柱体,燃烧室总长为1 m,燃烧室直径为0.25 m。选取燃烧室壁面作为冷却与发电一体化系统的热源吸热面,其中,x=1 m对应燃烧室的出口位置。
本文研究工况下的壁面温度与热流密度沿燃烧室轴向位置的表征模型如下[29]
Tw(x)={3 347.239 3x2+454.778 9x+406.729 40x0.2 m988.963x2+1 397.831x+386.139 50.2 mx0.6 m317.309 7x+683.114 20.6 mx1.0 m
qw(x)={0.852 37x+1.495 10x0.07 m51.750 9x2+17.484x+0.404 230.07 mx0.20 m1.014 5x2+0.539 02x+1.799 50.20 mx0.40 m0.859 04x+2.188 90.40 mx1.00 m
式中:Tw为燃烧室壁面温度,K;qw为燃烧室壁面热流密度,MW/m2x为燃烧室的轴向位置,m。
采用超燃冲压发动机所用的碳氢燃料作为冷却与发电一体化系统的冷源,燃料的平均比热容取2.6 kJ/(kg∙K),初始温度取295 K;为避免燃料出口温度过高导致结焦,燃料的最高温度限定为不超过650 K[30]
冷却与发电一体化系统由发动机壁面冷却通道、径流式透平、离心式压缩机、印刷电路板式换热器(回热器和冷却器)和管道等其他附属设备组成。其中:换热器采用逆流布置方式;透平和压缩机采用分轴布置方式,两者转速可独立调节,以提升系统的运行调控灵活性。为简化分析,系统建模采用如下假设[24]
1)系统中各部件和管道的散热损失忽略不计;
2)流体在换热器和管道中的流动压降和重力势能与动能变化忽略不计。
透平等熵效率ηT和发电功率WT计算公式为:
ηT=h4h5h4h5s
WT=m(CO2)(h4h5)ηmηgen
式中:h4h5h5s分别为CO2在透平入口处、出口处和经过等熵膨胀后在透平出口处的比焓,kJ/kg;m(CO2)为CO2的质量流量,kg/s;ηm为机械效率;ηgen为发电机效率。
压缩机等熵效率ηcom和耗电功率Wcom的计算公式如下:
ηcom=h2sh1h2h1
Wcom=m(CO2)(h2h1)ηmηmot
式中:h1h2h2s分别为CO2在压缩机入口处、出口处和经过等熵压缩后在压缩机出口处的比焓,kJ/kg;ηmot为电动机效率。
回热器的热平衡关系如下:
h5h6=h3h2
δ=h5h6h5h1
式中:δ为回热器的回热度,%;h3h6分别为CO2在回热器冷流体侧和热流体侧出口处的比焓,kJ/kg。
系统吸热量Qin的计算公式如下:
Qin=m(CO2)(h4h3)=01qw(x)πdwdx
式中:dw为燃烧室直径,m。
系统放热量Qcool的计算公式如下:
Qcool=m(CO2)(h6h1)=mfcp,f(Tf1Tf0)
式中:mf为冷却用燃料的质量流量,kg/s;cp,f为冷却用燃料的平均比热容,kJ/(kg∙K);Tf0Tf1分别为冷却用燃料在冷却器入口处和出口处的温度,K。
系统净发电功率Wele的计算公式如下:
Wele=WTWcom
系统发电效率ηele的计算公式如下:
ηele=WeleQin
冷却与发电一体化系统的设计工况边界条件见表1。CO2热物性数据来自REFPROP 10.0软件。
以发电效率最高为优化目标,基于MATLAB软件平台,采用遗传算法对冷却与发电一体化系统进行多参数协同优化,优化设计参数为:吸热压力p4(MPa)、透平入口温度T4(K)、放热压力p1(MPa)、回热度δ
系统最高发电功率的优化模型如下:
max(ηele)=f(p4, T4, p1, δ)
优化设计参数的选取范围和优化模型的参数设置分别见表2表3
回热度是表征膨胀乏气余热中被回收再利用的热量比例,回热度越高,系统发电效率越高。但对于本文超燃冲压发动机热源工况条件,系统回热度的可行域受多个关键设计参数的共同影响,存在较大差异。
本节重点分析冷却与发电一体化系统中关键设计参数对回热度可行域的影响,结果如图2所示。图中空白区域因该工况条件无法同时满足回热过程和发动机壁面吸热过程的夹点温差约束而被舍去。
本文研究对象较特殊,热源出口温度较低(约407 K),虽然膨胀乏气可回收的热量较多,但受限于发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差约束,CO2预热过程可接纳的热量上限较小,导致系统最大回热度普遍较低。随吸热压力增大,系统最大回热度逐渐减小,但减小幅度随透平入口温度升高而降低,原因在于随吸热压力增大,压缩机出口温度(即CO2在回热器冷流体侧入口处的温度)逐渐升高,CO2预热过程可接纳的热量上限缩小,导致系统最大回热度减小。随透平入口温度升高,系统最大回热度逐渐减小,原因在于透平入口温度升高会导致透平出口温度(即回热器热流体侧入口处温度)升高,膨胀乏气可回收的热量增加,但CO2预热过程可接纳的热量上限基本固定,因此系统最大回热度降低。
随放热压力增大,系统最大回热度逐渐升高,以图2a)、图2d)和图2g)为例,原因在于随放热压力增加,压缩机出口温度逐渐降低,CO2预热过程可接纳的热量上限逐渐增加且增加幅度较大,导致系统最大回热度升高。随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差增加,系统最大回热度逐渐降低,以图2a)—图2c)为例,原因在于随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差增加,CO2在回热器冷流体侧出口处的温度上限降低,CO2预热过程可接纳的热量上限也随之降低,导致系统的最大回热度降低。
关键设计参数对系统发电效率的影响如图3所示。随吸热压力增加,系统发电效率逐渐升高,但提升幅度逐渐减小,原因在于系统吸热压力越高,循环平均吸热温度与平均放热温度的差值越大,越有利于系统发电效率的提升,但随吸热压力增加,循环平均吸放热温度差值的增加幅度会逐渐减小。随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差增加,系统平均吸热温度逐渐降低,系统发电效率也随之降低。
透平入口温度对系统发电效率的影响规律与吸热和放热压力有关。当放热压力较高时(如9~10 MPa),如图3d)—图3i)所示,随透平入口温度升高,系统发电效率单调降低。随透平入口温度升高,循环平均吸热温度升高,但回热度减小,不仅抑制循环平均吸热温度升高,还会导致循环平均放热温度升高,且回热度减小对系统发电效率的影响更显著。因此,系统发电效率随透平入口温度升高而逐渐降低。当放热压力较低时(如8 MPa),以图3a)为例,当吸热压力高于22 MPa时,系统发电效率随透平入口温度升高先升高后降低,存在最佳透平入口温度使系统发电效率达到峰值,且随吸热压力升高,系统发电效率达到峰值的透平入口温度逐渐升高。当透平入口温度低于最佳值时,透平入口温度增加导致的循环平均吸热温度提升对系统发电效率的影响效果强于回热度降低带来的负面影响,因此系统发电效率会逐渐升高。当吸热压力不高于22 MPa时,随透平入口温度升高,系统发电效率逐渐降低,此时回热度降低对系统发电效率的影响更显著。此外,随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差增大,系统发电效率变化规律发生转折的吸热压力逐渐降低。
放热压力对系统发电效率的影响与吸热压力和透平入口温度有关,如图4所示。当吸热压力较低且透平入口温度较高时,随放热压力增加,系统发电效率逐渐降低。尽管放热压力增加会提升系统的最大回热度,但同时也会导致循环平均放热温度升高,而且后者对系统发电效率的影响更显著,进而导致系统发电效率降低。
先升高后降低,存在最佳放热压力使系统发电效率达到峰值,这种规律是由于系统回热度升高与平均放热温度升高相互竞争导致的。
针对冷却与发电一体化系统开展多参数协同优化以获取系统最佳设计方案与最高发电效率。系统在不同发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差下的最佳设计方案见表4。对于不同的发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差,系统最佳吸热压力非常接近其优化范围的上限,最佳透平入口温度接近其优化范围的下限,而最佳放热压力在9 MPa附近。系统在不同发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差下的最高发电效率及其对应发电功率如图5所示。由于研究中需满足超燃冲压发动机壁面的冷却需求,系统吸热量维持恒定,系统发电效率越高,其发电功率越大。随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差降低,系统发电效率单调增加,最高可达15.9%,可实现206.2 kW的持续电力供应,表现出较好的热力性能与实际应用潜力。
进一步选取传统简单循环(无回热过程)作为比较基准,评估本方案回热循环在该型号超燃冲压发动机冷却与发电一体化系统中的热力性能优势。简单循环的优化参数包括吸热压力、透平入口温度和放热压力,优化目标、优化方法和优化设计参数选取范围与本方案回热循环一致。回热循环相对简单循环的发电效率提高量如图6所示。回热循环的发电效率始终高于简单循环,且其发电效率相对提高量随发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差减小而增大,说明发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差越小,回热循环越值得被采用,所获得的性能提升效果越显著。当发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差为10 K时,回热循环的发电效率相对提高量可达9.3%,原因在于发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差越小,系统最佳回热度越大,回热循环的热力性能提升效果越显著。
设计了一种基于超临界CO2布雷顿循环的冷却与发电一体化系统,以同时满足某型号超燃冲压发动机的冷却与用电需求。构建了该型号超燃冲压发动机壁面热源的表征模型,探究了关键设计参数对系统热力性能的影响规律及参数间的耦合作用关系。采用多参数协同优化方法,获得了冷却与发电一体化系统的最佳设计方案与最优性能,并与基准方案进行对比,论证了本文方案的热力性能优势。主要结论如下:
1)系统最大回热度受吸热压力、透平入口温度、放热压力和发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差的共同影响,随吸热压力、透平入口温度和发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差的增加而降低,但随放热压力增加而升高。
2)提高吸热压力和降低发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差是提升系统发电效率的重要途径,而透平入口温度和放热压力对系统发电效率的影响规律较为复杂,受其他参数的耦合影响。系统的最佳吸热压力接近其优化范围上限,而最佳透平入口温度接近其优化范围下限。
3)冷却与发电一体化系统的最高发电效率可达15.9%,可实现206.2 kW的持续电力供应,表现出较好的应用潜力,而且发动机壁面吸热过程夹点温差越小,本方案相对传统简单循环的热力性能优势越显著,发电效率的最大相对提高量可达9.3%。
4)下一阶段的研究重点是从经济性能和紧凑性方面评估该冷却与发电一体化系统的应用潜力。
  • 跨域飞行交叉技术实验室开放课题(2024-KF02204)
  • 北京理工大学青年教师学术启动计划
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2025年第54卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501024
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
基金
Open Research Project of Key Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology(2024-KF02204)
跨域飞行交叉技术实验室开放课题(2024-KF02204)
Research Fund Program for Young Scholars of Beijing Institute of Technology
北京理工大学青年教师学术启动计划
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2.天津商业大学机械工程学院,天津 300134

通讯作者:

李健(1993),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为热力发电和极端环境热防护技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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